Research Article Propagation of Plane Waves in a Thermally Conducting Mixture

Transcription

1 International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Applied Mathematics Volume 211, Article ID 31816, 12 pages doi:1.542/211/31816 Research Article Propagation of Plane Waves in a Thermally Conducting Mixture Baljeet Singh Department of Mathematics, Post Graduate Government College, Sector 11, Chandigarh 16 11, India Correspondence should be addressed to Baljeet Singh, bsinghgc11@gmail.com Received 1 March 211; Accepted 4 May 211 Academic Editors: Y. Dimakopoulos, S. Li, and Y. Liu Copyright q 211 Baljeet Singh. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The governing equations for generalized thermoelasticity of a mixture of an elastic solid and a Newtonian fluid are formulated in the context of Lord-Shulman and Green-Lindsay theories of generalized thermoelasticity. These equations are solved to show the existence of three coupled longitudinal waves and two coupled transverse waves, which are dispersive in nature. Reflection from a thermally insulated stress-free surface is considered for incidence of coupled longitudinal wave. The speeds and reflection coefficients of plane waves are computed numerically for a particular model. 1. Introduction The soil consists of an assemblage of particles with different sizes and shapes which form a skeleton whose voids are filled by water and air or gas. The word soil, therefore, implies a mixture of assorted mineral grains with various fluids. The first continuum theory of mixtures was proposed by Truesdell 1 and Truesdell and Toupin 2 in terms of the kinematic and thermodynamic variables associated with each constituent of the mixture. Another theory presented by Green and Naghdi 3 uses the kinematic and thermodynamic variables associated with the mixture as a whole. The classical theory of mixtures was discussed by Atkin and Craine 4 and Bowen 5. Bedford and Drumheller 6 formulated the theories of immiscible and structured mixtures. Various other theories of mixtures were also developed by Muller 7, Dunwoody 8, Krishnaswamy and Batra 9,Iesan 1 12, Rajagopal and Tao 13, and Pompei and Scalia 14. Many engineering materials, as well as soils, rocks, granular materials, sand, and underground water mixtures may be modeled more realistically by means of micropolar continua. Eringen 15 developed a theory of micropolar mixture of porous media nonreacting mixture of micropolar elastic solid and a micropolar viscous fluid at a single temperature to include the rotational degrees of freedom. Eringen 15 also obtained the

2 2 ISRN Applied Mathematics field equations of a mixture of an elastic solid and a Newtonian fluid as a special case by dropping the micropolar effects. In the present paper, the governing equations for generalized thermoelasticity of mixture of an elastic solid and a Newtonian fluid are formulated in context of Lord-Shulman 16 and Green-Lindsay 17 theories of generalized thermoelasticity. These equations are solved to show the existence of various coupled plane waves. The reflection of these plane waves is studied at thermally insulated stress-free surface and the reflection coefficients are computed and shown graphically with the angle of incidence. Wave propagation in such a media may find its applications in consolidation and oil exploration problems. 2. Equations of Motion We consider a binary mixture of an elastic solid and a Newtonian fluid at the same temperature where no chemical reaction takes place between the two species of the mixture. According to the last section given in Eringen 15, the equations of motion in a linear isotropic thermoelastic mixture of an elastic solid and Newtonian fluid in absence of external loads are written as λ S 2μ S) u S) μ S u S) ξ u S u F) s β T λ F 2μ F) u F) μ F s ) T t 1 Ṫ ) ρ F ü F, β T [ s u S u F) K T T ρc Ṫ t T ), ) T t 1 Ṫ ) ρ S ü S, u F) ξ u S u F) ] [ ρ β u S t Ωü S) ρ F δ u F t Ωü F)] where u S, u F are displacement vectors in solid and fluid phase, respectively, and T is the temperature variable. The coefficients λ S,μ S,β are the thermoelastic constants for isotropic elastic solids, λ F,μ F are fluid viscosities, K is classical Fourier constant, s is the heat generation due to velocity difference, ξ is the momentum generation coefficient due to the velocity difference, C is specific heat at constant deformation, T is an ambient temperature, δ ψ/ ρ F, ψ is Helmholtz s free energy function, ρ, ρ S,ρ F are the densities of mixture, solid, and fluid in the natural state, superposed dot indicates the temporal derivative, and other symbols have their usual meanings. The use of symbol Ω, in 2.3, makes these fundamental equations possible for the two different theories of the generalized thermoelasticity. For the L-S Lord-Shulman theory t 1, Ω 1andforG-L Green-Lindsay theory t 1 > andω. The thermal relaxations t and t 1 satisfy the inequality t 1 t for the G-L theory only.

3 ISRN Applied Mathematics 3 By introducing the scalar potentials q S,q F and vector potentials U S, U F through Helmholtz representation of vector field, we can write u S q S U S, U S, u F q F U F, U F. 2.4 Using 2.4 into 2.1 to 2.3, we obtain the following five equations, that is, three coupled equations in q S,q F,T and two coupled equations in U S, U F ; c 2 1S 2 q S ξ S q S q F) β 1 S T t1 Ṫ ) q S, K 2 T s 2 q S q F) β 1 t Ω t c 2 1F 2 q F ξ F q S q F) F β 1 T t1 Ṫ ) q F, ) 2 q S δ 1 t Ω t c 2 2S 2 U S ξ S U S U F) Ü S, c 2 2F 2 U F ξ F U S U F) Ü F, ) 2 q F ) 1 t Ṫ, t where, c 2 1S λs 2μ S /ρ S,c 2 2S μs /ρ S, ξ S ξ/ρ S S, β 1 β1 /ρ S, c 2 1F λf 2μ F /ρ F,c 2 2F μ F /ρ F, ξ F ξ/ρ F F, β 1 β1 /ρ F,β 1 s/t β, β β /C, δ ρδ/c, K K /ρc T, s s/ρc. 3. Wave Propagation In this section, the plane wave propagation in an infinite thermally conducting mixture of elastic solid and Newtonian fluid is studied. In order to solve 2.5, we consider the following form of plane waves propagating in the positive direction of a unit vector n { } { } q S,q F,T q S, q F, T exp ιk n r Vt, 3.1 where q S, q F, T are the constant complex scalar wave amplitudes, ι 1, r is the position vector, V is the phase velocity in the direction of n, k is the wave number, and ω kv is angular frequency. Using the values of q S,q F,andT from 3.1 into 2.5, weobtainasetof three homogeneous equations in three unknown amplitudes q S, q F, T. After eliminating these three unknowns, we get the following cubic equation Γ 3 AΓ 2 BΓ C, 3.2 where Γ V 2 and the expressions for A, B, C are given in Appendix A. The three roots V 2 1,V2 2,V2 3 of 3.2 correspond to complex speeds of three dispersive coupled longitudinal

4 4 ISRN Applied Mathematics waves in a thermally conducting mixture of elastic solid and Newtonian fluid for both L-S and G-L theories. Equation 2.6 can be solved by considering the following form of vector potentials: { U S, U F} { A S, A F} exp ιk n r Vt, 3.3 where A S, A F are constant complex vector wave amplitudes. With the help of 3.3, 2.6 leads to homogeneous vector equations in A S and A F. After elimination of A S and A F,the following quadratic equation in V 2 is obtained: V 2) 2 ιωc 2 2F ιω ξs ιω ξf c 2 2S V 2 ιωc 2 2S c2 2F ιωc2 2S ξf ωc 2 2F ξs. 3.4 Equation 3.4 gives two roots V 2 4,V2 5, which correspond to complex speeds of two dispersive coupled transverse waves in a thermally conducting mixture of elastic solid and Newtonian fluid. Hence, the analytical solution indicates the existence of five dispersive plane waves in two-dimensional model of a thermally conducting mixture of an elastic solid and a Newtonian fluid for both L-S and G-L theories. 4. Particular Cases i In absence of fluid, 3.2 reduces to the following quadratic equation: τ m V 2) 2 [ ] τ mc 2 1S K τ V 2 c 2 1S K τ, 4.1 which gives complex speeds of two coupled longitudinal waves for both L-S and G-L theories whereas 3.4 reduces to a linear equation which gives the speed of transverse wave. ii In absence of thermal effects, the cubic equation 3.2 reduces to the following quadratic equation: V 2) ιω ξ S ξ F) 2 ιωc2 1F c2 1S V 2 ω2 c 2 1F ξs ιωc 2 1S c2 1F ιωc2 1S ξf. 4.2 The roots of 4.2 correspond to the complex phase speeds of two coupled longitudinal waves in a mixture of an elastic solid and a Newtonian fluid.

5 ISRN Applied Mathematics 5 5. Reflection from Traction-Free Thermally Insulated Surface We consider the half-space of the medium with x-axis along the thermally insulated stressfree surface and z-axis into the medium. For incident coupled longitudinal waves or coupled transverse waves, there will be five reflected waves into the medium as shown in Figure 1. The required boundary conditions at stress-free thermally insulated surface are t S zz, t S zx, t F zz, t F zx, T. z 5.1 Here, t S zz λ S u S 1,1 λ S 2μ S) u S 3,3 β T t1 Ṫ ), t S zx μ S ) u S 1,3 us 3,1, t F zz λ F u F 1,1 λ F 2μ F) u F 3,3, t F zx μ F u F 1,3 uf 3,1 ). 5.2 The appropriate potentials required to satisfy the above boundary conditions are q S A exp ιk 1 sin θ x cos θ z ιω 1 t Σ { A i exp ιk i sin θ i x cos θ i z ιω i t }, q F ξ 1 A exp ιk 1 sin θ x cos θ z ιω 1 t Σ { ξ i A i exp ιk i sin θ i x cos θ i z ιω i t }, T η 1 A exp ιk 1 sin θ x cos θ z ιω 1 t Σ { η i A i exp ιk i sin θ i x cos θ i z ιω i t }, U S B exp ιk 4 sin θ x cos θ z ιω 4 t Σ { A j exp [ ιk j sin θj x cos θ j z ) ιω j t ]}, U F η 4 B exp ιk 4 sin θ x cos θ z ιω 4 t Σ { η j A j exp [ ιk j sin θj x cos θ j z ) ιω j t ]}, j 4, 5 ), j 4, 5 ). 5.3 Here A,A 1,A 2,A 3,B,A 4 and A 5 are the amplitude of incident coupled longitudinal I CL I, reflected coupled longitudinal I CL I, reflected coupled longitudinal II CL II, reflected coupled longitudinal III CL III, incident coupled transverse I CT I, reflected coupled transverse I CT I and reflected coupled transverse II CT II waves, respectively, where

6 6 ISRN Applied Mathematics z = O x θ θ 1 θ2 θ 3 θ 4 CT II CT I CL III CL I θ 5 CL I CL II z Figure 1: Geometry of the problem showing incident and reflected waves. B for incident coupled longitudinal I CL I wave, A for incident coupled transverse I CT I wave, and ) )) S ιωβ 1 ξ S / F β 1 V 2 i c 2 1S ιω ξ S / ξ i ) )), F ιωβ 1 ξ S / S β 1 V 2 i ιωc 2 1F ιω ξ S / η i ιωξ F ) s/ 1 ωτ Ω δ )) τ m K 2 /τ n V i V 2 i ιωc 2 1F ιω ) )) s/ 1 ωτ Ω β V 2 i ιωc 2 1F ιω ξ F / )) ξ F / F ), β 1 τm s/ 1 ωτ Ω δ η j ) ιω ξ F / ) ), V 2 j ιωc 2 2F ιω ξ F / j 4, 5 ), 5.4 and the relations between angles of incidence and reflection are given as sin θ c 1 or c 4 sin θ 1 c 1 sin θ 2 c 2 sin θ 3 c 3 sin θ 4 c 4 sin θ 5 c 5, 5.5 and, V j 1 c j 1 ιω 1 q j, where c j and q j, j 1,2,...,5 are real phase speeds and attenuations of coupled longitudinal and transverse waves. Using the appropriate potentials given by 5.3 with the required boundary conditions 5.1, the following nonhomogeneous system of five equations is obtained Σa ij Z j b i, i, j 1, 2,...,5 ), 5.6 where a ij,b i,andz j are given in Appendix B.

7 ISRN Applied Mathematics Speed 8 Speed Frequency CL I wave Without thermal effects a Frequency CL II wave Without thermal effects b CT II wave Speed 8 Speed CT I wave Frequency CL III wave Frequency c d Figure 2: Thermal effects on speeds of coupled waves against frequency. 6. Numerical Results and Discussion In this section, the complex absolutes of phase speeds and reflection coefficients are computed with the following physical constants at T 293 K, λ S Nm 2, μ S Nm 2, λ F Nm 2, μ F Nm 2, ρ S 2192 Kg m 3,ρ F 11 Kg m 3, C 96.3JKg 1 K 1,

8 8 ISRN Applied Mathematics Reflection coefficients Reflection coefficients Angle of incidence Reflected CL I Without thermal effects a Angle of incidence Reflected CL II Without thermal effects b.5.4 Reflection coefficients Angle of incidence Reflected CL III c Figure 3: Thermal effects on coefficients of reflected coupled longitudinal waves for incident CL I wave. K 2.51 W m 1 K 1, s.21 J, ξ 75 Kg m 3 s 1, t.5 s, t 1.6 s, β.5, δ.1, n.15. The densities of solid, fluid, and mixture are related as ρ 1 n ρ S nρ F, where n is porosity of the mixture.

9 ISRN Applied Mathematics Reflection coefficients Reflection coefficients Angle of incidence Reflected CT I Without thermal effects a Angle of incidence Reflected CT II Without thermal effects b Figure 4: Thermal effects on coefficients of reflected coupled transverse waves for incident CL I wave. Numerical computations of phase speeds and reflection coefficients are restricted to the particular case of Lord-Shulman theory only. The phase speeds of the coupled waves are shown graphically in Figure 2 for the range 5 Hz ω 5 Hz of frequency. It is observed that the phase speeds of all coupled longitudinal waves increase with the increase in frequency. In absence of thermal effects, the phase speed of CL I wave decreases at each value of frequency, whereas the phase speed of CL II increases. The wave CL III will disappear in absence of thermal parameters. The phase speeds of coupled transverse waves CT I and CT II remain unaffected by thermal effects. Reflection coefficients are computed for incident CL I wave only. The reflection coefficients of coupled longitudinal waves are shown graphically in Figure 3 against the angle of incidence. The reflection coefficients of CL I and CL II waves change with the increase in angle of incidence. The comparison of solid and dotted curves shows the effects of thermal parameters on these coefficients. The reflected CL III wave will disappear in absence of thermal effects. The reflection coefficients of CT I and CT II waves also change with the increase in angle of incidence. These waves are also affected by thermal parameters as shown in Figure Conclusions The generalized thermoelasticity of a mixture of an elastic solid and a Newtonian fluid is developed in accordance with Lord-Shulman and Green-Lindsay theories. The solutions of governing equations suggest that there will exist three coupled longitudinal waves and two coupled transverse waves in the present model. From numerical results, it is observed that the phase speeds of coupled waves increase with the increase in frequency. The presence of thermal parameters affects the phase speeds of coupled longitudinal waves only. Reflection coefficients of all reflected coupled waves are affected significantly by thermal disturbances in the material.

10 1 ISRN Applied Mathematics Appendices A. Expressions for A, B, andc A B C [ ιωc 2 1F τ m c 2 1S τ m ιωτ m ξ S ξ F) ) ] / K τ a 2 β F 1 τ m a 1 a 2 β S 1 τ m, ιωk τ c2 1F ιω ξs ξf τ m c2 1S ιωc2 1F τ m ιω ξf τ m K τ a 2 β F 1 τ m { } ιωc 2 1F τ m K τ a 1 β F 1 τ m ιωβ S 1 τ m a 2c 2 1F a 1c 2 1F a 1 [ιωc 21SK )} )] τ {c ξ 21F F / ω 2 K τ c 2 1F ξ S /, τ m ξf /τ m, A.1 and, a 1 s β, a 2 s δ, s s/ 1 ιωt Ω, K τ K / t Ω ι/ω, τ m 1 ιωt 1, τ m 1 ιωt / 1 ιωt Ω. B. Expressions for a ij,b i,andz j [ a 1i i λ S 2μ S co s 2 θ i β 1 ιω i τ 1 a 1j 2 ) j μs sin θ j cos θ j j 4, 5, ηi i )], a 2i i sin θ i cos θ i, a 2j j cos 2θ ) j, j 4, 5, a 3i i ω iξ i λ F 2μ F co s 2 θ i ), B.1 a 3j 2 j ω jη j μ F sin θ j cos θ j, j 4, 5 ), a 4i 2 i ω iξ i sin θ i cos θ i, a 4j j ω jη j cos 2θ j, j 4, 5 ), a 5i k i η i cos θ i, a 5j, j 4, 5 ),

11 ISRN Applied Mathematics 11 and a for incident CL I wave θ θ 1, [ b 1 1 λ S 2μ S co s 2 θ β 1 ιω 1 τ 1 η1 1 )], b 2 1 sin θ cos θ, b 3 1 ω 1ξ 1 λ F 2μ F co s 2 θ ), b ω 1ξ 1 sin θ cos θ, B.2 b 5 k 1 η 1 cos θ, Z 1 A 1 A, Z 2 A 2 A, Z 3 A 3 A, Z 4 A 4 A, Z 5 A 5 A b for incident CT I wave θ θ 4, b μs sin θ cos θ, b 2 4 cos 2θ, b ω 4η 4 μ F sin θ cos θ, b 4 4 ω 4η 4 cos 2θ, B.3 b 5, Z 1 A 1 B, Z 2 A 2 B, Z 3 A 3 B, Z 4 A 4 B, Z 5 A 5 B. Here, the amplitude ratios Z 1,Z 2,Z 3,Z 4,andZ 5 correspond to reflected CL I wave, CL II wave, CL III wave, CT I wave, and CT II wave, respectively. References 1 C. Truesdell, Mechanical basis of diffusion, The Chemical Physics, vol. 37, pp , C. Truesdell and R. A. Toupin, The classical field theories, in Encyclopedia of Physics, S.Flugge,Ed., vol. III/I, pp , Springer, Berlin, Germany, A. E. Green and P. M. Naghdi, On basic equations for mixtures, The Quarterly Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, vol. 22, pp , R. J. Atkin and R. E. Craine, Continuum theories of mixtures: basic theory and historical development, The Quarterly Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, vol. 29, no. 2, pp , R. M. Bowen, Theory of mixtures, in Continuum Physics, A. C. Eringen, Ed., vol. 3, pp , Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, A. Bedford and D. S. Drumheller, Theories of immiscible and structured mixtures, International Engineering Science, vol. 21, no. 8, pp , I. Muller, A thermoelastic theory of mixture of fluids, Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, vol. 43, pp , 1971.

12 12 ISRN Applied Mathematics 8 N. T. Dunwoody, A thermomechanical theory of diffusion in solid-fluid mixtures, Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, vol. 38, no. 5, pp , S. Krishnaswamy and R.C. Batra, A thermomechanical theory od solid-fluid mixtures, Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids, vol. 2, pp , D. Iesan, On the theory of mixtures of elastic solids, Elasticity, vol. 35, no. 1 3, pp , D. Iesan, A theory of mixtures with different constituent temperatures, Thermal Stresses, vol. 2, no. 2, pp , D. Iesan, On the theory of viscoelastic mixtures, Thermal Stresses, vol. 27, no. 12, pp , K. R. Rajagopal and L. Tao, Mechanics of Mixtures, vol. 35 of Series on Advances in Mathematics for Applied Sciences, World Scientific, River Edge, NJ, USA, A. Pompei and A. Scalia, On the dynamic theory of mixtures of thermoelastic solids, Thermal Stresses, vol. 22, no. 1, pp , A. C. Eringen, Micropolar mixture theory of porous media, Applied Physics, vol. 94, pp , H. Lord and Y. Shulman, A generalized dynamical theory of thermoelasticity, the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol. 15, pp , A. E. Green and K. A. Lindsay, Thermoelasticity, Elasticity, vol. 2, pp. 1 7, 1972.

13 Advances in Operations Research Volume 214 Advances in Decision Sciences Volume 214 Applied Mathematics Algebra Volume 214 Probability and Statistics Volume 214 The Scientific World Journal Volume 214 International Differential Equations Volume 214 Volume 214 Submit your manuscripts at International Advances in Combinatorics Mathematical Physics Volume 214 Complex Analysis Volume 214 International Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences Mathematical Problems in Engineering Mathematics Volume 214 Volume 214 Volume 214 Volume 214 Discrete Mathematics Volume 214 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society Function Spaces Abstract and Applied Analysis Volume 214 Volume 214 Volume 214 International Stochastic Analysis Optimization Volume 214 Volume 214