Density of parabolic Anderson random variable

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1 Density of parabolic Anderson random variable Yaozhong Hu The University of Kansas jointly with Khoa Le 12th Workshop on Markov Processes and Related Topics (JSNU and BNU, July 13-17, 2016)

2 Outline 1. Main equation 2. Right tail probability 3. Tail of density 4. Hölder continuity

3 u(t, x) t 1. Main equation = 1 2 u(t, x) + u(t, x)ẇ, t > 0, x Rd,

4 1. Main equation u(t, x) t = 1 2 u(t, x) + u(t, x)ẇ, t > 0, x Rd, = d i=1 2 x 2 i is the Laplacian.

5 1. Main equation u(t, x) t = 1 2 u(t, x) + u(t, x)ẇ, t > 0, x Rd, = d i=1 2 is the Laplacian. xi 2 initial condition u 0,x = u 0 (x) is continuous and bounded from above and it is also bounded from below by a positive constant.

6 1. Main equation u(t, x) t = 1 2 u(t, x) + u(t, x)ẇ, t > 0, x Rd, = d i=1 2 is the Laplacian. xi 2 initial condition u 0,x = u 0 (x) is continuous and bounded from above and it is also bounded from below by a positive constant. Ẇ = d+1 W t x 1 x d is centered Gaussian with covariance E(Ẇ (s, x)ẇ (t, y)) = γ(s t)λ(x y) Λ(x y) = e iξ(x y) µ(dξ) R d for some measure µ.

7 1. Main equation u(t, x) t = 1 2 u(t, x) + u(t, x)ẇ, t > 0, x Rd, = d i=1 2 is the Laplacian. xi 2 initial condition u 0,x = u 0 (x) is continuous and bounded from above and it is also bounded from below by a positive constant. Ẇ = d+1 W t x 1 x d is centered Gaussian with covariance E(Ẇ (s, x)ẇ (t, y)) = γ(s t)λ(x y) Λ(x y) = e iξ(x y) µ(dξ) R d for some measure µ. The product uẇ is in the Skorohod senses.

8 The relation of the moments of u(t, x) and mean of exponential of local time : [ ] E u k (t, x) = The expectation of the exponential of local time of Brownian motions. Hu, Y. and Nualart, D. Stochastic heat equation driven by fractional noise and local time. Prob. Theory and Related Fields, 143 (2009),

9 Feynman-Kac formula for the solution ( t )] u(t, x) = E [u B 0 (x + B t ) exp Ẇ (t s, B s + x)ds. 0 Hu, Y.; Nualart, D. and Song, J. Feynman-Kac formula for heat equation driven by fractional white noise. The Annals of Probability 39 (2011), no. 1, Fractional Brownian field of Hurst parameters > 1/2.

10 Fractional Brownian field of time Hurst parameters < 1/2 but > 1/4. Hu, Y.; Nualart, D. and Lu, F. Feynman-Kac formula for the heat equation driven by fractional noise with Hurst parameter H < 1/2. Ann. Probab. 40 (2012), no. 3,

11 All parameter H 0 > 0. Chen, L.; Hu, Y.; Kalbasi, K. and Nualart, D. Intermittency for the stochastic heat equation driven by time-fractional Gaussian noise with H (0, 1/2). Submitted. Hu, Y.; Le, K. Nonlinear Young integrals and differential systems in Hölder media. Transaction of American Mathematical Society. In printing.

12 We assume the following Hypothesis (on γ) There exist constants c 0, C 0 and 0 β < 1, such that c 0 t β γ(t) C 0 t β.

13 Hypothesis (on Λ) Λ satisfies one of the following conditions. (i) There exist positive constants c 1, C 1 and 0 < κ < 2 such that { d 2, c 1 x κ Λ(x) C 1 x κ.

14 Hypothesis (on Λ) Λ satisfies one of the following conditions. (i) There exist positive constants c 1, C 1 and 0 < κ < 2 such that { d 2, c 1 x κ Λ(x) C 1 x κ. (ii) There exist positive constants c 1, C 1 and κ i such that { 0 < κ i < 1, d i=1 κ i < 2, c 1 d i=1 x i κ i Λ(x) C 1 d i=1 x i κ i.

15 Hypothesis (on Λ) Λ satisfies one of the following conditions. (i) There exist positive constants c 1, C 1 and 0 < κ < 2 such that { d 2, c 1 x κ Λ(x) C 1 x κ. (ii) There exist positive constants c 1, C 1 and κ i such that { 0 < κ i < 1, d i=1 κ i < 2, c 1 d i=1 x i κ i Λ(x) C 1 d i=1 x i κ i. (iii) { d = 1, Λ(x) = δ(x) (Dirac delta function).

16 υ = κ ( Case (i)), d κ i ( Case (ii)), 1 ( Case (iii)). i=1 Then we have for all t 0, x R d, k 2, ) [ ] exp (Ct 4 2β υ 2 υ k 4 υ 2 υ E ut,x k exp (C t 4 2β υ 2 υ where C, C are constants independent of t and k. ) k 4 υ 2 υ

17 υ = κ ( Case (i)), d κ i ( Case (ii)), 1 ( Case (iii)). i=1 Then we have for all t 0, x R d, k 2, ) [ ] exp (Ct 4 2β υ 2 υ k 4 υ 2 υ E ut,x k exp (C t 4 2β υ 2 υ where C, C are constants independent of t and k. If Λ(x) = δ 0 (x) and Ẇ is time independent, then, ( exp Ct 3 k 3) [ ] ( E ut,x k exp C t 3 k 3), where C, C > 0 are constants independent of t and k. ) k 4 υ 2 υ

18 Electron. J. Probab. 20 (2015), no. 55, 50 pp. υ = κ ( Case (i)), d κ i ( Case (ii)), 1 ( Case (iii)). i=1 Then we have for all t 0, x R d, k 2, ) [ ] exp (Ct 4 2β υ 2 υ k 4 υ 2 υ E ut,x k exp (C t 4 2β υ 2 υ where C, C are constants independent of t and k. If Λ(x) = δ 0 (x) and Ẇ is time independent, then, ( exp Ct 3 k 3) [ ] ( E ut,x k exp C t 3 k 3), where C, C > 0 are constants independent of t and k. Hu, Y.; Huang, J.; Nualart, D. and Tindel, S. ) k 4 υ 2 υ Stochastic heat equations with general multiplicative Gaussian noises: Hölder continuity and intermittency.

19 Amir, G.; Corwin, I. and Quastel, J. Probability distribution of the free energy of the continuum directed random polymer in dimensions. Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 64 (2011), no. 4,

20 p(t, x) = 1 2πt e x2 2t. ( ) u(t, x) F(t, x) = log p(t, x) F T (s) = P (F(T, x) + T4! ) s.

21 Ai(x) = 1 π K σ (x, y) = F T (s) = 0 C ( ) 1 cos 3 t3 + xt dt σ(t) Ai(x + t) Ai(y + t)dt d µ µ e µ det ( I K σt, µ ), L 2 (K 1 T a, ) where σ T, µ = µ µ e K T t a = a(s) = s log 2πT K t = 2 1/3 T { 1/3 C = e iθ} {x + ±i} π 2 3π x>0. 2

22 2. Tail probability Theorem (Right tail) Let the initial condition u 0 (x) be bounded from above and from below. Then, there are positive constants c 1, c 2, C 1 and C 2 (independent of t and a) such that ) C 1 exp ( c 1 t 2β+υ 4 2 (log a) 4 υ 2 ) P(u(t, x) a) C 2 exp ( c 2 t 2β+υ 4 2 (log a) 4 υ 2 for all sufficiently large a.

23 Left tail probability d = 1 and Ẇ is space time white, u 0(x) c > 0, Moreno Flores, G. R. P(u(t, x) a) Ce c(log a)2, as a 0. On the (strict) positivity of solutions of the stochastic heat equation. Ann. Probab. 42 (2014), no. 4,

24 Let d q(t, s, x, y) L T t s α 0 x i y i α i, i=1

25 Let d q(t, s, x, y) L T t s α 0 x i y i α i, i=1 We assume the Gaussian noise is given by t Ẇ (t, x) = q(t, s, x, y)w(ds, dy), 0 R d where W is the space time white noise: EẆ(t, x)ẇ(s, y) = δ(t s)δ(x y).

26 Let q(t, s, x, y) L T t s α 0 d x i y i α i, i=1 We assume the Gaussian noise is given by t Ẇ (t, x) = q(t, s, x, y)w(ds, dy), 0 R d where W is the space time white noise: EẆ(t, x)ẇ(s, y) = δ(t s)δ(x y). Denote β = 2α 0 1 and υ = 2 d i=1 α i d. Then, there are positive constants C, c 1, and c 2 such that for any sufficiently small positive u

27 Let q(t, s, x, y) L T t s α 0 d x i y i α i, i=1 We assume the Gaussian noise is given by t Ẇ (t, x) = q(t, s, x, y)w(ds, dy), 0 R d where W is the space time white noise: EẆ(t, x)ẇ(s, y) = δ(t s)δ(x y). Denote β = 2α 0 1 and υ = 2 d i=1 α i d. Then, there are positive constants C, c 1, and c 2 such that for any sufficiently small positive u P(u(t, x) u) { C exp ( c 1 exp ] [ ρt 4 2β υ 4 2υ log u c 2 t 4 2β υ 4 2υ ) 2 }.

28 3. Tail of density Theorem Let the initial condition u 0 (x) be bounded from above and from below. Then, the law of the random variable u(t, x) has a density ρ(t, x; y) with respect to the Lebesgue measure, namely, for any Borel set A R, P(u(t, x) A) = ρ(t, x; y)dy. A

29 3. Tail of density Theorem Let the initial condition u 0 (x) be bounded from above and from below. Then, the law of the random variable u(t, x) has a density ρ(t, x; y) with respect to the Lebesgue measure, namely, for any Borel set A R, P(u(t, x) A) = ρ(t, x; y)dy. Moreover, there are positive constants c, C > 0 such that for every t (0, T ) and all sufficiently large y ( ) inf ρ(t, x; y) C exp ct 2β+υ 4 2 (log y) 4 υ 2. x R A

30 If the noise is space time white, then Theorem Let the initial condition u 0 (x) be bounded from above and from below. Then, the law of the random variable u(t, x) has a density ρ(t, x; y) with respect to the Lebesgue measure. Moreover, there are positive constants c 1, C 1, c 2, C 2 > 0 such that for every t (0, T ) and all sufficiently large y ( ) C 1 exp c 1 t 1/2 (log y) 3 2 inf ρ(t, x; y) sup ρ(t, x; y) C 2 exp x R x R ( c 2 t 1/2 (log y) 3 2 ).

31 Theorem Let υ + 2β < 2. Let the initial condition u 0 (x) be bounded from above and from below. Then, the law of the random variable u(t, x) has a density ρ(t, x; y) with respect to the Lebesgue measure. Moreover, for every t (0, ) and for any sufficiently large y ) C 1 exp ( c 1 t 2β+υ 4 2 (log y) 4 υ 2 inf ρ(t, x; y) sup ρ(t, x; y) C 2 exp x R x R ( c 2 t 2β+υ 4 2 (log y) 4 υ 2 for some universal positive constants c 1, c 2, C 1 and C 2. ),

32 Theorem Let the initial condition u 0 (x) be bounded from above and from below. Assume that υ + 2β < 2. Then, for all 0 < y < 1 ) sup ρ(t, x; y) Ct β 2 + υ 4 1 exp ( ct 4 2β υ 2 ( log y) 4 υ 2, x R for some universal positive constants c, C.

33 Theorem Let q(t, s, x, y) L T t s α 0 d x i y i α i, i=1 We assume the Gaussian noise is given by Ẇ (t, x) = t 0 R d q(t, s, x, y)w(ds, dy). Denote β = 2α 0 1 and υ = 2 d i=1 α i d. Then, there are positive constants C, c 1, and c 2 such that for any sufficiently small positive y ρ(t, x; y) Ct β 2 + υ 4 1 exp { ( c 1 exp ] [ ρt 4 2β υ 4 2υ log y c 2 t 4 2β υ 4 2υ ) 2 }.

34 Theorem Let the noise be the one dimensional space time white noise. Then, there are positive constants C, c 1, and c 2 such that for any sufficiently small positive y { ( [ ρ(t, x; y) Ct 1/4 exp c 1 exp ρt 1/2] log y c 2 t 1/2) } 2.

35 The tool to use is Malliavin calculus

Hu University of Kansas, USA 20% OFF enter code WSMTH1220 Analysis of functions on the finite dimensional Euclidean space with

The extension to infinite dimension is a great challenge due to the lack of Lebesgue measure on infinite dimensional space.

We shall present some results on the Gaussian space itself such as the Brunn Minkowski inequality, Small ball estimates, large tail

Derivative, Sobolev spaces are introduced, while the famous Poincaré inequality, logarithmic inequality, hypercontractive

This book includes some basic material that cannot be found elsewhere that the author believes should be an integral part of the

36 SL_QW_06_16_39_BL.indd 1 Preferred Publisher of Leading Thinkers 21/6/16 5:17 PM Connecting Great Minds Minds ANALYSIS ON GAUSSIAN SPACES by Yaozhong Hu University of Kansas, USA 20% OFF enter code WSMTH1220 Analysis of functions on the finite dimensional Euclidean space with respect to the Lebesgue measure is fundamental in mathematics. The extension to infinite dimension is a great challenge due to the lack of Lebesgue measure on infinite dimensional space. Instead the most popular measure used in infinite dimensional space is the Gaussian measure, which has been unified under the terminology of "abstract Wiener space". Out of the large amount of work on this topic, this book presents some fundamental results plus recent progress. We shall present some results on the Gaussian space itself such as the Brunn Minkowski inequality, Small ball estimates, large tail estimates. The majority part of this book is devoted to the analysis of nonlinear functions on the Gaussian space. Derivative, Sobolev spaces are introduced, while the famous Poincaré inequality, logarithmic inequality, hypercontractive inequality, Meyer's inequality, Littlewood Paley Stein Meyer theory are given in details. This book includes some basic material that cannot be found elsewhere that the author believes should be an integral part of the subject. For example, the book includes some interesting and important inequalities, the Littlewood Paley Stein Meyer theory, and the Hörmander theorem. The book also includes some recent progress achieved by the author and collaborators on density convergence, numerical solutions, local times. Readership: Graduate students and researchers in probability and stochastic processes and functional analysis. 480pp Nov US$ US$ More information available at

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38 Theorem 5. Hölder continuity Let the covariance functions of W satisfy γ(t) C t β and ˆΛ(ξ) C ξ ν, where 0 < β < 1, d ν < 2. Then, for any α and δ satisfying 4α + 2δ < ν 2β + 4 d, there is a random constant C such that u(t, y) u(s, y) u(t, x) + u(s, x) C t s α x y δ a.s.. Moreover, for any δ an α satisfying δ < (ν 2β + 4 d)/2 and α < (ν 2β + 4 d)/4 there is a random constant C such that [ u(t, x) u(s, x) + u(t, y) u(t, x) C t s α + x y δ] a.s..

39 When W is a 1-d space time white noise, this corresponds to the case ν = 0, β = 1. Then the above theorem says if 4α + 2δ < 1, then u n (t, y) u n (s, y) u n (t, x) + u n (s, x) C t s α x y δ. This coincides with the optimal Hölder exponent result. On the other hand, the corollary also implies in this case that if α < 1/4 and β < 1/2, Then, [ u n (t, x) u n (s, x) + u n (t, y) u n (t, x) C t s α + x y δ].

40 THANKS

ELECTRON TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN SEMICONDUCTORS by BMAskerov (Baku State Univ.) This book contains the first systematic and detailed exposition of the

ELECTRON TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN SEMICONDUCTORS by BMAskerov (Baku State Univ.) This book contains the first systematic and detailed exposition of the linear theory of the stationary electron transport