HIGH ENERGY DENSITY PHYSICS

Transcription

1 Outlin Atomic Procsss in Dns Plasmas H.-K. Chung Atomic and Molcular Data Unit Nuclar Data Sction Joint ICTP- Advancd School on Modrn Mthods in Plasma Spctroscopy Trist, Italy 26 March 215 Intrnational Atomic Enrgy Agncy Motivation High Enrgy Dnsity Physics Collisional-Radiativ Modling FLYCHK modl Spctroscopic Analysis Long-puls lasr xprimnt Gold Short-puls lasr xprimnt Coppr Pulsd-powr Z-pinch xprimnt Iron Xray Fr Elctron Lasr xprimnt Non Radiation loss rats - Krypton High Enrgy Dnsity Physics (HEDP) is a rapidly growing rsarch ara HIGH ENERGY DENSITY PHYSICS Th fild spans a wid rang of aras High-nrgy-dnsity astrophysics Lasr-plasma intractions Bam-plasma intractions Bam-lasr intractions Fr lctron lasr intractions High-currnt dischargs Equation-of-stat physics Atomic physics of highly strippd atoms Thory and advancd computations Inrtial confinmnt fusion Radiation-mattr intraction Hydrodynamics and shock physics Earth Rocky Silicat Mantl Iron/Nickl Cor Cntral Prssur: 36 GPa Cntral Tmpratur: 6 K Inrtial confinmnt fusion: High dnsity: 1 6 air dnsity High tmpratur ~ 1 kv High nrgy dnsity physics (for xampl, prssur conditions xcding 1 Mbar) : xciting rsarch opportunitis of high intllctual challng. A nw gnration of sophisticatd laboratory facilitis and diagnostic instrumnts xist or ar plannd that crat and masur proprtis of mattr undr xtrm conditions. Laboratory xploration of basic high nrgy dnsity physics studis, matrials rsarch, undrstanding astrophysical procsss, commrcial applications (.g., EUV lithography), inrtial confinmnt fusion, and nuclar wapons rsarch. Advancs in plasma gnration accss nw rgims of mattr NIF (National Ignition Facility), LMJ Hottr and dnsr mattr Puls Powr: X-Pinchs, Z-Pinchs... (Sandia, Cornll, UNR) USP: Ultra short puls lasr (RAL, LULI, Titan, Txas) Transint stats of mattr XFEL: X-ray fr lctron lasrs (SLAC, Europan XFEL, SACLA) Advancs in plasma gnration accss nw rgims of mattr Astronomical X-ray applications Warm dns mattr Modling capabilitis ssntial for high nrgy dnsity physics Radiation-Hydrodynamics simulations ar rquird to undrstand transint, non-uniform plasma volution Fluid tratmnt of plasma physics - Mass, momntum and nrgy quations solvd Plasma thrmodynamic proprtis (N, T, T i, T r, V r, Vi.. ) LTE (Local Thrmodynamic Equilibrium) XFEL PIC simulations provid non-quilibrium lctron nrgy distributions Particl tratmnt of plasma physics - Boltzmann transport and Maxwll quations solvd Elctron nrgy distribution function (f..) Simpl ionization modl Non-LTE kintics modls provid spctroscopic obsrvabls Atomic procsss in plasmas - Rat quations ar solvd for a givn lctron nrgy distributions (f ) Atomic lvl population distributions Plasma conditions (N, T )

2 Intgratd simulations ar oftn rquird: Rad-Hydro, Elctron transport, and NLTE Kintics Provids stimat of pr-plasma to PIC Fdback? Dtrmins charg stat distribution Exprimntal USP Lasr Targt conditions Hydro Cod PIC LSP NLTE-Kintics Cod PIC snds back hot lctron stimats to Hydro. Hydro provids stimat of background lctron tmpratur to NLTE-kintics cods Rad. Transport Prdictd Spctrum Lvl population distribution dtrmind by rat quations for nonlocal thrmodynamic quilibrium (NLTE) stat plasmas COLLISIONAL-RADIATIVE POPULATION KINETIC MODELS (S. Wilks) Collisional-Radiativ Modl dni n dt N max N max i W W B J n C n W A B J A Spontanous mission B Stimulatd absorption or mission (I > j) C Collisional xcitation D Collisional dxcitation Th ky is to figur out how to manag th infinit st of lvls and transitions of atoms and ions into a modl with a tractabl st of lvls and transitions that rprsnts a physical rality! n W j n D n ( ) n Dilctronic rcombination Radiativ rcombination Photoionization+stimulatd rcombination Collisional ionization Collisional rcombination Tratmnt of xcitd stats crucial for ionization and rcombination modling 2 Dilctronic rcombination () and xcitation autoionization (EA) modling ar crucial is a two-stp procss: An lctron is capturd laving th rcombind ion at autoionizing (Ai) stats. Subsquntly, th stats stabiliz ithr to th bound stats complting rcombination procss or back to th ion by Augr procss Elctron captur (EC) can nhanc rsonant collisional xcitation (CE) whn th stat autoionizs to th xcitd stat of th rcombining ion EA procss is a rvrs procss to and an lctron is xcitd to Ai stats which subsquntly ioniz by Augr procsss Autoionizing stats (Ai) Bound EA EC Rcombind ion CE ground stat Partial LTE limit for a class of lvls as collisional procsss dominat Bound stats of rcombining ion Avrag charg stats H-lik Kr N-lik Kr coronal N=1E16 N=1E18 N=1E2 N=1E22 N=1E T [kv] Continuum Ground stat of ion Z For som lvls, rlativ population distributions of intrmdiat dnsity rangs can b rprsntd by Saha- Boltzmann statistics. As collisional procsss dominat radiativ procsss btwn two lvls, a partial quilibrium may b stablishd. For lvls with small E spacing. For Rydbrg stats clos to th continuum limit By ion collisions ion Z+1 Continuum Saha Boltzmann Non-LTE Ground stat of ion Z Scrnd Hydrognic Modl FLYCHK Modl : simpl, but complt FLYCHK HULLAC / FAC / MCDF (n) (nl) (nlj) (dtaild-trm) Scrnd hydrognic nrgy lvls with rlativistic corrctions Dirac Hartr-Slatr oscillator strngths and photoionization crosssctions Fittd collisional cross-sction to PWB approximation Smi-mpirical cross-sctions for collisional ionization Dtaild counting of autoionization and lctron captur procsss Continuum lowring (Stwart-Pyatt) Escap probability formalism for slf-absorption

3 Applications to Plasma Rsarch Short-puls lasr-producd plasmas Arbitrary lctron nrgy distribution function Tim-dpndnt ionization procsss K- shifts and broadning: diagnostics Tim-dpndnt Ti K missivitis Long-puls lasr-producd plasmas Avrag charg stats Spctra from a uniform plasma Gas bag, Hohlraum (H), Undrdns foam SiO 2 -Ti foam xp Z-pinch plasmas: photoionizing plasmas Proton-hatd plasmas: warm dns mattr EBIT: lctron bam-producd plasmas EUVL: Sn plasma ionization distributions TOKAMAK: High-Z impuritis Tin charg stat distributions 28V 32V 36V SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF DENSE PLASMAS National Ignition Facility (NIF):1.8 MJ-192 bam lasr will gnrat xtrm stats of mattr Gold ionization balanc in high tmpratur hohlraum (HTH) xprimnts Lasr is focusd through hol in holhraum Lasr impings on wall crating a plasma Wall plasma radiats x-rays X-rays ar absorbd in th pushr part of sphr Hatd matrial drivs a shock DT ic B and Cu DT vapor 114 μm 98 μm 9 μm Larg-scal hohlraum tmpraturs ~ 2-3 kv High-tmpratur hohlraum rach tmpraturs: ~ 1 kv Spctrum from n ~ 4x1 21 cm -3, T ~ 7-1 kv masurd for first tim LASNEX simulation (D. Hinkl) L-shll gold spctra (K. Widmann) ρ-t Track of B pushr and DT ful Lasr bams N /N cr hohlraum Lin of sight DT and B sampl th warm dns mattr rgim (s yllow bands) Th mattr is dns with tmpraturs lss than thir Frmi nrgy T DT bcoms hot dns mattr Comprssion to 1 3 liquid dnsity with tmpraturs at 1 4 V (R.W. L) Lin of sight Lowr T than th pak simulatd T : <Z> consistnt for larg and small scal hohlraums Ultra-short-puls lasr xprimnts provid uniqu opportunitis to study high nrgy dnsity physics(hedp) Spctroscopic data and calculation FLYCHK Gold ionization balanc 65 Intns lasr-plasma intraction Hot - <Z> HTH FLYCHK at N=1 21 cm -3 FLYCHK at N=1 22 cm -3 - Ultrahigh gradint multi-gv lctron acclrators - Novl light sourcs from THz to fs x-rays - High nrgy focusd proton bams - Fast ignition (Inrtial Fusion) protons Hot - rfluxing lasr DATA for larg-scal HO at 2.5 kv FLYCHK givs an stimat of Gold Charg stat distributions and L-shll spctra T [V] x1 3 FLYCHK givs an stimat of <Z> for a wid rang of plasma conditions, which is suitabl for xprimntal dsign and analysis HEDP 4, 78 (28) Cu K radiation masurd by singl hit CCD spctromtr and 2-D imagr for T diagnostics Fast Ignitor las r Shifts and Broadning of Kmission as a function of lctron thrmal tmpratur FLYCHK simulations At 8.48 kv Avrag T (V) of targts 1x1x1 1x1x5 1x1x2 Kα yild (photons/sr/j) 5x5x3 5x5x3 Total Singl Hit CCD K yild is highr than that of 2-D imagr for smallr targt volums. 2-D imagr collcts K yild at 8.48 kv (2 V bandwidth) 1x1x5 1x1x1 1x1x2 2 V 2d spacing uncrtainty Targt volum ( ) Phys. Plasmas 14, 2312 (27) Targt volum (m )

4 Sandia Z machins mimics X-rays from stars: Non-LTE opacity and radiation transport Th ionization paramtr charactrizs X-ray photoionizd plasmas Z Acclrator : Th machin uss currnts of about 26 MA to rach pak X-ray missions of 35 TW and an X-ray output of 2.7 MJ Application to photoionizd plasmas compars wll with astrophysical modls Z-pinch X-ray fr-lctron lasrs, XFELs, ar wll suitd to HEDS rsarch Intns (1 12 photons), short puls (~1 to 35 fs), tunabl from.8 to 2 kv Ultrashort pulss ar usful to crat HED stats of mattr to prob th highly transint bhavior of HED stats Th agrmnt btwn masurd and calculatd CSDs is rasonabl at T = 15 V: Cloudy: Astrophysics cod Galaxy: NLTE kintics cod FLYCHK: NLTE kintics cod =2-25 rgs-cm/s PRL (24) LCLS XFEL strips non bar in a singl ~1 fs puls and hollow atoms ar obsrvd High photon nrgy is rquird to hat th targt volumtrically and, thus, minimiz gradints to dirctly prob th high dnsitis High photon numbr is usful to mak singl-shot data fasibl Plasma and Warm Dns Mattr Studis Atomic Physics Exprimnts Structural Studis on Singl Particls and Biomolculs Fmtochmistry Studis of Nanoscal Dynamics in Condnsd Mattr Physics (R.W. L) NLTE simulations giv rasonabl agrmnt with masurmnts including collisional ffcts V: Valnc-shll PI 1 5 x-rays/å fs 8-2 V ~1 18 W/cm 2 P: K-shll PI N K-shll IP: 87.2 V (12 V) (136 V) V: L-shll PI P: K-shll PI A: Augr dcay A: Augr dcay Natur 466, 56 (21) Tim-dpndnt charg stats of XFEL plasmas may dpnd on N and T Collisions chang charg stat distributions at high dnsitis Th odd-vn charg stat asymmtry is rducd by collisions. O. Ciricosta t al. HEDP 7, 111 (211) FLYCHK radiativ loss rats giv quick stimats ovr a wid rang of conditions Bttr agrmnt for highr N # of radiativ transitions Radiativ cooling rats pr N Ion HULLAC+DHS FLYCHK Ion dnsity 4 x x x 1-7 Max~3% H:1E16 H:1E18 H:1E2 H:1E22 H:1E24 F:1E16 F:1E18 F:1E2 F:1E22 F:1E V 1 x T (kv) sum 3,851, Tim ~2 days ~mins

5 FLYCHK Availabl to th community at NIST wbsit: n= Contributions to /EA procss A tim-dpndnt collisional-radiativ modl to provid charg stat distributions and spctral intnsitis Applications Long-puls lasr producd plasmas Short-puls lasr producd plasmas XFEL lasr producd plasmas Elctron bam producd plasmas Tim-dpndnt plasmas Tokamak plasmas Mor than 7 rgistrd usrs Citd by mor than 2 paprs sinc 25 Spctral Accuracis for dns mattr Modl compltnss for dns mattr with high nrgy particls Gnrally CR cods us th minimum st of configurations for NLTE plasmas This may lad to inaccurat K missivitis for dns mattr (T 1V) Emissivity [V/s/cm -3 ] Modl Compltnss: th st of configurations should b xpandd Silvr : <Z> and total K missivitis Solid dnsity and N = 1 24 cm -3 Hot - of 1 2 cm -3 at 1 MV 2x x1 35 1x1 35 5x (Yild) SCFLY (Yild) FLYCHK T[V] <Z> SCFLY <Z> FLYCHK Emissivity[rg/s/Hz/cm 2 ] 6x1 6 5x1 6 4x1 6 3x1 6 2x1 6 1x1 6 Coppr : K spctra FLYCHK <Z> is good; but, missivitis may not b good nough for dns mattr Analysis with limitd configuration sts can giv highr T in K diagnostics zbar 3 V <Z>=17.8 FLYCHK (K 1 L 6 )M 1 (K 1 L 6 ) SCFLY (K 1 L 6 )M 1 (K 1 L 6 ) + (K 1 L 6 )M 3 (K 1 L 6 )M 2 N 1 (K 1 L 6 )M 1 N 2 (K 1 L 6 )M 2 (K 1 L 6 )M 1 N Enrgy Astrophysical Modls usd for diagnostics can b bnchmarkd in Laboratory xprimnts Undrstanding laboratory data hlps undrstanding astrophysical objcts Population Kintics Modls Man ionization stats, Charg stat distributions, Spctral intnsity, Emissivity, Opacity, Equation of stat, Elctrical conductivity rquir population distributions of ions in th plasma. Autoionizing stats Bound EA Rcombind ion n=3 n=2 n=1 ground stat Bound stats of rcombining ion Coronal plasmas (low N ) Rat formalism Charag stat distributions ar dtrmind by rats of collisional ionization and xcitation-autoionization (EA) & radiativ rcombination and dilctronic rcombination () originating from th ground stats LTE plasmas (high N ) Statistical distributions Collisional procsss ar dominant and th population distribution is govrnd by Boltzmann rlations and Saha quation.. Collisional-radiativ plasmas (intrmdiat N ) Rat quation modl A population distribution is dtrmind by rat quations considring collisional and radiativ procsss at a givn tmpratur and dnsity. Th rsults should convrg to coronal or th LTE limit at low and high N limits, rspctivly. Radiativ loss rats ar important as an nrgy loss mchanism of high-z plasmas Calculatd Kr radiativ cooling rats pr N [V/s/atom/cm -3 ] # of radiativ transitions using HULK cod 4x1-7 3x1-7 2x1-7 1x coronal T (kv) N=1E16 N=1E18 N=1E2 N=1E22 N=1E24 Ion HULLAC+DHS Sum 3,851,78