JUMP LOCI. Alex Suciu. Northeastern University. Intensive research period on Algebraic Topology, Geometric and Combinatorial Group Theory

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1 ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND COHOMOLOGY JUMP LOCI Alex Suciu Northeastern University Intensive research period on Algebraic Topology, Geometric and Combinatorial Group Theory Centro di Ricerca Matematica Ennio De Giorgi Pisa, Italy February 24, 2015 ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

2 OUTLINE 1 COHOMOLOGY JUMP LOCI Resonance varieties of a cdga Resonance varieties of a space Characteristic varieties The tangent cone theorem 2 QUASI-PROJECTIVE VARIETIES Gysin models and cohomology jump loci Hyperplane arrangements and Milnor fibers Elliptic arrangements ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

3 COHOMOLOGY JUMP LOCI RESONANCE VARIETIES OF A CDGA RESONANCE VARIETIES OF A CDGA Let A pa, dq be a commutative, differential graded C-algebra. Multiplication : A i b A j Ñ A i`j is graded-commutative. Differential d: A i Ñ A i`1 satisfies the graded Leibnitz rule. Assume A is connected, i.e., A 0 C. A is of finite-type, i.e., dim A i ă 8 for all i ě 0. For each a P Z 1 paq H 1 paq, we get a cochain complex, pa, δ a q: A 0 δ 0 a A 1 δ 1 a A 2 δ 2 a, with differentials δ i apuq a u ` d u, for all u P A i. Resonance varieties: R i paq ta P H 1 paq H i pa, δ a q 0u. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

4 COHOMOLOGY JUMP LOCI RESONANCE VARIETIES OF A CDGA Fix C-basis te 1,..., e n u for H 1 paq, and let tx 1,..., x n u be dual basis for H 1 paq H 1 paq _. Identify SympH 1 paqq with S Crx 1,..., x n s, the coordinate ring of the affine space H 1 paq. Define a cochain complex of free S-modules, pa bs, δq: A i b S δi A i`1 b S δi`1 A i`2 b S, where δ i pu b sq ř n j 1 e ju b sx j ` d u b s. The specialization of A b S at a P H 1 paq coincides with pa, δ a q. The cohomology support loci r R i paq suppph i pa b S, δqq are subvarieties of H 1 paq. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

5 COHOMOLOGY JUMP LOCI RESONANCE VARIETIES OF A CDGA Let pa b S, Bq be the dual chain complex. The homology support loci r Ri paq suppph i pa b S, Bqq are subvarieties of H 1 paq. Using a result of [Papadima S. 2014], we obtain: THEOREM For each q ě 0, the duality isomorphism H 1 paq H 1 paq restricts to an isomorphism Ť iďq Ri paq Ť iďq r R i paq. We also have R i paq R i paq. In general, though, R ri paq fl R r i paq. If d 0, then all the resonance varieties of A are homogeneous. In general, though, they are not. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

6 COHOMOLOGY JUMP LOCI RESONANCE VARIETIES OF A CDGA EXAMPLE Let A be the exterior algebra on generators a, b in degree 1, endowed with the differential given by d a 0 and d b b a. H 1 paq C, generated by a. Set S Crxs. Then: A b S : S B 0 2 x 1 S 2 B 1 p x 0 q S. Hence, H 1 pa b Sq S{px 1q, and so r R 1 paq t1u. Using the above theorem, we conclude that R 1 paq t0, 1u. R 1 paq is a non-homogeneous subvariety of C. H 1 pa b Sq S{pxq, and so r R 1 paq t0u r R 1 paq. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

7 COHOMOLOGY JUMP LOCI RESONANCE VARIETIES OF A SPACE RESONANCE VARIETIES OF A SPACE Let X be a connected, finite-type CW-complex. We may take A H px, Cq with d 0, and get the usual resonance varieties, R i pxq : R i paq. Or, we may take pa, dq to be a finite-type cdga, weakly equivalent to Sullivan s model A PL pxq, if such a cdga exists. If X is formal, then (H px, Cq, d 0) is such a finite-type model. Finite-type cdga models exist even for possibly non-formal spaces, such as nilmanifolds and solvmanifolds, Sasakian manifolds, smooth quasi-projective varieties, etc. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

8 COHOMOLOGY JUMP LOCI RESONANCE VARIETIES OF A SPACE THEOREM (MACINIC, PAPADIMA, POPESCU, S. 2013) Suppose there is a finite-type CDGA pa, dq such that A PL pxq» A. Then, for each i ě 0, the tangent cone at 0 to the resonance variety R i paq is contained in R i pxq. In general, we cannot replace TC 0 pr i paqq by R i paq. EXAMPLE Let X S 1, and take A Ź pa, bq with d a 0, d b b a. Then R 1 paq t0, 1u is not contained in R 1 pxq t0u, though TC 0 pr 1 paqq t0u is. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

9 COHOMOLOGY JUMP LOCI RESONANCE VARIETIES OF A SPACE A rationally defined CDGA pa, dq has positive weights if each A i can be decomposed into weighted pieces A i α, with positive weights in degree 1, and in a manner compatible with the CDGA structure: 1 A i À αpz Ai α. 2 A 1 α 0, for all α ď 0. 3 If a P A i α and b P A j β, then ab P Ai`j α`β and d a P Ai`1 α. A space X is said to have positive weights if A PL pxq does. If X is formal, then X has positive weights, but not conversely. THEOREM (DIMCA PAPADIMA 2014, MPPS) Suppose there is a rationally defined, finite-type CDGA pa, dq with positive weights, and a q-equivalence between A PL pxq and A preserving Q-structures. Then, for each i ď q, 1 R i paq is a finite union of rationally defined linear subspaces of H 1 paq. 2 R i paq Ď R i pxq. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

10 COHOMOLOGY JUMP LOCI RESONANCE VARIETIES OF A SPACE EXAMPLE Let X be the 3-dimensional Heisenberg nilmanifold. All cup products of degree 1 classes vanish; thus, R 1 pxq H 1 px, Cq C 2. Model A Ź pa, b, cq generated in degree 1, with d a d b 0 and d c a b. This is a finite-dimensional model, with positive weights: wtpaq wtpbq 1, wtpcq 2. Writing S Crx, ys, we get A b S : S 3 y 0 0 x x y S 3 p x y 0 q S. Hence H 1 pa b Sq S{px, yq, and so R 1 paq t0u. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

11 COHOMOLOGY JUMP LOCI CHARACTERISTIC VARIETIES CHARACTERISTIC VARIETIES Let X be a finite-type, connected CW-complex. π π 1 px, x 0 q: a finitely generated group. CharpXq Hompπ, C q: an abelian, algebraic group. CharpXq 0 pc q n, where n b 1 pxq. Characteristic varieties of X: V i pxq tρ P CharpXq H i px, C ρ q 0u. THEOREM (LIBGOBER 2002, DIMCA PAPADIMA S. 2009) τ 1 pv i pxqq Ď TC 1 pv i pxqq Ď R i pxq Here, if W Ă pc q n is an algebraic subset, then τ 1 pw q : tz P C n exppλzq P W, for all λ P Cu. This is a finite union of rationally defined linear subspaces of C n. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

12 COHOMOLOGY JUMP LOCI CHARACTERISTIC VARIETIES THEOREM (DIMCA PAPADIMA 2014) Suppose A PL pxq is q-equivalent to a finite-type model pa, dq. Then V i pxq p1q R i paq p0q, for all i ď q. COROLLARY If X is a q-formal space, then V i pxq p1q R i pxq p0q, for all i ď q. A precursor to corollary can be found in work of Green Lazarsfeld on the cohomology jump loci of compact Kähler manifolds. The case when q 1 was first established in [DPS-2009]. Further developments in work of Budur Wang [2013]. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

13 COHOMOLOGY JUMP LOCI THE TANGENT CONE THEOREM THE TANGENT CONE THEOREM THEOREM Suppose A PL pxq is q-equivalent to a finite-type CDGA A. ď q, 1 TC 1 pv i pxqq TC 0 pr i paqq. 2 If, moreover, A has positive weights, and the q-equivalence A PL pxq» A preserves Q-structures, then TC 1 pv i pxqq R i paq. THEOREM (DPS-2009, DP-2014) Suppose X is a q-formal space. Then, for all i ď q, τ 1 pv i pxqq TC 1 pv i pxqq R i pxq. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

14 COHOMOLOGY JUMP LOCI THE TANGENT CONE THEOREM COROLLARY If X is q-formal, then, for all i ď q, 1 All irreducible components of R i pxq are rationally defined subspaces of H 1 px, Cq. 2 All irreducible components of V i pxq which pass through the origin are algebraic subtori of CharpXq 0, of the form expplq, where L runs through the linear subspaces comprising R i pxq. The Tangent Cone theorem can be used to detect non-formality. EXAMPLE Let π xx 1, x 2 rx 1, rx 1, x 2 ssy. Then V 1 pπq tt 1 1u, and so τ 1 pv 1 pπqq TC 1 pv 1 pπqq tx 1 0u. On the other hand, R 1 pπq C 2, and so π is not 1-formal. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

15 COHOMOLOGY JUMP LOCI THE TANGENT CONE THEOREM EXAMPLE (DPS 2009) Let π xx 1,..., x 4 rx 1, x 2 s, rx 1, x 4 srx 2 2, x 3s, rx 1 1, x 3srx 2, x 4 sy. Then R 1 pπq tz P C 4 z1 2 2z2 2 0u: a quadric which splits into two linear subspaces over R, but is irreducible over Q. Thus, π is not 1-formal. EXAMPLE (S. YANG ZHAO 2015) Let π be a finitely presented group with π ab Z 3 and V 1 pπq pt 1, t 2, t 3 q P pc q 3 pt 2 1q pt 1 ` 1qpt 3 1q (, This is a complex, 2-dimensional torus passing through the origin, but this torus does not embed as an algebraic subgroup in pc q 3. Indeed, τ 1 pv 1 pπqq tx 2 x 3 0u Y tx 1 x 3 x 2 2x 3 0u. Hence, π is not 1-formal. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

16 QUASI-PROJECTIVE VARIETIES GYSIN MODELS AND COHOMOLOGY JUMP LOCI GYSIN MODELS Let X be a (connected) smooth quasi-projective variety. Let X be a good" compactification, i.e., X XzD, for some normal-crossings divisor D td 1,..., D m u. Algebraic model: A ApX, Dq (Morgan s Gysin model): a rationally defined, bigraded CDGA, with A i À p`q i Ap,q and A p,q à S q H p č kps D k, C p qq Multiplication A p,q A p1,q 1 Ď A p`p1,q`q 1 from cup-product in X. Differential d: A p,q Ñ A p`2,q 1 from intersections of divisors. Model has positive weights: wtpa p,q q p ` 2q. Improved version by Dupont [2013]: divisor D is allowed to have arangement-like" singularities. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

17 QUASI-PROJECTIVE VARIETIES GYSIN MODELS AND COHOMOLOGY JUMP LOCI Suppose X Σ is a connected, smooth algebraic curve. Then Σ admits a canonical compactification, Σ, and thus, a canonical Gysin model, ApΣq. EXAMPLE Let Σ E be a once-punctured elliptic curve. Then Σ E, and ApΣq ľ pa, b, eq{pae, beq where a, b are in bidegree p1, 0q and e in bidegree p0, 1q, while d a d b 0 and d e ab. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

18 QUASI-PROJECTIVE VARIETIES GYSIN MODELS AND COHOMOLOGY JUMP LOCI THE TANGENT CONE THEOREM THEOREM (BUDUR, WANG 2013) Let X be a smooth quasi-projective variety. Then each characteristic variety V i pxq is a finite union of torsion-translated subtori of CharpXq. THEOREM Let ApXq be a Gysin model for X. Then, for each i ě 0, τ 1 pv i pxqq TC 1 pv i pxqq R i papxqq Ď R i pxq. Moreover, if X is q-formal, the last inclusion is an equality, for all i ď q. EXAMPLE Let X be the C -bundle over E S 1 ˆ S 1 with e 1. Then V 1 pxq t1u, and so τ 1 pv 1 pxqq TC 1 pv 1 pxqq t0u. On the other hand, R 1 pxq C 2, and so X is not 1-formal. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

19 QUASI-PROJECTIVE VARIETIES GYSIN MODELS AND COHOMOLOGY JUMP LOCI A holomorphic map f : X Ñ Σ is admissible if f is surjective, has connected generic fiber, and the target Σ is a connected, smooth complex curve with χpxq ă 0. THEOREM (ARAPURA 1997) The map f ÞÑ f pcharpσqq yields a bijection between the set E X of equivalence classes of admissible maps X Ñ Σ and the set of positive-dimensional, irreducible components of V 1 pxq containing 1. THEOREM (DP 2014, MPPS 2013) R 1 papxqq ď THEOREM (DPS 2009) f PE X f ph 1 papσqqq. Suppose X is 1-formal. Then R 1 pxq Ť f PE X f ph 1 pσ, Cqq. Moreover, all the linear subspaces in this decomposition have dimension ě 2, and any two distinct ones intersect only at 0. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

20 QUASI-PROJECTIVE VARIETIES HYPERPLANE ARRANGEMENTS AND MILNOR FIBERS HYPERPLANE ARRANGEMENTS An arrangement of hyperplanes is a finite set A of codimension-1 linear subspaces in C n. Its complement, MpAq C l z Ť HPA H, is a Stein manifold; thus, it is homotopic to a connected, finite cell complex of dimension n. The space M MpAq is formal, and so the OS-algebra A H pm, Cq (with zero differential) is a model for M. THEOREM (FALK YUZVINSKY 2007) The set E M is in bijection with multinets on sub-arrangements of A. Each such k-multinet gives rise to a pk 1q-dimensional linear subspace of the resonance variety R 1 pmq Ă H 1 pm, Cq, and all components of R 1 pmq arise in this fashion. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

21 QUASI-PROJECTIVE VARIETIES HYPERPLANE ARRANGEMENTS AND MILNOR FIBERS MILNOR FIBRATION For each H P A let α H be a linear form with kerpα H q H, and let Q ś HPA α H be a defining polynomial for A. The restriction of the map Q : C n Ñ C to the complement is a smooth fibration, Q : M Ñ C. The typical fiber of this fibration, Q 1 p1q, is called the Milnor fiber of the arrangement, and is denoted by F FpAq. The monodromy diffeomorphism, h : F Ñ F, is given by hpzq expp2πi{mqz, where m A. A h F F ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

22 QUASI-PROJECTIVE VARIETIES HYPERPLANE ARRANGEMENTS AND MILNOR FIBERS PROBLEM Let A be a hyperplane arrangement, with Milnor fiber F FpAq. 1 Find a good compactification F. 2 Does the monodromy h : F Ñ F extend to a diffeomorphism h : F Ñ F? 3 Write down an explicit presentation for the resulting Gysin model, ApFq. 4 Compute the resonance varieties R i papfqq and R i pfq, and decide whether they depend only on the intersection lattice of A. 5 Decide whether these varieties coincide, and, if so, whether F paq is formal. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

23 QUASI-PROJECTIVE VARIETIES HYPERPLANE ARRANGEMENTS AND MILNOR FIBERS EXAMPLE (ZUBER 2010) Let A be the arrangement in C 3 defined by Q pz 3 1 z3 2 qpz3 1 z3 3 qpz3 2 z3 3 q. The variety R 1 pmq Ă C 9 has 12 local components (from triple points), and 4 essential components (from 3-nets). One of these 3-nets corresponds to the rational map CP 2 CP 1, pz 1, z 2, z 3 q ÞÑ pz 3 1 z3 2, z3 2 z3 3 q. This map can be used to construct a 4-dimensional subtorus T expplq inside CharpFpAqq pc q 12. The linear subspace L Ă H 1 pfpaq, Cq is not a component of R 1 pfpaqq. Thus, the tangent cone formula is violated, and so the Milnor fiber FpAq is not 1-formal. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

24 QUASI-PROJECTIVE VARIETIES ELLIPTIC ARRANGEMENTS ELLIPTIC ARRANGEMENTS An elliptic arrangement is a collection A th 1,..., H m u of subvarieties in a product of elliptic curves E n. Each H i P A is required to be of the form H i f 1 i pζ i q, for some ζ i P E and some homomorphism f i : E ˆn Ñ E given by nÿ f i pz 1,..., z n q c ij z j j 1 pc ij P Zq. Let corank n rankpc ij q and say A is essential if corankpaq 0. THEOREM (DENHAM, S., YUZVINSKY 2014) If A is essential, then the complement MpAq is a Stein manifold. MpAq is both a duality space and an abelian duality space of dimension n ` r, where r corankpaq. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

25 QUASI-PROJECTIVE VARIETIES ELLIPTIC ARRANGEMENTS Let LpAq denote the poset of all connected components of intersections elliptic hyperplanes from A, ordered by inclusion. We say A is unimodular if all subspaces in LpAq are connected. Let ApAq Ź pa 1, b 1,..., a n, b n, e 1,..., e m q{ipaq, where IpAq is the ideal generated by the Orlik Solomon relations among the ei 1 s, together with f i paq e i and fi pbq e i, for 1 ď i ď m. Define d: A paq Ñ A `1 paq by setting d a i d b i 0 and d e i fi paq fi pbq. THEOREM (BIBBY 2013) Let A be an unimodular elliptic arrangement, and let papaq, dq be the (rationally defined) CDGA from above. There is then a weak equivalence A PL pmpaqq» ApAq preserving Q-structures. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

26 QUASI-PROJECTIVE VARIETIES ELLIPTIC ARRANGEMENTS THEOREM Let A be an unimodular elliptic arrangement. Then, for each i ě 0, τ 1 pv i pmpaqqq TC 1 pv i pmpaqqq R i papaqq Ď R i pmpaqq, with equality for i ď q if MpAq if q-formal. PROBLEM Let A be an unimodular elliptic arrangement, with complement MpAq and intersection poset LpAq. 1 Is the cohomology algebra H pmpaq, Cq determined by LpAq? 2 Are the resonance varieties R i papaqq and R i pmpaqq determined by LpAq? 3 Is there a combinatorial criterion to decide whether these varieties coincide, and, if so, whether MpAq is formal? ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

27 QUASI-PROJECTIVE VARIETIES ELLIPTIC ARRANGEMENTS EXAMPLE Let A be the arrangement in E ˆ2 defined by the polynomial f z 1 z 2 pz 1 z 2 q. Then MpAq ConfpE, 2q, the configuration space of 2 labeled points on a punctured elliptic curve. Direct computation yields R 1 pmpaqq tpx 1, x 2, y 1, y 2 q P C 4 x 1 y 2 x 2 y 1 0u, R 1 papaqq tx 1 y 1 0uYtx 2 y 2 0uYtx 1`x 2 y 1`y 2 0u. Thus, MpAq is not 1-formal. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28

28 QUASI-PROJECTIVE VARIETIES ELLIPTIC ARRANGEMENTS REFERENCES A.I. Suciu, Around the tangent cone theorem, arxiv: G. Denham, A.I. Suciu, S. Yuzvinsky, Combinatorial covers and vanishing cohomology, arxiv: A. Dimca, S. Papadima, A.I. Suciu, Algebraic models, Alexander-type invariants, and Green Lazarsfeld sets, Bull. Math. Soc. Sci. Math. Roumanie (to appear), arxiv: A. Măcinic, S. Papadima, R. Popescu, A.I. Suciu, Flat connections and resonance varieties: from rank one to higher ranks, arxiv: S. Papadima, A.I. Suciu, Jump loci in the equivariant spectral sequence, Math. Res. Lett. 21 (2014), no. 4, S. Papadima, A.I. Suciu, Non-abelian resonance: product and coproduct formulas, in: Springer Proc. Math. Stat., vol. 96, 2014, pp A.I. Suciu, Y. Yang, G. Zhao, Homological finiteness of abelian covers, Ann. Sc. Norm. Super. Pisa Cl. Sci. 14 (2015), no. 1. ALEX SUCIU (NORTHEASTERN) ALGEBRAIC MODELS AND JUMP LOCI PISA, FEB. 24, / 28