SYLVESTER S WAVE THEORY OF PARTITIONS
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1 SYLVESTER S WAVE THEORY OF PARTITIONS Georgia Southern University DIMACS July 11, 2011
2 A partition of an integer n is a representation of n as a sum of positive integers where order of summands (parts) does not matter.
3 A partition of an integer n is a representation of n as a sum of positive integers where order of summands (parts) does not matter ,
4 A partition of an integer n is a representation of n as a sum of positive integers where order of summands (parts) does not matter , so, we have five partions of 4.
5 Let p(n) denote the number of partitions of n.
6 Let p(n) denote the number of partitions of n. p(0) = 1
7 Let p(n) denote the number of partitions of n. p(0) = 1 p(1) = 1
8 Let p(n) denote the number of partitions of n. p(0) = 1 p(1) = 1 p(2) = 2
9 Let p(n) denote the number of partitions of n. p(0) = 1 p(1) = 1 p(2) = 2 p(3) = 3
10 Let p(n) denote the number of partitions of n. p(0) = 1 p(1) = 1 p(2) = 2 p(3) = 3 p(4) = 5
11 Let p(n) denote the number of partitions of n. p(0) = 1 p(1) = 1 p(2) = 2 p(3) = 3 p(4) = 5 p(5) = 7 p(6) = 11 p(7) = 15 p(8) = 22 p(9) = 30 p(10) = 42
12 Let p(n) denote the number of partitions of n. p(0) = 1 p(1) = 1 p(2) = 2 p(3) = 3 p(4) = 5 p(5) = 7 p(6) = 11 p(7) = 15 p(8) = 22 p(9) = 30 p(10) = 42 p(100) = 190, 569, 192 p(200) = 3, 972, 999, 029, 388
13 G. H. Hardy ( ) and S. Ramanujan ( )
14 G. H. Hardy and S. Ramanujan (1918) p(n) exp (π 2n/3) 4n, as n. 3
15 Hardy and Ramanujan (1918) p(n) = 1 2π 2 α n k k=1 0 h<k gcd(h,k)=1 ω h,k e 2πihn/k d dn ( exp π k ) 3 (n 1 24 ) 2 n O(n 1/4 ), with α an arbitrary constant and ω h,k a certain complex 24kth root of unity.
16 Hans Rademacher ( )
17 p(n) = 1 π 2 H. Rademacher (1937) A k (n) k d dn k=1 ( sinh π k 2 3 n 1 24 ( n 1 24 ) ),
18 where A k (n) = is a Kloosterman sum, 0 h<k gcd(h,k)=1 e πi(s(h,k) 2nh/k),
19 where A k (n) = is a Kloosterman sum, and s(h, k) = is a Dedekind sum. 0 h<k gcd(h,k)=1 k 1 r=1 ( r hr k k e πi(s(h,k) 2nh/k), hr 1 ) k 2
20 Ken Ono and Jan Bruinier
21 In 2011, Ken Ono and Jan Bruinier announced a new formula that expresses p(n) as a finite sum of certain algebraic numbers.
22 Let p(n, m) denote the number of partitions of n into parts m.
23 Let p(n, m) denote the number of partitions of n into parts m. 3+3 = = = = = =
24 Let p(n, m) denote the number of partitions of n into parts m. 3+3 = = = = = = So, p(6, 3) = 7
25 L. Euler ( )
26 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 1 x 1 x 2 1 x 3 = (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + ) (1 + x 2 + x 4 + x 6 + x 8 + ) (1 + x 3 + x 6 + x 9 + x 12 + )
27 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 1 x 1 1 x 2 1 x 3 = (1 + x 1 + x x x ) (1 + x 2 + x x x ) (1 + x 3 + x x x )
28 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 1 x 1 1 x 2 1 x 3 = (1 + x 1 + x x x ) (1 + x 2 + x x x ) (1 + x 3 + x x x ) =1 + x 1 + (x 2 + x 1+1 ) + (x 3 + x x ) +
29 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 1 x 1 1 x 2 1 x 3 = (1 + x 1 + x x x ) (1 + x 2 + x x x ) (1 + x 3 + x x x ) =1 + x 1 + (x 2 + x 1+1 ) + (x 3 + x x ) + = p(n, 3)x n. n=0
30 p(n)x n = n=0 k=1 1 1 x k.
31 Let x = e 2πiτ. x 1/24 η(τ) = p(n)x n, n=0
32 Let x = e 2πiτ. provided x 1/24 η(τ) = p(n)x n, n=0 Iτ > 0, i.e. x < 1.
33 Arthur Cayley
34 p(n, 3)x n 1 = (1 x)(1 x 2 )(1 x 3 ) n=0 = 17/72 1 x + 1/4 (1 x) 2 + 1/6 (1 x) 3 + 1/ x x x + x 2
35 p(n, 3)x n 1 = (1 x)(1 x 2 )(1 x 3 ) n=0 = 17/72 1 x + 1/4 (1 x) 2 + 1/6 (1 x) 3 + 1/ x x x + x 2 = x n n= (n+1)x n + 1 ( ) n + 2 x n n=0 cr 3 (1, 1, 0)x n n=0 cr 2 (1, 1)x n n=0 cr 3 (0, 1, 1)x n n=1
36 p(n, 3)x n 1 = (1 x)(1 x 2 )(1 x 3 ) n=0 = n=0 = 17/72 1 x + 1/4 (1 x) 2 + 1/6 (1 x) 3 + 1/ x x x + x 2 ( n ( n ) cr 2(1, 1) + cr 3 ( 2 9, 1 9, 1 9 ) ) x n
37 p(n, 3) = n ( n ) +cr 2 ( 1 8, 1 8 ) ( ) 2 +cr 3 9, 1 9, 1 9
38 p(n, 3) = n ( n = n ( n ) +cr 2 ( 1 8, 1 8 ) ( ) 2 +cr 3 9, 1 9, 1 9 ) ( 25 + cr 6 72, 17 72, 1 72, 7 72, 17 ) 72, 17 72
39 p(n, 3) = n ( n = n ( n ) +cr 2 ( 1 8, 1 8 ) ( ) 2 +cr 3 9, 1 9, 1 9 ) ( 25 + cr 6 72, 17 72, 1 72, 7 72, 17 ) 72, ( ) n + 2 = nearest integer to n
40 J. J. Sylvester ( )
41 Sylvester s theorem where W q,m = Res x=0 ρ prim qth root of 1 p(n, m) = m W q,m, q=1 ρ n e nx (1 ρ 1 e x )(1 ρ 2 e 2x ) (1 ρ m e mx )
42 e nx W 1,m =Res x=0 (1 e x )(1 e 2x ) (1 e mx ) e x(n+ 1 2 ( m)) =Res x=0 (e 1 2 x e 1 2 x )(e 1 2 2x e 1 2 2x ) (e 1 2 mx e 1 2 mx ) =Res x=0 e νx m(m+1) m j=1 2 sinh( 1 where ν = n + 2jx), 4.
43 W 1,1 = 1
44 W 1,1 = 1 W 1,2 = 1 2 ν
45 W 1,1 = 1 W 1,2 = 1 2 ν ( ) W 1,3 = 1 ν 2 3! 2! s 2 24 where s r = 1 r + 2 r + 3 r + + m r.
46 W 1,1 = 1 W 1,2 = 1 2 ν W 1,3 = 1 3! W 1,4 = 1 4! ( ν 2 2! s 2 24 ) ( ν 3 3! s 2 24 ν ) where s r = 1 r + 2 r + 3 r + + m r.
47 W 1,1 = 1 W 1,2 = 1 2 ν W 1,3 = 1 3! W 1,4 = 1 4! W 1,5 = 1 5! ( ν 2 2! s 2 24 ( ν 3 3! s 2 ) ) 24 ν ( ν 4 4! s 2 ν ! where s r = 1 r + 2 r + 3 r + + m r. ( s s 4 5 ))
48 W 1,m = 1 m! where ( ν m 1 (m 1)! J ν m 3 1 (m 3)! + J ν m 5 ) 2 (m 5)!, J 1 = s 2 24 ( J 2 = 1 s J 3 = ) 2 + s 4 5 ( s s 2s s )
49 J. W. L. Glaisher ( )
50 Glaisher calculated explicit formulas for W i,m where i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
51 Research project Program Shalosh to find explicit formulas for W i,m where i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,....
52 Research project Program Shalosh to find explicit formulas for W i,m where i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,.... Find an explicit formula for W i,m for arbitrary m.
53 Research project Program Shalosh to find explicit formulas for W i,m where i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,.... Find an explicit formula for W i,m for arbitrary m. p(n) = p(n, n), so p(n) = m i=1 W i,n.
54 Numerical calculations show that for reasonable size n, p(n) = p(n, n) W 1,n.
55 Research project Find r = r(n) so that p(n) = p(n, n) = nearest integer to r W i,n. i=1
56 Theory of q-partial fractions." Augustine O. Munagi
57 p(n, 3)x n 1 = (1 x)(1 x 2 )(1 x 3 ) n=0 = 17/72 1 x + 1/4 (1 x) 2 + 1/6 (1 x) 3 + 1/ x x x + x 2
58 p(n, 3)x n 1 = (1 x)(1 x 2 )(1 x 3 ) n=0 = 17/72 1 x + 1/4 (1 x) 2 + 1/6 (1 x) 3 + 1/ x x x + x 2 = 0 1 x + 1/4 (1 x) 2 + 1/6 (1 x) 3 + 1/4 1 x 2 + 1/3 1 x 3
59 p(n, 3)x n 1 = (1 x)(1 x 2 )(1 x 3 ) n=0 = = 17/72 1 x + 1/4 (1 x) 2 + 1/6 (1 x) 3 + 1/ x x x + x 2 = 0 1 x + 1/4 (1 x) 2 + 1/6 (1 x) 3 + 1/4 1 x 2 + 1/3 1 x 3 ( n ( ) n cr 2(1, 0) + 1 ) 3 cr 3(1, 0, 0) n=0 x n
60 p(n, 3) = n ( n ) +cr 2 ( 1 8, 1 8 ) ( ) 2 +cr 3 9, 1 9, 1 9
61 p(n, 3) = n ( n = n ) +cr 2 ( 1 8, 1 8 ) ( ) 2 +cr 3 9, 1 9, 1 9 ( ) ( ) ( ) n cr 2, 0 + cr 3, 0, 0 2
62 Research project Find the q-partial fraction analog of Sylvester s wave theory.
63 Back to the beginning A composition of an integer n is a representation of n as a sum of positive integers where order of summands (parts) does matter.
64 Back to the beginning A composition of an integer n is a representation of n as a sum of positive integers where order of summands (parts) does matter and and and ,
65 Back to the beginning A composition of an integer n is a representation of n as a sum of positive integers where order of summands (parts) does matter and and and , so, we have eight compositions of 4.
66 Let c(n) denote the number of compositions of n.
67 Let c(n) denote the number of compositions of n. c(1) = 1
68 Let c(n) denote the number of compositions of n. c(1) = 1 c(2) = 2
69 Let c(n) denote the number of compositions of n. c(1) = 1 c(2) = 2 c(3) = 4
70 Let c(n) denote the number of compositions of n. c(1) = 1 c(2) = 2 c(3) = 4 c(4) = 8
71 Let c(n) denote the number of compositions of n. c(1) = 1 c(2) = 2 c(3) = 4 c(4) = 8 c(5) = 16 c(6) = 32 c(7) = 64
72 Let c(n) denote the number of compositions of n. c(1) = 1 c(2) = 2 c(3) = 4 c(4) = 8 c(5) = 16 c(6) = 32 c(7) = 64. c(n) = 2 n 1
73 P. A. MacMahon ( )
74 The graph of a composition The MacMahon graph of the composition of n = 12
75 The graph of a composition The MacMahon graph of the composition of n = 12 A composition of n with m parts has a MacMahon graph with n dashes and m 1 dots
76 The graph of a composition The MacMahon graph of the composition of n = 12 A composition of n with m parts has a MacMahon graph with n dashes and m 1 dots, and is in one-to-one correspondence with a bit sequence of length n 1 containing exactly m 1 ones.
77 The graph of a composition The MacMahon graph of the composition of n = 12 A composition of n with m parts has a MacMahon graph with n dashes and m 1 dots, and is in one-to-one correspondence with a bit sequence of length n 1 containing exactly m 1 ones ( )
78 The graph of a composition The MacMahon graph of the composition of n = 12 A composition of n with m parts has a MacMahon graph with n dashes and m 1 dots, and is in one-to-one correspondence with a bit sequence of length n 1 containing exactly m 1 ones ( ) Thus c(n) = 2 n 1.
79 Research project Use information about c(n) to derive a formula for p(n).
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