New Physics with a High Intensity PS (in Italy)

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1 1 New Physics with a High Intensity PS (in Italy) F. Cervelli I.N.F.N. Pisa

2 2 At present, in the worldwide requests of constructing a High Intensity Proton Machine are rising. Why?

3 3 The central issues in Particle Physics is whether the Standard Model is indeed correct and if extensions (corrections) of this model are required.

4 4 NEW ISSUES CAN BE INVESTIGATED IN SEVERAL WAYS: 1) At very high energies (LHC and beyond) searches can be made for the production of heavy particles (predicted or unpredicted) and for new phenomena (possibly totally unexpected). 2) At lower energies, searches can be made for very rare processes or for small deviations from expected results (for example, due to small effects caused by unseen heavy particles).

5 5 Historically, many fundamental discoveries and measurements have come from accelerators which were not the highest energy machine available at the time: weak neutral currents at the CERN PS J/ψ at the AGS (Brookhaven) limits on the lepton-number conservation most of the parameters of CP violation etc.

6 6 In Japan a new PS (50 GeV, 15 µa) is under construction and will be ready on In Europe (in Italy?), it could be reasonable to push forward for a new PS at higher intensity: HIPS: 30 GeV,, 100 µa

7 BEAM ENERGY, BEAM CURENT, AND BEAM POWER OF WORLD S PROTON MACHINES 7 JHF HIPS Current (µa) JHF

8 8 The 0 o K - production from Be target as a function of the incident proton energy. The yield is given per unit power in the proton beam

9 9 The 0 o antiproton production from Be target versus proton energy

10 10 BEAM FLUXES: ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE PHYTHIA: E = 30 GeV, I = 80 µa

11 11 KAON PHYSICS Rare decays of Kaons are excellent tools to test the flavour sector in great (ρ,η) detail and to search for signatures of new physics. α K Some relevant decays: + π + νν K L π νν: determination of η, the invariant measure of CP violation in SM. K L π 0 νν K + π + νν: CP-conserving process that is sensitive to V td K π γ L e+ e - : substantial contribution from direct β CP violation. About 10 (0,0) 15 K L S/year are necessary. (1,0) K + π + µ + µ - : interesting probe of LFV.

12 12 K + π + νν K stopped K in flight Experiment Events S/N E E JPARC 50 - CKM

13 Sensitivity of currently proposed K 0 π 0 νν experiments Primary proton momentum (GeV/c) Production angle KEK- E391A 13 6 o BNL- KOPIO o FNAL-KAMI far near mrad HIPS Solid angle (µsrd) Protons on target (3y, 10 7 s/y) 3.6 x x x x Number of K L decays 1.2 x x x x ~ Average K L momentum (GeV/c) ~ 5 Acceptance (%) Single events (BR 3 x ) Background events < Foreseen data taking ??

14 14 Topics: MUON PHYSICS Lepton Flavor Violating µ-e conversion process with µ s/y or more: the sensitivity to LFV is superb in the muon system. Muon Electric Dipole Moment (EDM). The existence of EDM in a muon violates time reversal and parity symmetries. For a e cm sensitivity a N P 2 = is required (N = number of muons, P = average polarization). Muon (g - 2) Magnetic Moment. An improvement of a factor of ~ 20 over E821 is feasible

15 15 LEPTON FLAVOUR VIOLATION MEGA µ + e + γ < 1.2 x LANL MEG µ + e + γ < PSI MECO µ - +Al e - +Al HIPS µ - +A e - +A < < BNL for 10 9 µ/s

16 16 ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENT Regions of the (φ ΧΟ,d µ NP ) plane suggested by the current E821 data at the 1σ and 2σ.

17 17 (g-2) µ τ DATA e + e DATA Davier, Eidelman et al. hep-ph/ Reachable accuracy of HIPS: ~ 0.10 ppm

18 18 HADRON SPECTROSCOPY Are there hybrids mesons (qqg), baryons(qqqg) and glueballs (ggg)? Where are the missing hyperons states? a good fraction of the missing states should be in the range of the 6 GeV/c kaon beam Are there exotic states of mesons and barions (qqqq, qqqqq )?

19 19 NEUTRINO S Precision measurement of ν oscillation to determine all the parameters in the lepton section. Requirements for a neutrino beam from muon decays: ~ neutrinos/year in the 10 GeV range. A muon beam is the source of 4 different flavours of neutrinos: ν e ν e and ν µ ν µ background at ~ 10-3 level (pion source: few % level) precise knowledge of neutrino intensity and emittance. A muon storage ring is needed: first step of the R&D works for a µ + µ collide.

20 20 CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE MNS MIXING PARAMETERS PMNS Parameters Comments m 2 32 ~ 3 x 10-3 ev 2 sin 2 θ 23 ~ ( ) m 2 13 < 0.1 m 2 21 ~ 7 x 10-5 sin 2 2θ 12 ~ ( ) δ From atmospheric neutrinos From CHOOZ From solar neutrinos (large angle MSW solution) Unknown

21 21 ν µ DISAPPEARENCE The final sensitivity of the neutrino oscillation parameters: sin 2 2θ 23 (left) and m 2 23 (right), as a function of the true m 2 23 (ev2 ). The sin 2 2θ 23 is set to 1.00.

22 22 ν µ ν e OSCILLATION HIPS Sensitivity to sin 2 θ 13 with a neutrino factory (νfact) and conventional pion based superbeams.

23 23 SEARCH FOR STERILE NEUTRINOS Expected number of events with various m 2 for 5 years at a ν-factory. The solid lines show the expected numbers of events assuming ν µ ν τ, or ν µ ν e. The dotted lines show the 90% C.L. regions of ν µ ν τ oscillation. Although full mixing is assumed, expected number of events does not become 0 even at deepest dip point. This is due to the NC interactions of high energy neutrinos. For m 2 = 3 x 10-3 ev 2, the number of events to be observed in five years is 280, if ν µ ν e.the corresponding number is 680 for ν µ ν τ oscillation.

24 24 ANTIPROTON PHYSICS High intensity protons at 30 GeV are suited for high-flux anti-proton production. A combination of cooler ring(s) and/or a decelerating linac can result the world center for low-energy antiproton physics. Main physics topics: precision spectroscopy for tests of fundamental symmetries (CPT), i.e proton-antiproton mass and charge equality atomic formation and atomic collision studies nuclear physics (nuclear periphery) gravitation of antimatter medical applications (non conventional)

25 25 ANTIPROTON AND CP VIOLATION The SM predicts a slight CP asymmetry in decays of hyperons/antihyperons (at the order of 10-5 ) Experiment Facility Mode A Λ [*] or A ΞΛ [ ] R608 ISR pp ΛX, pp ΛX ± 0.14 * DM2 Orsay e + e - J/ψ ΛΛ 0.01 ± 0.10 * PS185 LEAR pp ΛΛ ± * E756 Fermilab pn Ξ X, Ξ Λπ, pn Ξ + X, Ξ + Λπ ± CLEO CESR e + e - Ξ X, Ξ Λπ, e + e - Ξ + X, Ξ + Λπ ± ± At Fermilab there is a proposal for an upgrade (2005?) of the p-facility to have a p beam with a p/h (CP ~ 10-4 ). A 30 GeV / 100 µa PS, could provide a better p beam.

26 26 Not only High Energy Physics A high intensity PS is a powerful tool for: Medical physics Nuclear physics Solid state physics Industrial applications

27 27 A High Intensity PS: a story Starting from 1980, a large community has studied the possibility to build a high intensity, moderate-energy proton accelerator.

28 28 PROPOSED K-FACTORY K OF TRIUMF E = 30 GeV,, I = 100 µa Booster injection : H - Cost : 200 M$

29 29 PROPOSED LAMPF AT LOS ALAMOS E = 45 GeV,, I = 50 µa Cost : 240 M$ + 70 M$

30 30 PROPOSED PHYTHIA AT DESY E = 20 GeV,, I = 80 µa Cost : ~ 400 M CHF

31 31 THE EUROPEAN HADRON FACILITY E = 30 GeV,, I = 100 µa Cost : ~ M$

32 32 COMPARISON OF PROTON INTENSITIES FOR EXISTING, PROJECTED AND PROPOSED MACHINES Beam Energy (GeV) Beam Current (µa) Cycle Rate HZ p/pulse p/sec CERN PS x BNL AGS 24(30) ~ x KEK x JHF (2006/7?) x x FNAL MI x CERN MSR source (201N?) x KAON (HIPS) x x 10 14

33 33 JHF: Plan view of the facility

34 34 JHF BEAM PARAMETERS

35 35 MAIN PARAMETERS OF THE 50 GeV PS

36 36 HIPS: AN UPGRADEABLE MACHINE (1)

37 37 HIPS: AN UPGRADEABLE MACHINE (2)

38 38 JHF: as a ν source Beam E peak (GeV) Flux(10 6 /cm 2 /yr) ν µ ν e ν e /ν µ (%) Total E peak # of interactions (22.5kt/yr) ν µ ν e OA2 o (2200) 60(45) OA3 o ( 800) 29(22)

39 39 Α ν-factory ν at JHF

40 40 MARGINALIA Sociology of particle physics should not be neglected. Higher Energy machines will host fewer experiments: personal satisfaction of physicists difficulties in incorporating new and innovative ideas difficulties for proper training of graduate students A HIPS will host a large number of experiments, each with a moderate number of experimenters. Some risky innovative experiments will be possible. Graduate students will be able to grasp all aspects of an experiment.

41 41 CONCLUSIONS If a HIPS is considered an interesting project for our community, the first step is to activate a Study Group machine requirements and characteristics related physics international collaborations site financial resources time schedule

Why a muon collider?

Why a muon collider? What will we learn? Mary Anne Cummings Northern Illinois Center for Accelerator and Detector Development Northern Illinois University 1 Why consider a Muon Collider? The current story