Generation Scheduling in Large-Scale Power Systems with Wind Farms Using MICA

Transcription

1 Journal of Arfcal Inellgence n Elecrcal Engneerng, Vol. 4, No. 16, March 2016 Generaon Schedulng n Large-Scale Power Sysems wh Wnd Farms Usng MICA Hossen Nasragdam 1, Narman Najafan 2 1 Deparmen of Elecrcal Engneerng, Ahar Branch, Islamc Azad Unversy, Ahar, Iran. 2 Deparmen of Elecrcal Engneerng, Ahar Branch, Islamc Azad Unversy, Ahar, Iran Absrac The growh n demand for elecrc power and he rapd ncrease n fuel coss, n whole of he world need o dscover new energy resources for elecrcy producon. Among of he nonconvenonal resources, wnd and solar energy, s known as he mos promsng devces elecrcy producon n he fuure. In hs hess, we sudy follows o long-erm generaon schedulng of power sysems n he presence of wnd uns consderng demand response programs for a power generaon sysem wh he convenonal srucure conanng 10 uns of hermal power plans, 2 uns of large-scale wnd farms, wh regard o demand response programs. In hs sudy, he model of equaon order 2, used o model he cos of hermal power plans. Due o he apparen wnd farm modelng of wnd speed n he monhs of he year has been used he producvy of each monh. For modelng he demand, response of he concep of vrual generaon demand resources s used and producon coss of he fnal objecve funcon are appled. All smulaons, performed n MATLAB. The resuls showed ha he cos of basc sae allocaed more values by self, by consderng respondng load would be happened he cos reducon and he amoun of hs reducon changes wh parcpaon value and ncreases amoun of lower cos by ncreasng parcpaon value. Keywords: Plannng producon, wnd farm, Imperals Compeve Algorhm, respondng load, reques resource 1- Inroducon By payng aenon o exend usng of new energy for producng power and explanable economc of usng wnd urbne, power grd wnd power plans wll doublessly, allocae he share of elecrc power generaon n he fuure [1]. Imperals Compeve Algorhm (ICA) s he mehod n he feld of evoluonary calculaons consdered o fnd opmal response of varous problems. In he erms of applcaon, hs algorhm, presened n he caegory of evoluonary opmzaon algorhms such as genec algorhms (GA), parcle swarm opmzaon (PSO), An Colony Opmzaon (ACO) [2]. Imperals Compeve Algorhm opmzes he prmve responses (counres) and oally provdes approprae response of opmzaon problem (desrable counry). In hs research, frs, presened he Modfed Imperals Compeve Algorhm n order o fas convergence n erms of cos wha s called MICA. 35

2 H. Nasragdam, N.Najafan: generaon schedulng n large-scale power Then, a power generaon sysem wh he radonal srucure consss of 10 uns of hermal power plans, 2 uns of large-scale modeled wnd farm (sandard model IEEE) and plannng problem of large-scale power sysems n he presence of wnd resources as a lnear opmzaon problem s modeled wh neger and wll be mplemened hen by usng of MICA mehod. 2- Revews In recen years by payng aenon o growng marke, he elecrcal energy and he rapd ncrease n fossl fuel coss, provded he necessary requremen o dscover new energy sources for producng elecrcy. There s solar and wnd energy as a favorable energy sources can generae he power. Deermnng he praccal opmal soluon of producon plannng s possble n power sysems n he presence of wnd energec saons [3]. Respondng o load or respondng o reques s se of acons ha mplemened for changng paerns of power consumpon n order o opmze he nework relably and prevenng prce hke, especally n he peak hours of nework load (peak hours of consumpon). The response of reques o change he power consumpon n end user-cusomers consdered as a conemporary consumpon paern ha hs changng consumpon s n response o prce changes durng he me or consdered encouragemen paymens. However, o deal wh he uncerany of he wnd, we need o use specal models and echnques n parcpaory plannng uns [5] n [6] he accdenal opmzaon mehod used n deparmens parcpaory plannng n order o deermne he mng of power generaon per un me. Ths programmng conss of mplemenng by payng aenon o uns consrans and power lm ransmsson and assumed amoun possbly of wnd blowng as a normal probably dsrbuon funcon. I modeled as scenaro ree and a he followng. In addon, he scenaro possbly and los wnd cos enered no he objecve funcon, also plannng parcpaory of uns due o he uncerany of wnd power generaon and load, mplemened by usng of phase opmzaon and presened he Plannng of Insallaons plannng mehod for consderng cos arge funcons and publczng conamnan has been on. 3- Mahemacal model and suggesed algorhms 3-1 Imperals Compeve Algorhm Imperals Compeve Algorhm uses he PSO and GA mehods for recevng o answer of evoluonary sysems [7]. In hese problems n consderng o he algorhm has nsuffcen nformaon such as research space and respondng defnon for man problem, can move n way of fndng beer answer by provdng accdenal answers and make good progress n he search space as much as possble. The oal Imperals Compeve Algorhm mehod s he way ha s sared n he frs sage some nal populaon wha s called counry algorhm and hen nvesgaed objecve funcon value of he Problem wll be obaned for each of counres. I mus be aended ha whaever power of a colonal counry s more (havng beer objecve funcon) covered so many colonal counres. 36

3 Journal of Arfcal Inellgence n Elecrcal Engneerng, Vol. 4, No. 16, March 2016 In here, sronger colonal counry, havng he mos overcomng of he counres colony wh same colored crcles has been showed by bgger sars and weaker colonal counry, havng he fewes overcomng of he counres colony has been showed by smaller sars. In he second sage he Colonal counres are ryng o assocae colonzed counry wh changng he culure and cusoms of ha counry wha called he absorpon funcon. In hrd sage, some of colonzed counry may have revoluon based on naural process and can ake he empre power. he power of oupu generaon Dependng on wnd speed. Ths dagram, havng been shown n fg 2, he urbne n cu-n speed sars o provde he power (Vc) and n he Cu-ou speed s sopped (Vco). When wnd speed s beween nomnal wnd speed (Vr) and speed s cu-ou, he generaon power of urbne s over he nomnal power. The relaonshp beween oupu power and urbne speed n condon of wnd speed s among of he speed ha he frs me, he urbne sars o swch on and produce he power and nomnal speed s he non-lnear relaon; herefore he urbne oupu power can be modeled over he ceran speed as followed bellow: 0 0WS W A B WS C WS 2 V c WS V P P Raed ou raed 1 V Raed WS V CO 0 V CO WS (1) Fg.1. The ICA algorhm process In he fourh sage, oal power of empre land defned as a se of colonzed counres purposed funcon n addon o coeffcen n he average of s colonzaon s purposed funcon. 3-2 The mahemacal model and purposed funcon Each wnd farm consss of many wnd urbnes. Producon capacy wnd urbnes change as funcon of wnd speed. The feaure of each urbne allocaed urbne ha shows Pou: wnd urbne oupu power, Praed: wnd urbne nomnal power, Vc: he speed of sang, Vraed: wnd urbne nomnal speed, Vco: cu-speed, WS: wnd urbne nsananeous velocy. A, B and C s consan values and calculaed by followng bellow: Fg.2. Wnd urbne power curve 37

4 H. Nasragdam, N.Najafan: generaon schedulng n large-scale power producon programmng The am of hs research s o mnmze he oal operang cos of power sysem producon durng he plannng perod when he lmaon of operaon, provded. Fuel cos, he man cos of hermal uns, s he funcon of oupu funcons. Fuel cos of each hermal un s as follows: 2 ; 1,2,3,, F a b P c P g g g N gh (5) : ndex of hermal uns, j: ndex of wnd farms, F : cos hermal of power plans h n me, P : oupu power plan h a me, Ngh: he number of hermal plans, ag, bg and cg: cos coeffcens of hermal uns. The varable cos of one monh for h un a me, expressed as follows: C V P R h e r m a l O M V C A. (6) (CV) : Varable Cos hermal un a me, (R hermal): requesed power reserve hermal of h un a me, OMVC: varable cos of operaon and manenance of h hermal uns and a fxed monhly fee has been presened by follows: C F P m a x O M F C (7) (CF) : fxed Cos of h hermal un a me, P max: maxmum power of h hermal uns, OMFCj: he varable cos of operaon and manenance of h hermal uns. In hs research, we jus consdered he varable cos and he fxed cos of wnd farms, gnored ha s followed bellow. j j C P O M FC 720 ; j V m ax 1, 2, 3,, N gw nd j (8) (CV) j : he varable cos of he j h wnd farm n me, P j max: maxmum power of j h wnd farm, OMFCj: fxed Cos operaon and manenance of he j h wnd farm, Ngwnd: he number of wnd farms. The purposed funcon, presened by usng of relaons (5-3) o (5-8) for programmng by follows: N N gh T gh T Obj. Fun F C... V N gh T... U C U... F 1 1 N gwnd T j C V V j j 1 1 (9) 38

5 Journal of Arfcal Inellgence n Elecrcal Engneerng, Vol. 4, No. 16, March 2016 U (): he presence of h hermal uns a me, Vj(): he presence of j h wnd farms n me, T: duraon of he plannng horzon. The objecve funcon descrbed n equaon (9) by provdng operaonal consrans relevan o our sudy. Consrans of opmzaon problem are as follows: To supply demand of he sysem and he balance beween produced power and demand power, followng consran should be provded. P mn P P reserve. U P max ; demand P 1, 2, 3,, N g, 1, 2, 3,, T : Power demand n me (10) The oupu Power of producon should be beween he maxmum and mnmum lms. P mn : Mnmum power of hermal uns h, P max : Maxmum power of hermal uns h, reserve P : of hermal uns a me. The oher man consran of hs problem s requred reserve. Reserve power n he sysem s necessary o provde he unforeseen producon dsrupons. j P V. P j j max N gh j 1,2,3,, N, 1, 2,3,, T (11) N gwnd gwnd j demand P U P V j P (12) 1 j 1 1,2,3,, T Eher load or Wnd speed forecasng accuracy (power), bascally affeced of he reserve sysem levels. When wnd capacy ncreases. The sysem reserve level ncrease In hs sudy, The sysem reserve conans wo pars: frs par s based on oal sysem load and second par s addonal reserves for compensang error of predcaon accuracy of wnd power. There are several mehods for sysem reserve wh wnd farms such as random programmng, Mone Carlo smulaon. In hs sudy, duraon of plannng s one monh and speed of wnd energy s dsplayed wh man speed. In he medum-erm producon plannng, slope rae of hermal uns s neglgble. Reserve Power requremens should be dsplayed as follows: N gh gwnd demand j Preserve. U LR P W R P V. j 1 j 1 N (13) In hs equaon WR s consan value for compensang he non-predcve error based on he of wnd farms. LR s a fracon of he load of he whole sysem unpredcve producon dsrupons. In hs sudy LR s equal o 5 percen and WR s equal o 10 percen of whole power of wnd farms load. 4- The resuls and dscussons In hs secon, he presened formulaon performance, evaluaed by usng of Smulnk. The es sysem, smulaed n he presence of large-scale wnd farms and load respondng accordng o he defned scenaros. In addon, due o he long dsances n long-erm plannng, he soluon of hs problem ndependenly mplemened and oally, he resuls annually presened. I s need o menon ha he whole powers are megawa (MW). The sample es sysem, havng 12 generaon uns conssed of 10 39

6 H. Nasagdam, N.Najafan: generaon schedulng n large-scale power hermal uns and 2 wnd farm. The generaors daum for hs sysem, presened n able (1) [8-9]. I has been assumed by smulaon resuls: 1. The sysem load peak s 1500 megawa. 2. The power oupu of wnd farms s assumed o be consan. 3. 5% of oal sysem demand, consdered as he supply sysem n addon o unexpeced savng wnd energy % of he oal wnd energy planned reserve he unexpeced has been assumed, n oher words, WR s assumed o be 10%. 5. Capacy of wnd farms are 80 MW. 6. Duraon of plannng horzon s assumed o be one year. 7. All smulaon s mplemened n MATLAB sofware. 8. The Modfed Imperals Compeve Algorhm (MICA) used for problem opmzaon. In able.2.monhly demand shown as a percenage of annual peak loads wh wnd speed and wnd energy. In hs secon, he hermal plans have been consdraed n four scenaros, mplemened n he frs scenaro he presence of wnd farms and whou load respondng and second scenaro wh he presence of wnd farms and whou load respondng hrd scenaro whou wnd farms and wh load respondng and fourh scenaro wh he presence of wnd farms and by consderng load respondng. In oher words, only hermal power plans parcpae n he producon plannng. In addon, n order ha here s possbly o have a comparson wh he nex scenaro, he amoun of requred reserve has been consdered by 4 scenaros n accordng o numercal value. Amoun of plans parcpang o supply he demand n he frs scenaro, shown n able 3. Uns P G max [MW] Table.1. Generaors feaures and cos funcons coeffcens P G mn [MW] a($ / h ) / b S MWh $ / 2 OMVC OMFC c MW h $ / MWh $ / MW year Un Un Un Un Un Un Un Un Un Un Un Un

7 Journal of Arfcal Inellgence n Elecrcal Engneerng, Vol. 4, No. 16, March 2016 Perod (monh) Table.2. Load paern and wnd farm oupu Percenage of he maxmum load bmonhly Wnd speed[m/s] The avalably of wnd power[mw] Un 11 Un 12 Un 11 Un Table.3.plans parcpang o supply he demand n he frs scenaro[mw] Un Un Un Un Un Un Un Un Un Un Fg.3.Parcpang of power plans o supply he demand: a) he frs scenaro, b) he second scenaro 41

8 H. Nasagdam, N.Najafan: generaon schedulng n large-scale power Table.4. shows parcpaon of all scenaros n power plans reserve. In order o specfy for Beer resuls, presened he obaned resuls has been graphcally shown n able.4. fg.5 In fg.6 has been graphcally he annual cos of hs plan. In second scenaro, producon plannng has been mplemened for hermal power plans wh presen of wnd farms. The obaned resuls have been presened n able.5 In second scenaro, he uns 1 and 2 have been parcpaed n all monhs same as frs scenaro. The uns 3 and 5 have parcpaed for provdng demand a one monh and wo monhs respecvely n demand supplemen were equal o zero. The wnd farms 1 and 2 have been parcpaed n all monhs for provdng demand. The uns 9 and 10 have no parcpaon n provdng demand such as frs scenaro. However, un 8 had less parcpaon han he frs scenaro had a lle parcpaon. Also un 7 wha had parcpaon on hree monhs demand supplemen n pervous scenaro, havng parcpaon only wo monhs jus because of wh presen of wnd farm ha has been consdered n hs scenaro. In oher words, he presence of wnd farms o supply he demand, caused o decrease n parcpaon uns oher han uns 1 and 2 and he uns 9 and 10. Fg.6. shows oal annual cos of producon and reserve for dfferen monhs n for year. Annual cos n frs, second, scenaro s , dollars respecvely. In addon, very all scenaros, compared n dagram, he graphcal resuls shape of dfferen scenaros, presened by follows accordng o he oal cos of producon. Table.4.Parcpaon o supply of he power reserve n he frs scenaro[mw] Un Monh res_un res_un res_un res_un res_un res_un res_un res_un res_un res_un

9 Journal of Arfcal Inellgence n Elecrcal Engneerng, Vol. 4, No. 16, March 2016 Fg.5. plans parcpang o supply he reservaon a) he frs scenaro, b) he second scenaro Fg.6.annual cos a) he frs scenaro, b) he second scenaro Fg.7.Comparng he oal cos of producon wh varous scenaros 43

10 H. Nasagdam, N.Najafan: generaon schedulng n large-scale power 5- Concluson The comparson of ables and forms of cos scenaros show ha cos of base case, allocaed he maxmum amoun. In second scenaro, hs cos has been as percenage reduced by enerng wng farm wh producon capacy. In las scenaro, Coss of producon wh dfferen values consans and of shape producon slope and surveyed reques ndcang mpercepble change compared o he prevous scenaro. On he oher hand, n addon o reducng rsen coss less power plan, shown o supply he consumer demand and power reserve. relaxaon. IEEE Trans Power Sys 1988; 3(2): [8] Dohery R, O Mally M. A new approach o quanfy reserve demand n sysems wh sgnfcan nsalled wnd capacy. IEEE Trans Power Sys. 2005; 20(2): References [1] Sahkal H, Vaklan. Elecrcy generaon schedulng wh large- scale wnd farms usng paral swa [2] Mahor, Ama, Saroj Rangnekar. Shor erm generaon schedulng of cascaded hydroelecrc sysem usng novel self-adapve nera wegh PSO. In J Elecr Power Energy Sys 2012; 34(1):1 9. [3] Kazarls SA, Bakrzs AG, Perds V. A genec algorhm soluon o he un commmen problem. IEEE Trans Power Sys 1996; 11(1): [4] Damouss IG, Bakrzs AG, Dokopoulos PS. A soluon o he un commmen problem usng neger-coded genec algorhm. IEEE Trans Power Sys. 2004; 19(2): [5] Cheng CP, Lu CW, Lu CC. Un commmen by Lagrangan relaxaon and genec algorhms. IEEE Trans Power Sys 2000; 15(2): [6] Peerson WL, Brammer SR. A capacy based Lagrangan relaxaon un commmen wh ramp rae consrans. IEEE Trans Power Sys.1995; 10(2): [7] Zhuang F, Galana FD. Toward a more rgorous and praccal un commmen by Lagrangan 44