Research Article The Adjacency Matrix of One Type of Directed Graph and the Jacobsthal Numbers and Their Determinantal Representation
|
|
- Kory Fox
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Applied Mathematics Volume 20, Article ID , 14 pages doi:101155/20/ Research Article The Adjacency Matrix of One Type of Directed Graph and the Jacobsthal Numbers and Their Determinantal Representation Fatih Yılmaz and Durmuş Bozkurt Department of Mathematics, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey Correspondence should be addressed to Fatih Yılmaz, Received 9 February 20; Accepted 26 March 20 Academic Editor: Ferenc Hartung Copyright q 20 F Yılmaz and D Bozkurt This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited Recently there is huge interest in graph theory and intensive study on computing integer powers of matrices In this paper, we consider one type of directed graph Then we obtain a general form of the adjacency matrices of the graph By using the well-known property which states the i, j entry of A m A is adjacency matrix is equal to the number of walks of length m from vertex i to vertex j, we show that elements of mth positive integer power of the adjacency matrix correspond to well-known Jacobsthal numbers As a consequence, we give a Cassini-like formula for Jacobsthal numbers We also give a matrix whose permanents are Jacobsthal numbers 1 Introduction The n kth term of the linear homogeneous recurrence relation with constant coefficients is an equation of the form a nk c 0 a n c 1 a n1 c k 1 a nk 1, 11 where c 0,c 1,,c k 1 are constants 1 Some well-known number sequences are in fact a special form of this difference equation In this paper, we consider the Jacobsthal sequence which is defined by the following recurrence relation: J n2 J n1 2J n, where J 0 0, J 1 1
2 2 Applied Mathematics for n 0 The first few values of the sequence are n J n Consider a graph G V, E, with set of vertices V G {1, 2,,n} and set of edges EG {e 1,e 2,,e m } A digraph is a graph whose edges are directed In the case of a digraph, you can think of the connections as one-way streets along which traffic can flow only in the direction indicated by the arrow The adjacency matrix for a digraph has a definition similar to the definition of an adjacency matrix for a graph 2 In other words, a ij { 1, if there is a directed edge connecting ai to a j, 0, otherwise 14 As it is known, graphs are visual objects Analysis of large graphs often requires computer assistance So it is necessary to express graphs via matrices The difference equations of the form 11 can be expressed in a matrix form In the literature, there are many special types of matrices which have great importance in many scientific work, for example, matrices of tridiagonal, pentadiagonal, and others These types of matrices frequently appear in interpolation, numerical analysis, solution of boundary value problems, high-order harmonic spectral filtering theory, and so on In 3 5, the authors investigate arbitrary integer powers of some type of these matrices The permanent of a matrix is similar to the determinant but all of the signs used in the Laplace expansion of minors are positive The permanent of an n-square matrix is defined by per A σ S n n a iσi, i1 15 where the summation extends over all permutations σ of the symmetric group S n 6 Let A a ij be an m n matrix with row vectors r 1,r 2,,r m We call A contractible on column resp, row k, if column resp, row k contains exactly two nonzero elements Suppose that A is contractible on column k with a ik / 0, a jk / 0, and i / j Then the m 1 n 1 matrix A ij:k obtained from A replacing row i with a jk r i a ik r j and deleting row j and column k is called the contraction of A on column k relative to rows i and j IfA is contractible on row k with a ki / 0, a kj / 0, and i / j, then the matrix A k:ij A T ij:k T is called the contraction of A on row k relative to columns i and j Every contraction used in this paper will be according to first column We know that A can be contracted to a matrix B if either B A or if there exist matrices A 0,A 1,,A t t 1 such that A 0 A, A t B and A r is a contraction of A r 1 for r 1, 2,,t 1 One can see that, if A is a nonnegative integer matrix of order n>1andb is a contraction of A 7, then per A per B 16 In 7, the authors consider relationships between the sums of the Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and 1-factors of bipartite graphs
3 Applied Mathematics 3 v 1 v 2 v 3 v 4 v 4k-3 v 4k 2 v 4k 1 v 4k Figure 1 In 8, the authors investigate the relationships between Hessenberg matrices and the well-known number sequences Pell and Perrin In 9, the authors investigate Jacobsthal numbers and obtain some properties for the Jacobsthal numbers They also give Cassini-like formulas for Jacobsthal numbers as J n1 J n 1 J 2 n 1 n 2 n 1 17 In 10, the authors investigate incomplete Jacobsthal and Jacobsthal-Lucas numbers In 11, the authors consider the number of independent sets in graphs with two elementary cycles They described the extremal values of the number of independent sets using Fibonacci and Lucas numbers In 1, the authors give a generalization for known sequences and then they give the graph representations of the sequences They generalize Fibonacci, Lucas, Pell, and Tribonacci numbers and they show that the sequences are equal to the total number of k-independent sets of special graphs In, the author present a combinatorial proof that the wheel W n has L 2n 2 spanning trees, and L n is the nth Lucas number and that the number of spanning trees of a related graph is a Fibonacci number In 13, the authors consider certain generalizations of the well-known Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, the generalized Fibonacci, and Lucas p-numbers Then they give relationships between the generalized Fibonacci p-numbers F p n, and their sums, n i1 F pi, and the 1-factors of a class of bipartite graphs Further they determine certain matrices whose permanents generate the Lucas p-numbers and their sums In this paper, we consider the adjacency matrices of one type of disconnected directed graph family given with Figure 1 Then we investigate relationships between the adjacency matrices and the Jacobsthal numbers We also give one type of tridiagonal matrix whose permanents are Jacobsthal numbers Then we give a Maple 13 procedure to verify the result easily 2 The Adjacency Matrix of a Graph and the Jacobsthal Numbers In this section, we investigate relationships between the adjacency matrix A of the graph given by the Figure 1 and the Jacobsthal numbers Then we give a Cassini-like formula for Jacobsthal numbers The i, jth entry of A r is just the number of walks of length r from vertex i to vertex j In other words, the number of walks of length r from vertex i to vertex j corresponds to Jacobsthal numbers 14 One can observe that all integer powers of A are specified to the famous Jacobsthal numbers with positive signs
4 4 Applied Mathematics Theorem 21 Let A a ij be the adjacency matrix of the graph given in Figure 1 with n vertices That is, 2, a m,m1, A 1, a s1,s, a ij 1, a 2p,3p, 0, otherwise, 21 where m 1, 3, 5,,n 1, p 0, 4, 8,,n 4, s {1, 2, 3,,n} {4, 8,,4k}, and k 1, 2,,n/4 Then, a r 1p,1p ar 4p,4p 1 ( 2 2 r 2 r r 4 ), a r 2p,1p ar 4p,3p r 2 r1 2 1 r1 2, a r 3p,1p ar 4p,2p r 2 r1 2 1 r1 2, a r 4p,1p 1 2 r 2 r 2 1 r 2, a r A r 1p,2p ar 3p,4p r 2 r2 4 1 r 4, a r 2p,2p ar 3p,3p r 2 r2 2 1 r1 2, a r 2p,3p ar 3p,2p r 2 r2 2 1 r1 2, a r 1p,3p ar 2p,4p r 2 r2 4 1 r 4, a r 1p,4p r 2 r2 8 1 r 8, 0, otherwise 22 Proof It is known that the rth r N power of a matrix A is computed by using the known expression A r TJ r T 1 15, where J is the Jordan form of the matrix and T is the transforming matrix The matrices J and T are obtained using eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix A The eigenvalues of A are the roots of the characteristic equation defined by A λi 0, where I is the identity matrix of nth order
5 Applied Mathematics 5 Let P n x be the characteristic polynomial of the matrix A which is defined in 21 Then we can write P 4 x x 4 5x 2 4 P 8 x x 8 10x 6 33x 4 40x 2 16 P x x 15x 10 87x 8 245x 6 348x 4 240x Taking 23 into account, we obtain P n λ ( λ 4 5λ 2 4) k λ 1λ 1λ 2λ 2 k, 24 where n 4k, k 1, 2, Using mathematical induction method, it can be seen easily The eigenvalues of the matrix are multiple according to the order of the matrix Then Jordan s form of the matrix A is J J k diag 2,, 2, }{{} 2,,2, }{{} 1,, 1, }{{} 1,,1 }{{} 25 Let us consider the relation J T 1 AT AT TJ; here A is nth-order matrix 21, J is the Jordan form of the matrix A and T is the transforming matrix We will find the transforming matrix T Let us denote the jth column of T by T j Then T T 1,T 2,,T n and AT 1,,AT n T 1 λ 1,,T k λ 1,T k1 λ 2,,T 2k λ 2,,T 3k1 λ 4,,T 4k λ 4 26
6 6 Applied Mathematics In other words, AT 1 T 1 λ 1 AT 2 T 2 λ 1 AT k T k λ 1 AT k1 T k1 λ 2 AT k2 T k2 λ 2 AT 2k T 2k λ 2 AT 2k1 T 2k1 λ 3 27 AT 2k2 T 2k2 λ 3 AT 3k T 3k λ 3 AT 3k1 T 3k1 λ 3 AT 3k2 T 3k2 λ 3 AT 4k T 4k λ 4 Solving the set of equations system, we obtain eigenvectors of the matrix A: T } {{ } } {{ } } {{ } } {{ } n n 28
7 Applied Mathematics 7 We will find inverse matrix T 1 denoting the ith row of the inverse matrix T 1 by T 1 t 1,t 2,,t n and implementing the necessary transformations, we obtain T Using the derived equalities and matrix multiplication, A TJT 1 A r TJ r T 1 a r i,j 210 We obtain the expression for the rth power of the matrix A as in 22, thatis, a r i1,i J r A r a r i,i1 2J r a r 1p,4p 4J r 1 a r 2p,3p ar 3p,2p J r1 if r is odd a r 4p,1p J r 1 0, otherwise a r 14k 1,14k 1 ar 4k,4k 2J r a r 2p,2p ar 3p,3p J r1 A r a r 1p,3p ar 2p,4p 2J r if r is even, a r 3p,1p ar 4p,2p J r 0, otherwise where i 1, 3, 5,,n 1, p 0, 4, 8,,4k 1, and k 1, 2,,n/4
8 8 Applied Mathematics See Appendix B Let us consider the matrix A for n 4asbelow: A One can see that A l 0 2J l 0 4J l 1 J l 0 J l1 0 0 J l1 0 2J l, J l 1 0 J l 0 At 2J t 1 0 2J t 0 0 J t1 0 2J t J t 0 J t1 0 0 J t 0 2J t 1, 213 where l is positive odd integer and t is a positive even integer Then we will give the following corollary without proof Corollary 22 Let A be a matrix as in 2 Then, det A r det A r ( J 2 r J r 1 J r1 ) 2 4 r We call this property as Cassini-like formula for Jacobsthal numbers This formula also is equal to square of the formula given by 17 3 Determinantal Representations of the Jacobsthal Numbers Let H n h ij n n be n-square matrix, in which the main diagonal entries are 1s, except the second and last one which are 1 and 3, respectively The superdiagonal entries are 2s, the subdiagonal entries are 1s and otherwise 0 In other words, H n Theorem 31 Let H n be an n-square matrix n >2 as in 31,then per H n per H n 2 n J n1, 32 where J n is the nth Jacobsthal number
9 Applied Mathematics 9 Proof By definition of the matrix H n, it can be contracted on column 1 Let H r n contraction of H n Ifr 1, then be the rth H 1 n Since H 1 n also can be contracted according to the first column, H 2 n Going with this process, we have H 3 n Continuing this method, we obtain the rth contraction H r n J r1 2J r 0,
10 10 Applied Mathematics where 2 r n 4 Hence H n 3 n J n 2 2J n which, by contraction of H n 3 n on column 1, becomes H n 2 n per H n per H n 2 n J n1 See Appendix A Jn 1 2J n 2 By 16, we have Examples We can find the arbitrary positive integer powers of the matrix A, taking into account derived expressions For k 2, the arbitrary positive integer power of A is a r 11 ar 44 ar 55 ar 88 1 ( 2 2 r 2 r r 4 ), a r 21 ar 43 ar 65 ar r 2 r1 2 1 r1 2, a r 31 ar 42 ar 75 ar r 2 r1 2 1 r1 2, a r 41 ar r 2 r 2 1 r 2, a r A r ar 34 ar 56 ar r 2 r2 4 1 r 4, a r 22 ar 33 ar 66 ar r 2 r2 2 1 r1 2, a r 23 ar 32 ar 67 ar r 2 r2 2 1 r1 2, a r 13 ar 24 ar 57 ar r 2 r2 4 1 r 4, a r 14 ar r 2 r2 8 1 r 8, 0, otherwise 41
11 Applied Mathematics 11 For r 4, a 4 11 a4 44 a4 55 a a 4 21 a4 43 a4 65 a ( ) , , a 4 31 a4 42 a4 75 a , a 4 41 a , a 4 A 4 a4 34 a4 56 a a 4 22 a4 33 a4 66 a , , 42 a 4 23 a4 32 a4 67 a , otherwise , a 4 13 a4 24 a4 57 a , a 4 14 a , In other words, A
12 Applied Mathematics For r 5, a 5 11 a5 44 a5 55 a a 5 21 a5 43 a5 65 a a 5 31 a5 42 a5 75 a ( ) , , , a 5 41 a , a 5 a5 34 a5 56 a A 5 a 5 22 a5 33 a5 66 a , , 44 a 5 23 a5 32 a5 67 a , otherwise , a 5 13 a5 24 a5 57 a , a 5 14 a , That is, A Conclusion The basic idea of the present paper is to draw attention to find out relationships between graph theory, number theory, and linear algebra In this content, we consider the adjacency matrices of one type of graph Then we compute arbitrary positive integer powers of the matrix which are specified to the Jacobsthal numbers
13 Applied Mathematics 13 Appendices A Procedure for Contraction Method We give a Maple 13 source code to find permanents of one type of contractible tridiagonal matrix: restart: withlinearalgebra: contraction:procn local i, j, k, c, C; c:i, j piecewisei j 1, 1,j i 1, 2,j 2andi 2, 1,j n and i n, 3,i j, 1; C:Matrixn, n, c: for k from 0 to n 3do printk, C: for j from2ton k do C1,j : C2, 1 C1,jC1, 1 C2,j : od: C:DeleteRowDeleteColumnMatrixn k, n k, C, 1, 2: od: printk,evalc: end proc: B Computation of Matrix Power We give a Maple 13 formula to compute integer powers of the matrix given by 21: withlinalg : r : 1: >a1:2 2 r 2 r 14 1 r 4/, a1 : 0 >a2: 2 2 r 2 r 12 1 r 12/, a2 : 1 >a3:2 2 r 2 r 12 1 r 1 2/, a3 : 0 >a4: 2 r 2 r 2 1 r 2/, a4 : 0 >a5: 4 2 r 2 r r 4/, a5 : 2 >a6:4 2 r 2 r r 12/, a6 : 0 >a7: 4 2 r 2 r r 1 2/, a7 : 1 >a8:4 2 r 2 r r 4/, a8 : 0 >a9: 4 2 r 2 r 28 1 r 8/, a9 : 0 >A4: matrix4, 4, a1,a5,a8,a9,a2,a6,a7,a8,a3,a7,a6,a5,a4,a3,a2,a1, A : BlockDiagonalA4,,A4
14 14 Applied Mathematics Acknowledgment This research is supported by Selcuk University Research Project Coordinatorship BAP References 1 D Kalman, Generalized Fibonacci numbers by matrix methods, The Fibonacci Quarterly, vol 20, no 1, pp 73 76, R B Bapat, Graphs and Matrices, Springer, London, UK, J Rimas, On computing of arbitrary positive integer powers for one type of symmetric tridiagonal matrices of even order I, Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol 168, no 2, pp , J Rimas, On computing of arbitrary positive integer powers for one type of symmetric pentadiagonal matrices of even order, Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol 203, no 2, pp , H Kıyak, I Gürses, F Yılmaz, and D Bozkurt, A formula for computing integer powers for one type of tridiagonal matrix, Hacettepe Mathematics and Statistics, vol 39, no 3, pp , H Minc, Permanents, vol 6 of Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, Addison-Wesley, E Kilic and D Tasci, On families of bipartite graphs associated with sums of Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, Ars Combinatoria, vol 89, pp 31 40, F Yilmaz and D Bozkurt, Hessenberg matrices and the Pell and Perrin numbers, Number Theory, vol 131, no 8, pp , F Koken and D Bozkurt, On the Jacobsthal numbers by matrix methods, International Contemporary Mathematical Sciences, vol 3, no 13, pp , G B Djordjević and H M Srivastava, Incomplete generalized Jacobsthal and Jacobsthal-Lucas numbers, Mathematical and Computer Modelling, vol 42, no 9-10, pp , M Startek, A Włoch, and I Włoch, Fibonacci numbers and Lucas numbers in graphs, Discrete Applied Mathematics, vol 157, no 4, pp , 2009 A T Benjamin and C R Yerger, Combinatorial interpretations of spanning tree identities, Bulletin of the Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications, vol 47, pp 37 42, E Kilic and A P Stakhov, On the Fibonacci and Lucas p-numbers, their sums, families of bipartite graphs and permanents of certain matrices, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, vol 40, no 5, pp , J Clark and D A Holton, A First Look at Graph Theory, World Scientific, R A Horn and C R Johnson, Matrix Analysis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1985
15 Advances in Operations Research Advances in Decision Sciences Applied Mathematics Algebra Probability and Statistics The Scientific World Journal International Differential Equations Submit your manuscripts at International Advances in Combinatorics Mathematical Physics Complex Analysis International Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences Mathematical Problems in Engineering Mathematics Discrete Mathematics Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society Function Spaces Abstract and Applied Analysis International Stochastic Analysis Optimization
Permanents and Determinants of Tridiagonal Matrices with (s, t)-pell Numbers
International Mathematical Forum, Vol 12, 2017, no 16, 747-753 HIKARI Ltd, wwwm-hikaricom https://doiorg/1012988/imf20177652 Permanents and Determinants of Tridiagonal Matrices with (s, t)-pell Numbers
More informationOn the Hadamard Product of Fibonacci Q n matrix and Fibonacci Q n matrix
Int J Contemp Math Sciences, Vol, 006, no 6, 753-76 On the Hadamard Product of Fibonacci Q n matrix and Fibonacci Q n matrix Ayşe NALLI Department of Mathematics, Selcuk University 4070, Campus-Konya,
More informationGeneralized Bivariate Lucas p-polynomials and Hessenberg Matrices
1 2 3 47 6 23 11 Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 15 (2012), Article 12.3.4 Generalized Bivariate Lucas p-polynomials and Hessenberg Matrices Kenan Kaygisiz and Adem Şahin Department of Mathematics Faculty
More informationON QUADRAPELL NUMBERS AND QUADRAPELL POLYNOMIALS
Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Volume 8() (009), 65 75 ON QUADRAPELL NUMBERS AND QUADRAPELL POLYNOMIALS Dursun Tascı Received 09:0 :009 : Accepted 04 :05 :009 Abstract In this paper we
More informationarxiv: v1 [math.na] 30 Jun 2011
arxiv:11066263v1 [mathna] 30 Jun 2011 Another proof of Pell identities by using the determinant of tridiagonal matrix Meral Yaşar &Durmuş Bozkurt Department of Mathematics, Nigde University and Department
More informationResearch Article A Generalization of a Class of Matrices: Analytic Inverse and Determinant
Advances in Numerical Analysis Volume 2011, Article ID 593548, 6 pages doi:10.1155/2011/593548 Research Article A Generalization of a Class of Matrices: Analytic Inverse and Determinant F. N. Valvi Department
More informationOn Some Identities and Generating Functions
Int. Journal of Math. Analysis, Vol. 7, 2013, no. 38, 1877-1884 HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ijma.2013.35131 On Some Identities and Generating Functions for k- Pell Numbers Paula
More informationApplied Mathematics Letters
Applied Mathematics Letters 5 (0) 554 559 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Applied Mathematics Letters journal homepage: wwwelseviercom/locate/aml On the (s, t)-pell and (s, t)-pell Lucas
More informationk-jacobsthal and k-jacobsthal Lucas Matrix Sequences
International Mathematical Forum, Vol 11, 016, no 3, 145-154 HIKARI Ltd, wwwm-hikaricom http://dxdoiorg/101988/imf0165119 k-jacobsthal and k-jacobsthal Lucas Matrix Sequences S Uygun 1 and H Eldogan Department
More informationk-pell, k-pell-lucas and Modified k-pell Numbers: Some Identities and Norms of Hankel Matrices
International Journal of Mathematical Analysis Vol. 9, 05, no., 3-37 HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com http://dx.doi.org/0.988/ijma.05.4370 k-pell, k-pell-lucas and Modified k-pell Numbers: Some Identities
More informationOn the adjacency matrix of a block graph
On the adjacency matrix of a block graph R. B. Bapat Stat-Math Unit Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi 7-SJSS Marg, New Delhi 110 016, India. email: rbb@isid.ac.in Souvik Roy Economics and Planning Unit
More informationDeterminant and Permanent of Hessenberg Matrix and Fibonacci Type Numbers
Gen. Math. Notes, Vol. 9, No. 2, April 2012, pp.32-41 ISSN 2219-7184; Copyright c ICSRS Publication, 2012 www.i-csrs.org Available free online at http://www.geman.in Determinant and Permanent of Hessenberg
More informationSolving Homogeneous Systems with Sub-matrices
Pure Mathematical Sciences, Vol 7, 218, no 1, 11-18 HIKARI Ltd, wwwm-hikaricom https://doiorg/112988/pms218843 Solving Homogeneous Systems with Sub-matrices Massoud Malek Mathematics, California State
More informationarxiv: v1 [math.nt] 17 Nov 2011
On the representation of k sequences of generalized order-k numbers arxiv:11114057v1 [mathnt] 17 Nov 2011 Kenan Kaygisiz a,, Adem Sahin a a Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Arts Sciences, Gaziosmanpaşa
More informationComputers and Mathematics with Applications
Computers and Mathematics with Applications 63 (0) 36 4 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Computers and Mathematics with Applications journal homepage: wwwelseviercom/locate/camwa A note
More informationA note on the k-narayana sequence
Annales Mathematicae et Informaticae 45 (2015) pp 91 105 http://amietfhu A note on the -Narayana sequence José L Ramírez a, Víctor F Sirvent b a Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Sergio Arboleda,
More informationMa/CS 6b Class 20: Spectral Graph Theory
Ma/CS 6b Class 20: Spectral Graph Theory By Adam Sheffer Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors A an n n matrix of real numbers. The eigenvalues of A are the numbers λ such that Ax = λx for some nonzero vector x
More informationRefined Inertia of Matrix Patterns
Electronic Journal of Linear Algebra Volume 32 Volume 32 (2017) Article 24 2017 Refined Inertia of Matrix Patterns Kevin N. Vander Meulen Redeemer University College, kvanderm@redeemer.ca Jonathan Earl
More informationThe Matrix-Tree Theorem
The Matrix-Tree Theorem Christopher Eur March 22, 2015 Abstract: We give a brief introduction to graph theory in light of linear algebra. Our results culminates in the proof of Matrix-Tree Theorem. 1 Preliminaries
More informationMa/CS 6b Class 20: Spectral Graph Theory
Ma/CS 6b Class 20: Spectral Graph Theory By Adam Sheffer Recall: Parity of a Permutation S n the set of permutations of 1,2,, n. A permutation σ S n is even if it can be written as a composition of an
More informationPAijpam.eu ON THE BOUNDS FOR THE NORMS OF R-CIRCULANT MATRICES WITH THE JACOBSTHAL AND JACOBSTHAL LUCAS NUMBERS Ş. Uygun 1, S.
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 11 No 1 017, 3-10 ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-335 (on-line version) url: http://wwwijpameu doi: 10173/ijpamv11i17 PAijpameu
More informationThe generalized order-k Fibonacci Pell sequence by matrix methods
Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 09 (007) 33 45 wwwelseviercom/locate/cam The generalized order- Fibonacci Pell sequence by matrix methods Emrah Kilic Mathematics Department, TOBB University
More informationResearch Article A Matrix Method Based on the Fibonacci Polynomials to the Generalized Pantograph Equations with Functional Arguments
Advances in Mathematical Physics, Article ID 694580, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/694580 Research Article A Matrix Method Based on the Fibonacci Polynomials to the Generalized Pantograph Equations
More informationSums of Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas Numbers
International Journal of Mathematical Analysis Vol. 1, 018, no. 1, 19-4 HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com https://doi.org/10.1988/ijma.018.71153 Sums of Tribonacci Tribonacci-Lucas Numbers Robert Frontczak
More informationThe Spectral Norms of Geometric Circulant Matrices with Generalized Tribonacci Sequence
International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Mathematical Research (IJSIMR) Volume 6, Issue 6, 2018, PP 34-41 ISSN No. (Print) 2347-307X & ISSN No. (Online) 2347-3142 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2347-3142.0606005
More informationOn Powers of General Tridiagonal Matrices
Applied Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 9, 5, no., 583-59 HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com http://dx.doi.org/.988/ams.5.49 On Powers of General Tridiagonal Matrices Qassem M. Al-Hassan Department of Mathematics
More informationComputing the Determinant and Inverse of the Complex Fibonacci Hermitian Toeplitz Matrix
British Journal of Mathematics & Computer Science 9(6: -6 206; Article nobjmcs30398 ISSN: 223-085 SCIENCEDOMAIN international wwwsciencedomainorg Computing the Determinant and Inverse of the Complex Fibonacci
More informationAn Introduction to Spectral Graph Theory
An Introduction to Spectral Graph Theory Mackenzie Wheeler Supervisor: Dr. Gary MacGillivray University of Victoria WheelerM@uvic.ca Outline Outline 1. How many walks are there from vertices v i to v j
More informationChapter 2 Spectra of Finite Graphs
Chapter 2 Spectra of Finite Graphs 2.1 Characteristic Polynomials Let G = (V, E) be a finite graph on n = V vertices. Numbering the vertices, we write down its adjacency matrix in an explicit form of n
More informationA Note on the Determinant of Five-Diagonal Matrices with Fibonacci Numbers
Int. J. Contemp. Math. Sciences, Vol. 3, 2008, no. 9, 419-424 A Note on the Determinant of Five-Diagonal Matrices with Fibonacci Numbers Hacı Civciv Department of Mathematics Faculty of Art and Science
More informationON A FIBONACCI-LIKE SEQUENCE ASSOCIATED WITH K-LUCAS SEQUENCE. A. A. Wani, V. H. Badshah, S. Halici, P. Catarino
Acta Universitatis Apulensis ISSN: 158-539 http://www.uab.ro/auajournal/ No. 53/018 pp. 41-54 doi: 10.17114/j.aua.018.53.04 ON A FIBONACCI-LIKE SEQUENCE ASSOCIATED WITH K-LUCAS SEQUENCE A. A. Wani, V.
More informationOn the Hadamard Product of the Golden Matrices
Int. J. Contemp. Math. Sci., Vol., 007, no. 11, 537-544 On the Hadamard Product of the Golden Matrices Ayşe NALLI Department of Mathematics, Selcuk University 4070, Campus-Konya, Turkey aysenalli@yahoo.com
More informationResearch Article On Factorizations of Upper Triangular Nonnegative Matrices of Order Three
Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society Volume 015, Article ID 96018, 6 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/015/96018 Research Article On Factorizations of Upper Triangular Nonnegative Matrices of Order Three
More informationThe spectra of super line multigraphs
The spectra of super line multigraphs Jay Bagga Department of Computer Science Ball State University Muncie, IN jbagga@bsuedu Robert B Ellis Department of Applied Mathematics Illinois Institute of Technology
More informationSign Patterns that Allow Diagonalizability
Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Mathematics Dissertations Department of Mathematics and Statistics 12-10-2018 Sign Patterns that Allow Diagonalizability Christopher Michael
More informationBIVARIATE JACOBSTHAL AND BIVARIATE JACOBSTHAL-LUCAS MATRIX POLYNOMIAL SEQUENCES SUKRAN UYGUN, AYDAN ZORCELIK
Available online at http://scik.org J. Math. Comput. Sci. 8 (2018), No. 3, 331-344 https://doi.org/10.28919/jmcs/3616 ISSN: 1927-5307 BIVARIATE JACOBSTHAL AND BIVARIATE JACOBSTHAL-LUCAS MATRIX POLYNOMIAL
More informationOn Generalized k-fibonacci Sequence by Two-Cross-Two Matrix
Global Journal of Mathematical Analysis, 5 () (07) -5 Global Journal of Mathematical Analysis Website: www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/gjma doi: 0.449/gjma.v5i.6949 Research paper On Generalized k-fibonacci
More informationCentral Groupoids, Central Digraphs, and Zero-One Matrices A Satisfying A 2 = J
Central Groupoids, Central Digraphs, and Zero-One Matrices A Satisfying A 2 = J Frank Curtis, John Drew, Chi-Kwong Li, and Daniel Pragel September 25, 2003 Abstract We study central groupoids, central
More information= main diagonal, in the order in which their corresponding eigenvectors appear as columns of E.
3.3 Diagonalization Let A = 4. Then and are eigenvectors of A, with corresponding eigenvalues 2 and 6 respectively (check). This means 4 = 2, 4 = 6. 2 2 2 2 Thus 4 = 2 2 6 2 = 2 6 4 2 We have 4 = 2 0 0
More informationIntrinsic products and factorizations of matrices
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Linear Algebra and its Applications 428 (2008) 5 3 www.elsevier.com/locate/laa Intrinsic products and factorizations of matrices Miroslav Fiedler Academy of Sciences
More informationResearch Article Another Proof of the Faithfulness of the Lawrence-Krammer Representation of the Braid Group B 3
International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Algebra Volume 01, Article ID 858959, 13 pages doi:10.540/01/858959 Research Article Another Proof of the Faithfulness of the Lawrence-Krammer Representation
More informationII. Determinant Functions
Supplemental Materials for EE203001 Students II Determinant Functions Chung-Chin Lu Department of Electrical Engineering National Tsing Hua University May 22, 2003 1 Three Axioms for a Determinant Function
More information18.312: Algebraic Combinatorics Lionel Levine. Lecture 19
832: Algebraic Combinatorics Lionel Levine Lecture date: April 2, 20 Lecture 9 Notes by: David Witmer Matrix-Tree Theorem Undirected Graphs Let G = (V, E) be a connected, undirected graph with n vertices,
More informationThe spectral decomposition of near-toeplitz tridiagonal matrices
Issue 4, Volume 7, 2013 115 The spectral decomposition of near-toeplitz tridiagonal matrices Nuo Shen, Zhaolin Jiang and Juan Li Abstract Some properties of near-toeplitz tridiagonal matrices with specific
More informationResearch Article The Polytopic-k-Step Fibonacci Sequences in Finite Groups
Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society Volume 011, Article ID 431840, 1 pages doi:101155/011/431840 Research Article The Polytopic--Step Fibonacci Sequences in Finite Groups Ömür Deveci Department of
More informationOn Gaussian Pell Polynomials and Their Some Properties
Palestine Journal of Mathematics Vol 712018, 251 256 Palestine Polytechnic University-PPU 2018 On Gaussian Pell Polynomials and Their Some Properties Serpil HALICI and Sinan OZ Communicated by Ayman Badawi
More information1 Multiply Eq. E i by λ 0: (λe i ) (E i ) 2 Multiply Eq. E j by λ and add to Eq. E i : (E i + λe j ) (E i )
Direct Methods for Linear Systems Chapter Direct Methods for Solving Linear Systems Per-Olof Persson persson@berkeleyedu Department of Mathematics University of California, Berkeley Math 18A Numerical
More informationELA
THE DISTANCE MATRIX OF A BIDIRECTED TREE R. B. BAPAT, A. K. LAL, AND SUKANTA PATI Abstract. A bidirected tree is a tree in which each edge is replaced by two arcs in either direction. Formulas are obtained
More informationDeterminants by Cofactor Expansion (III)
Determinants by Cofactor Expansion (III) Comment: (Reminder) If A is an n n matrix, then the determinant of A can be computed as a cofactor expansion along the jth column det(a) = a1j C1j + a2j C2j +...
More informationResearch Article Diagonally Implicit Block Backward Differentiation Formulas for Solving Ordinary Differential Equations
International Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences Volume 212, Article ID 767328, 8 pages doi:1.1155/212/767328 Research Article Diagonally Implicit Block Backward Differentiation Formulas for Solving
More informationThis section is an introduction to the basic themes of the course.
Chapter 1 Matrices and Graphs 1.1 The Adjacency Matrix This section is an introduction to the basic themes of the course. Definition 1.1.1. A simple undirected graph G = (V, E) consists of a non-empty
More informationFrame Diagonalization of Matrices
Frame Diagonalization of Matrices Fumiko Futamura Mathematics and Computer Science Department Southwestern University 00 E University Ave Georgetown, Texas 78626 U.S.A. Phone: + (52) 863-98 Fax: + (52)
More informationOn Some Identities of k-fibonacci Sequences Modulo Ring Z 6 and Z 10
Applied Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 12, 2018, no. 9, 441-448 HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com https://doi.org/10.12988/ams.2018.8228 On Some Identities of k-fibonacci Sequences Modulo Ring Z 6 and Z 10 Tri
More informationCLASSIFICATION OF TREES EACH OF WHOSE ASSOCIATED ACYCLIC MATRICES WITH DISTINCT DIAGONAL ENTRIES HAS DISTINCT EIGENVALUES
Bull Korean Math Soc 45 (2008), No 1, pp 95 99 CLASSIFICATION OF TREES EACH OF WHOSE ASSOCIATED ACYCLIC MATRICES WITH DISTINCT DIAGONAL ENTRIES HAS DISTINCT EIGENVALUES In-Jae Kim and Bryan L Shader Reprinted
More informationSpectral radius, symmetric and positive matrices
Spectral radius, symmetric and positive matrices Zdeněk Dvořák April 28, 2016 1 Spectral radius Definition 1. The spectral radius of a square matrix A is ρ(a) = max{ λ : λ is an eigenvalue of A}. For an
More informationQuestion: Given an n x n matrix A, how do we find its eigenvalues? Idea: Suppose c is an eigenvalue of A, then what is the determinant of A-cI?
Section 5. The Characteristic Polynomial Question: Given an n x n matrix A, how do we find its eigenvalues? Idea: Suppose c is an eigenvalue of A, then what is the determinant of A-cI? Property The eigenvalues
More informationA Characterization of (3+1)-Free Posets
Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A 93, 231241 (2001) doi:10.1006jcta.2000.3075, available online at http:www.idealibrary.com on A Characterization of (3+1)-Free Posets Mark Skandera Department of
More informationOn the Pell Polynomials
Applied Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 5, 2011, no. 37, 1833-1838 On the Pell Polynomials Serpil Halici Sakarya University Department of Mathematics Faculty of Arts and Sciences 54187, Sakarya, Turkey shalici@sakarya.edu.tr
More informationOn the distance signless Laplacian spectral radius of graphs and digraphs
Electronic Journal of Linear Algebra Volume 3 Volume 3 (017) Article 3 017 On the distance signless Laplacian spectral radius of graphs and digraphs Dan Li Xinjiang University,Urumqi, ldxjedu@163.com Guoping
More informationA Questionable Distance-Regular Graph
A Questionable Distance-Regular Graph Rebecca Ross Abstract In this paper, we introduce distance-regular graphs and develop the intersection algebra for these graphs which is based upon its intersection
More informationAN ELEMENTARY PROOF OF THE SPECTRAL RADIUS FORMULA FOR MATRICES
AN ELEMENTARY PROOF OF THE SPECTRAL RADIUS FORMULA FOR MATRICES JOEL A. TROPP Abstract. We present an elementary proof that the spectral radius of a matrix A may be obtained using the formula ρ(a) lim
More informationResearch Article New Partition Theoretic Interpretations of Rogers-Ramanujan Identities
International Combinatorics Volume 2012, Article ID 409505, 6 pages doi:10.1155/2012/409505 Research Article New Partition Theoretic Interpretations of Rogers-Ramanujan Identities A. K. Agarwal and M.
More informationLinear algebra and applications to graphs Part 1
Linear algebra and applications to graphs Part 1 Written up by Mikhail Belkin and Moon Duchin Instructor: Laszlo Babai June 17, 2001 1 Basic Linear Algebra Exercise 1.1 Let V and W be linear subspaces
More informationResearch Article A Note on Kantorovich Inequality for Hermite Matrices
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Inequalities and Applications Volume 0, Article ID 5767, 6 pages doi:0.55/0/5767 Research Article A Note on Kantorovich Inequality for Hermite Matrices Zhibing
More informationDOMINO TILING. Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Rectangular Grids 2 Acknowledgments 10 References 10
DOMINO TILING KASPER BORYS Abstract In this paper we explore the problem of domino tiling: tessellating a region with x2 rectangular dominoes First we address the question of existence for domino tilings
More informationKernels of Directed Graph Laplacians. J. S. Caughman and J.J.P. Veerman
Kernels of Directed Graph Laplacians J. S. Caughman and J.J.P. Veerman Department of Mathematics and Statistics Portland State University PO Box 751, Portland, OR 97207. caughman@pdx.edu, veerman@pdx.edu
More informationSome Determinantal Identities Involving Pell Polynomials
International Journal of Scientific and Innovative Mathematical Research (IJSIMR) Volume, Issue 5, May 4, PP 48-488 ISSN 47-7X (Print) & ISSN 47-4 (Online) www.arcjournals.org Some Determinantal Identities
More informationSparse spectrally arbitrary patterns
Electronic Journal of Linear Algebra Volume 28 Volume 28: Special volume for Proceedings of Graph Theory, Matrix Theory and Interactions Conference Article 8 2015 Sparse spectrally arbitrary patterns Brydon
More informationLinear Algebra: Lecture notes from Kolman and Hill 9th edition.
Linear Algebra: Lecture notes from Kolman and Hill 9th edition Taylan Şengül March 20, 2019 Please let me know of any mistakes in these notes Contents Week 1 1 11 Systems of Linear Equations 1 12 Matrices
More informationTopics in Graph Theory
Topics in Graph Theory September 4, 2018 1 Preliminaries A graph is a system G = (V, E) consisting of a set V of vertices and a set E (disjoint from V ) of edges, together with an incidence function End
More informationReview of Vectors and Matrices
A P P E N D I X D Review of Vectors and Matrices D. VECTORS D.. Definition of a Vector Let p, p, Á, p n be any n real numbers and P an ordered set of these real numbers that is, P = p, p, Á, p n Then P
More informationResearch Article A Note on the Solutions of the Van der Pol and Duffing Equations Using a Linearisation Method
Mathematical Problems in Engineering Volume 1, Article ID 693453, 1 pages doi:11155/1/693453 Research Article A Note on the Solutions of the Van der Pol and Duffing Equations Using a Linearisation Method
More information1 Determinants. 1.1 Determinant
1 Determinants [SB], Chapter 9, p.188-196. [SB], Chapter 26, p.719-739. Bellow w ll study the central question: which additional conditions must satisfy a quadratic matrix A to be invertible, that is to
More information1.10 Matrix Representation of Graphs
42 Basic Concepts of Graphs 1.10 Matrix Representation of Graphs Definitions: In this section, we introduce two kinds of matrix representations of a graph, that is, the adjacency matrix and incidence matrix
More informationCS 246 Review of Linear Algebra 01/17/19
1 Linear algebra In this section we will discuss vectors and matrices. We denote the (i, j)th entry of a matrix A as A ij, and the ith entry of a vector as v i. 1.1 Vectors and vector operations A vector
More informationMath Linear Algebra Final Exam Review Sheet
Math 15-1 Linear Algebra Final Exam Review Sheet Vector Operations Vector addition is a component-wise operation. Two vectors v and w may be added together as long as they contain the same number n of
More informationMinimum number of non-zero-entries in a 7 7 stable matrix
Linear Algebra and its Applications 572 (2019) 135 152 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Linear Algebra and its Applications www.elsevier.com/locate/laa Minimum number of non-zero-entries in a
More informationResearch Article New Examples of Einstein Metrics in Dimension Four
International Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences Volume 2010, Article ID 716035, 9 pages doi:10.1155/2010/716035 Research Article New Examples of Einstein Metrics in Dimension Four Ryad Ghanam Department
More informationLinear Algebra review Powers of a diagonalizable matrix Spectral decomposition
Linear Algebra review Powers of a diagonalizable matrix Spectral decomposition Prof. Tesler Math 283 Fall 2016 Also see the separate version of this with Matlab and R commands. Prof. Tesler Diagonalizing
More informationLinear Algebra review Powers of a diagonalizable matrix Spectral decomposition
Linear Algebra review Powers of a diagonalizable matrix Spectral decomposition Prof. Tesler Math 283 Fall 2018 Also see the separate version of this with Matlab and R commands. Prof. Tesler Diagonalizing
More informationQUALITATIVE CONTROLLABILITY AND UNCONTROLLABILITY BY A SINGLE ENTRY
QUALITATIVE CONTROLLABILITY AND UNCONTROLLABILITY BY A SINGLE ENTRY D.D. Olesky 1 Department of Computer Science University of Victoria Victoria, B.C. V8W 3P6 Michael Tsatsomeros Department of Mathematics
More informationRandom Walks on Graphs. One Concrete Example of a random walk Motivation applications
Random Walks on Graphs Outline One Concrete Example of a random walk Motivation applications shuffling cards universal traverse sequence self stabilizing token management scheme random sampling enumeration
More informationEigenvectors Via Graph Theory
Eigenvectors Via Graph Theory Jennifer Harris Advisor: Dr. David Garth October 3, 2009 Introduction There is no problem in all mathematics that cannot be solved by direct counting. -Ernst Mach The goal
More informationPascal Eigenspaces and Invariant Sequences of the First or Second Kind
Pascal Eigenspaces and Invariant Sequences of the First or Second Kind I-Pyo Kim a,, Michael J Tsatsomeros b a Department of Mathematics Education, Daegu University, Gyeongbu, 38453, Republic of Korea
More informationResearch Article Nonnormal Edge-Transitive Cubic Cayley Graphs of Dihedral Groups
International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Algebra Volume 2011, Article ID 428959, 6 pages doi:10.5402/2011/428959 Research Article Nonnormal Edge-Transitive Cubic Cayley Graphs of Dihedral Groups Mehdi
More information1 Matrices and Systems of Linear Equations. a 1n a 2n
March 31, 2013 16-1 16. Systems of Linear Equations 1 Matrices and Systems of Linear Equations An m n matrix is an array A = (a ij ) of the form a 11 a 21 a m1 a 1n a 2n... a mn where each a ij is a real
More informationFundamentals of Engineering Analysis (650163)
Philadelphia University Faculty of Engineering Communications and Electronics Engineering Fundamentals of Engineering Analysis (6563) Part Dr. Omar R Daoud Matrices: Introduction DEFINITION A matrix is
More informationImpulse Response Sequences and Construction of Number Sequence Identities
1 3 47 6 3 11 Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 16 (013), Article 13.8. Impulse Response Sequences and Construction of Number Sequence Identities Tian-Xiao He Department of Mathematics Illinois Wesleyan
More informationand let s calculate the image of some vectors under the transformation T.
Chapter 5 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 5. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors Let T : R n R n be a linear transformation. Then T can be represented by a matrix (the standard matrix), and we can write T ( v) =
More informationResearch Article Parametric Evaluations of the Rogers-Ramanujan Continued Fraction
International Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences Volume 011, Article ID 940839, 11 pages doi:10.1155/011/940839 Research Article Parametric Evaluations of the Rogers-Ramanujan Continued Fraction Nikos
More informationMatrix Completion Problems for Pairs of Related Classes of Matrices
Matrix Completion Problems for Pairs of Related Classes of Matrices Leslie Hogben Department of Mathematics Iowa State University Ames, IA 50011 lhogben@iastate.edu Abstract For a class X of real matrices,
More informationSmith Normal Form and Acyclic Matrices
Smith Normal Form and Acyclic Matrices In-Jae Kim and Bryan L Shader Department of Mathematics University of Wyoming Laramie, WY 82071, USA July 30, 2006 Abstract An approach, based on the Smith Normal
More informationLast Time. Social Network Graphs Betweenness. Graph Laplacian. Girvan-Newman Algorithm. Spectral Bisection
Eigenvalue Problems Last Time Social Network Graphs Betweenness Girvan-Newman Algorithm Graph Laplacian Spectral Bisection λ 2, w 2 Today Small deviation into eigenvalue problems Formulation Standard eigenvalue
More informationIntroduction to Matrices
214 Analysis and Design of Feedback Control Systems Introduction to Matrices Derek Rowell October 2002 Modern system dynamics is based upon a matrix representation of the dynamic equations governing the
More informationResearch Article Taylor s Expansion Revisited: A General Formula for the Remainder
International Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences Volume 2012, Article ID 645736, 5 pages doi:10.1155/2012/645736 Research Article Taylor s Expansion Revisited: A General Formula for the Remainder José
More informationarxiv: v1 [math.co] 4 Mar 2010
NUMBER OF COMPOSITIONS AND CONVOLVED FIBONACCI NUMBERS arxiv:10030981v1 [mathco] 4 Mar 2010 MILAN JANJIĆ Abstract We consider two type of upper Hessenberg matrices which determinants are Fibonacci numbers
More information3 (Maths) Linear Algebra
3 (Maths) Linear Algebra References: Simon and Blume, chapters 6 to 11, 16 and 23; Pemberton and Rau, chapters 11 to 13 and 25; Sundaram, sections 1.3 and 1.5. The methods and concepts of linear algebra
More informationSums of diagonalizable matrices
Linear Algebra and its Applications 315 (2000) 1 23 www.elsevier.com/locate/laa Sums of diagonalizable matrices J.D. Botha Department of Mathematics University of South Africa P.O. Box 392 Pretoria 0003
More informationDeterminants. Beifang Chen
Determinants Beifang Chen 1 Motivation Determinant is a function that each square real matrix A is assigned a real number, denoted det A, satisfying certain properties If A is a 3 3 matrix, writing A [u,
More informationNilpotent matrices and spectrally arbitrary sign patterns
Electronic Journal of Linear Algebra Volume 16 Article 21 2007 Nilpotent matrices and spectrally arbitrary sign patterns Rajesh J. Pereira rjxpereira@yahoo.com Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.uwyo.edu/ela
More information