(M w ) (Kalkan et al., 2006) CMT (Harvard Centroid- Moment-Tensor Project, 1976) 1976 COSMOS VDC (COSMOS Virtual Data Center, 1999)

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1 1, 2, 3 1) ( ) 2) ( ) 3) ( ) 1 (Kalkan et al., 2006) Mavroeidis and Papageorgiou (2003) 1 (Mavroeidis et al., 2004) (Somerville, 2003; Bray and Rodriguez-Marek, 2004; Huang et al., 2008) (Malhotra, 1999) 1 (, 2009) (M w ) CMT (Harvard Centroid- Moment-Tensor Project, 1976) 1976 COSMOS VDC (COSMOS Virtual Data Center, 1999) Moment Magnitude Fault Distance (km) 1: Bray and Rodriguez-Marek (2004) Mavroeidis et al. (2004) Somerville (2003) Hall et al. (1995) 2004

2 COSMOS VDC (COSMOS Virtual Data Center, 1999), (U.S. Geological Survey, 1932), (Japan Meteorological Agency, 1993), K-net (K-NET, 1996), KiK-net (KiK-net, 2000) Somerville (2003) Bray and Rodriguez-Marek (2004) Mavroeidis et al. (2004) 10km 85 2 NS EW DC (Kalkan et al., 2006) (Somerville, 2003) (Kalkan et al., 2006) (2009) n n 1 ( 2 ) 5 ˆR a,n (τ) ˆR v,n (τ) Earthquake ID Date lat lon Mw No. San Fernando 71sf 1971/2/ Gazli 76gz 1976/5/ Tabas 78tb 1978/9/ Imperial valley 79iv 1979/10/ Mexicali valley 80mv 1980/6/ Morgan hill 84mh 1984/4/ Nahanni 85nh 1985/12/ Palm Springs 86ps 1986/7/ Superstition hills 87ss 1987/11/ Loma Prieta 89lp 1989/10/ Cape Mendocino 92cm 1992/4/ Landers 92ld 1992/6/ Northridge 94nr 1994/1/ Kobe 95kb 1995/1/ Izmit 99iz 1999/8/ Chi-Chi 99cc 1999/9/ Tottori 00tt 2000/10/ Chuetsu 04ch 2004/10/ Parkfield 04pf 2004/9/ Noto 07nt 2007/3/ Chuetsu-oki 07ch 2007/7/ : ID

3 a 0 v 0 =a 0 Tp/π v 0 Tp/2 Tp Acceleration (n = 1) Velocity Displacement 2: (n=1) T p a 0 g 1 (τ)/ f 1 (1.5) if 0.25 < τ < 0.5 g 2 (τ)/ f 1 (1.5) if 0.5 τ < 1 ˆR a,1 (τ) = π/ f 1 (1.5) if τ = 1 f 1 (τ)/ f 1 (1.5) if 1 τ h 1 (τ)/k(1.5) if τ < 1 0.5π/k(1.5) if τ = 1 ˆR v,1 (τ) = h 1 (τ)/k(1.5) if 1 < τ < 1.5 f m (τ) = g m (τ) = h m (τ) = k(τ)/k(1.5) if 1.5 τ < 3 1/k(1.5) if 3 τ 2τ ( πm ) τ 2 1 sin τ ( ) 1 2πmτ τ 1 sin τ + 1 τ 2 ( mπ ) τ 2 1 sin τ k(τ) = τ (1) (2) n 2 g 1 (τ)/ f 1 (1.5) if 0.25 < τ < 0.5 g 2 (τ)/ f 1 (1.5) if 0.5 τ < g 3 (τ)/ f 1 (1.5) if τ < 0.75 ˆR a,2 (τ) = g 4 (τ)/ f 1 (1.5) if 0.75 τ < 1 2π/ f 1 (1.5) if τ = 1 f 2 (τ)/ f 1 (1.5) if 1 τ < 1.5 f 1 (τ)/ f 1 (1.5) if 1.5 τ (3) h 1 (τ)/k(1.5) if τ < 0.75 h 2 (τ)/k(1.5) if 0.75 τ < 1 π/k(1.5) if τ = 1 ˆR v,2 (τ) = h 2 (τ)/k(1.5) if 1 < τ < 1.5 k(τ)/k(1.5) if 1.5 τ < 3 1/k(1.5) if 3 τ (4) ˆR a,n (τ) ˆR v,n (τ) n τ = 1.5 (, 2009) ˆR a,n (τ) τ = 1.5 f 1 (1.5) f 1 (1.5) = τ = 1.5 k(1.5) k(1.5) = a 0 T p n R a,n (T /T p ) R v,n (T /T p ) R a,n (T /T p ) = a 0 f 1 (1.5) ˆR a,n (τ) (5) R v,n (T /T p ) = [a 0 π/t p ]k(1.5) ˆR v,n (τ) (6) a 0 π/t p (PGV) ( 2 ) 5 6 R a,n (1.5) R v,n (1.5) R v,n (1.5) = 0.75 T p π R a,n(1.5) (7) τ = 1.5 T p 3.2 (2009) S a R a,n (τ) τ = 1.5 n T = 1.5T p S a (T = 1.5T p ) Ŝ a (τ) = S a (T /T p )/S a (T = 1.5T p ) (8) Ŝ a (τ) T p

4 (Bray and Rodriguez-Marek, 2004) (Mavroeidis and Papageorgiou, 2003) ( 3 ): 1) (max[s v ]) 2) S v = 0.8 max[s v ] (T ) 3) 2 t 1 t 2 4) (T p ) t 1 t 2 ( T p = t 1 t 2 ) 4: Ŝ a (T /T p ) (2009) ˆR a,1 ˆR a,2 T p 3.2 T = 1.5T p S v (T = 1.5T p ) S a (T = 1.5T p ) max[sv] 0.8max[Sv] 5 S a (T = 1.5T p ) S v (T = 1.5T p ) S a (T = 1.5T p ) S v (T = 1.5T p ) ˆR a,n ˆR v,n τ = 1.5 t1 t1t2 t2 Period 3: (T p ) t1 t2 (T p = t 1 t 2 ) 4 Ŝ a (τ) n = 1, 2 ˆR a,n (τ) Ŝ a (τ) n = 2 ˆR a,n (τ) ˆR a,n (τ) (τ = 1) ˆR a,n (τ) Ŝ a (τ) Ŝ a (τ) n = 2 ˆR a,2 (τ) S v (T = 1.5T p ) = 0.59 T p π S a(t = 1.5T p ) (10) y = 0.59 x S v T = 1.5T p S v (T = 1.5T p ) Ŝ v (τ) = S v (T /T p )/S v (T = 1.5T p ) (9) S T /π a p 5: T = 1.5T p S a T p /π S v 6 Ŝ v (τ)

5 Velocity(cm/s) Velocity(cm/s) Velocity(cm/s) Velocity(cm/s) Sv(cm/s) Sv(cm/s) Sv(cm/s) Sv(cm/s) n = 1, 2 ˆR v,n (τ) S v (T = 1.5T p ) 10 ˆR v,n (τ) Ŝ v (τ) (τ > 1) ˆR v,n (τ) Ŝ v (τ) Ŝ v (4) ˆR v,n (4) PF.MFU 2004PF.MFU 2004CH CH IV IV IZ.YPT 1999IZ.YPT Time (s) Period (s) 6: Ŝ v (T /T p ) (2009) ˆR v,1 ˆR v,2 7: (2009) ( 1 2) (M w 6) 2 1 T p 2 R v,1 n 2 (M w 6.7) cm/s 1979 (M w 7.6) (M w 7.9) 1891 (M w 8.0) 4.2 T p Somerville (2003) Mavroeidis and Papageorgiou (2003) Bray and Rodriguez-Marek (2004) T p M w 8 M w T p T p

6 log 10 T p = 0.46M w 2.93 (11) log 10 T p = 0.39M w 2.23 (12) M w 0.5 M w Somerville (2003) Mavroeidis and Papageorgiou (2003) M w 11,12 T p T p T p 20km S v (T = 1.5T p ) k(1.5) v p (PGV) v p 9 PGV v p (cm/s) PGV (cm/s) 9: PGV v p T p (sec) log 10 T p =0.46M w 2.93 log 10 T p =0.39M w 2.23 v p 10 M w v p T p M w v p M w M w 6.5 (Somerville, 2003; Yamada et al., 2009) 10 1 Rock Soil Moment Magnitude 8: M w T p v p (cm/s) S v (T = 1.5T p )( v p ) S v (T = 1.5T p ) 6 9 S v (T = 1.5T p ) k(1.5)( 1.56) Rock Soil Moment Magnitude 10: M w v p v p

7 km v p M w 6.5 M w km (Somerville, 2003; Bray and Rodriguez-Marek, 2004; Mavroeidis et al., 2004) v p v p M w km v p 67.8cm/s, / v p (cm/s) Mw< <=Mw<7.0 Mw>= Fault Distance (km) 12: v p v p (cm/s) Mw< <=Mw<7.0 Mw>= T (sec) p v p (cm/s) Rock Soil Fault Distance (km) 11: v p T p v p 13 M w < 6.5 T p 5 v p 100cm/s M w < 7.0 T p = 7 v p =200cm/s T p v p M w 7.0 T p = 10 v p 100cm/s 13: T p v p 5 (2009) 2 ( T p v p ) 2 T p T = 1.5T p

8 2 T p v p T p (Somerville, 2003; Bray and Rodriguez-Marek, 2004; Mavroeidis et al., 2004) T p Somerville (2003) 11,12 M w T p v p v p v p M w km 67.8cm/s, 1.73 Bray, J. and Rodriguez-Marek, A. (2004). Characterization of forward-directivity ground motions in the nearfault region. Soil dynamics and earthquake engineering, 24(11): COSMOS Virtual Data Center (1999). Hall, J., Heaton, T., Hailing, M., and Wald, D. (1995). Near-source ground motion and its effects on flexible buildings. Earthquake Spectra, 11: Harvard Centroid-Moment-Tensor Project (1976). Huang, Y., EERI, M., Whittaker, A., and Luco, N. (2008). Maximum spectral demands in the near-fault region. Earthquake Spectra, 24:319. Japan Meteorological Agency (1993). K-NET (1996). Kalkan, E., EERI, S., Kunnath, S., and EERI, M. (2006). Effects of fling step and forward directivity on seismic response of buildings. Earthquake Spectra, 22:367. KiK-net (2000). en.shtml. Malhotra, P. (1999). Response of buildings to near-field pulse-like ground motions. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, page 28(11). Mavroeidis, G., Dong, G., and Papageorgiou, A. (2004). Near-fault ground motions, and the response of elastic and inelastic single-degree-of-freedom (sdof) systems. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, page 33(9). Mavroeidis, G. and Papageorgiou, A. (2003). A mathematical representation of near-fault ground motions. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 93(3): Somerville, P. (2003). Magnitude scaling of the near fault rupture directivity pulse. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 137(1): U.S. Geological Survey National Strong-Motion Project (1976). Yamada, M., Olsen, A., and Heaton, T. (2009). Statistical features of short- and long-period near-source ground motions. Bulletin of Seismological Society of America, 99(6). (accepted).,,. (2009)... ( )..

9 No Station Code Agency Comp Event M w R f Soil PGV v p T p Sa Sv 1 Pacoima dam PAC CSMIP EW 71sf Pacoima dam PAC CSMIP NS 71sf Karakyr gazli - EW 76gz Karakyr gazli - NS 76gz TAB TAB - EW 78tb TAB TAB - NS 78tb El Centro array USGS EW 79iv El Centro array USGS NS 79iv El Centro array USGS EW 79iv El Centro array USGS NS 79iv El Centro array USGS EW 79iv El Centro array USGS NS 79iv Westmorland fire sta CSMIP EW 79iv Westmorland fire sta CSMIP NS 79iv El Centro array USGS EW 79iv El Centro array USGS NS 79iv Holtville post office 5055 USGS EW 79iv Holtville post office 5055 USGS NS 79iv El Centro array USGS EW 79iv El Centro array USGS NS 79iv Brawley airport 5060 USGS EW 79iv Brawley airport 5060 USGS NS 79iv EC County center FF 5154 CSMIP EW 79iv EC County center FF 5154 CSMIP NS 79iv EC Meloland overpass FF 5155 CSMIP EW 79iv EC Meloland overpass FF 5155 CSMIP NS 79iv El Centro array USGS EW 79iv El Centro array USGS NS 79iv El Centro array USGS EW 79iv El Centro array USGS NS 79iv El Centro diff. array 5165 USGS EW 79iv El Centro diff. array 5165 USGS NS 79iv Chihuahua CHIH USGS EW 80mv Chihuahua CHIH USGS NS 80mv Cerro Prieto CPRI USGS EW 80mv Cerro Prieto CPRI USGS NS 80mv Anderson dam AND0 USGS EW 84mh Anderson dam AND0 USGS NS 84mh Coyote lake dam CYC0 CSMIP EW 84mh Coyote lake dam CYC0 CSMIP NS 84mh Gilroy array 6 G060 CSMIP EW 84mh Gilroy array 6 G060 CSMIP NS 84mh Halls valley HVR0 CSMIP EW 84mh Halls valley HVR0 CSMIP NS 84mh site1 NAH1 GSC EW 85nh site1 NAH1 GSC NS 85nh site2 NAH2 GSC EW 85nh site2 NAH2 GSC NS 85nh Desert Hot Springs CSMIP EW 86ps Desert Hot Springs CSMIP NS 86ps North Palm Springs NPS0 USGS EW 86ps North Palm Springs NPS0 USGS NS 86ps El Centro Imp. co. ctr 1335 CSMIP EW 87ss El Centro Imp. co. ctr 1335 CSMIP NS 87ss Gilroy-Gavilan coll CSMIP EW 89lp Gilroy-Gavilan coll CSMIP NS 89lp Gilroy array CSMIP EW 89lp Gilroy array CSMIP NS 89lp Gilroy array CSMIP EW 89lp Gilroy array CSMIP NS 89lp Gilroy array CSMIP EW 89lp Gilroy array CSMIP NS 89lp Lexington dam CSMIP EW 89lp Lexington dam CSMIP NS 89lp Saratoga - Aloha Ave CSMIP EW 89lp Saratoga - Aloha Ave CSMIP NS 89lp Cape Mendocino CSMIP EW 92cm Cape Mendocino CSMIP NS 92cm Petrolia CSMIP EW 92cm Petrolia CSMIP NS 92cm Lucerne LUC SCE EW 92ld Lucerne LUC SCE NS 92ld LA dam 2141 LADWP EW 94nr LA dam 2141 LADWP NS 94nr :

10 No Station Code Agency Comp Event M w R f Soil PGV v p T p Sa Sv 75 Jensen filter plant 259 USGS EW 94nr Jensen filter plant 259 USGS NS 94nr Pacoima dam CSMIP EW 94nr Pacoima dam CSMIP NS 94nr Newhall-fire Sta CSMIP EW 94nr Newhall-fire Sta CSMIP NS 94nr Sylmar-olive view FF CSMIP EW 94nr Sylmar-olive view FF CSMIP NS 94nr Sylmar-converter Sta 3061 DWP EW 94nr Sylmar-converter Sta 3061 DWP NS 94nr Newhall-W. Pico Cyn 5356 USC EW 94nr Newhall-W. Pico Cyn 5356 USC NS 94nr Rinaldi receiving Sta 5968 DWP EW 94nr Rinaldi receiving Sta 5968 DWP NS 94nr Sylmar-converter Sta E DWP EW 94nr Sylmar-converter Sta E DWP NS 94nr FUKI FUKI Gas EW 95kb FUKI FUKI Gas NS 95kb Kobe University KOB CEOR EW 95kb Kobe University KOB CEOR NS 95kb KJMA (Kobe) KJMA JMA EW 95kb KJMA (Kobe) KJMA JMA NS 95kb Takatori TAT JR EW 95kb Takatori TAT JR NS 95kb TCU052 T052 CWB EW 99cc TCU052 T052 CWB NS 99cc TCU068 T068 CWB EW 99cc TCU068 T068 CWB NS 99cc TCU075 T075 CWB EW 99cc TCU075 T075 CWB NS 99cc T076 T076 CWB EW 99cc T076 T076 CWB NS 99cc TCU101 T101 CWB EW 99cc TCU101 T101 CWB NS 99cc TCU102 T102 CWB EW 99cc TCU102 T102 CWB NS 99cc TCU103 T103 CWB EW 99cc TCU103 T103 CWB NS 99cc T129 T129 CWB EW 99cc T129 T129 CWB NS 99cc Arcelik ARC Kandilli EW 99iz Arcelik ARC Kandilli NS 99iz Gebze GEB ERD EW 99iz Gebze GEB ERD NS 99iz Sakarya SKL ERD EW 99iz Sakarya SKL ERD NS 99iz Yarimca YPT Kandilli EW 99iz Yarimca YPT Kandilli NS 99iz TTRH02 TTRH02 KiK-net EW 00tt TTRH02 TTRH02 KiK-net NS 00tt JMA EW 04ch JMA NS 04ch NIG019 NIG019 K-NET EW 04ch NIG019 NIG019 K-NET NS 04ch Cholame CSMIP EW 04pf Cholame CSMIP NS 04pf Temblor CSMIP EW 04pf Temblor CSMIP NS 04pf Eades EFU USGS EW 04pf Eades EFU USGS NS 04pf Froelich FFU USGS EW 04pf Froelich FFU USGS NS 04pf Middle Mountain MFU USGS EW 04pf Middle Mountain MFU USGS NS 04pf Izumozaki KWN JMA EW 07ch Izumozaki KWN JMA NS 07ch NIG018 NIG018 K-NET EW 07ch NIG018 NIG018 K-NET NS 07ch Service hall SG1 TEPCO EW 07ch Service hall SG1 TEPCO NS 07ch Togi 914 JMA EW 07nt Togi 914 JMA NS 07nt :

DAMPING MODIFICATION FACTOR FOR STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO NEAR-FAULT GROUND MOTIONS

DAMPING MODIFICATION FACTOR FOR STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO NEAR-FAULT GROUND MOTIONS Wuchuan PU, Wuhan University of Technology ( 蒲武川, 武汉理工大学 ) 2014.12 @Tongji University, Shanghai Spv/PGV The 6 th Kwang-Hua