Name: Regents Chemistry: Mr. Palermo. Notes: Unit 8 Gases.
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1 Name: Regents Chemistry: Mr. Palermo Notes: Unit 8 Gases 1
2 Name: KEY IDEAS The concept of an ideal gas is a model to explain the behavior of gases. A real gas is most like an ideal gas when the real gas is at low pressure and high temperature. (3.4a Kinetic Molecular Theory expresses the relationship between pressure, volume, temperature, velocity, and frequency and force of collisions among gas molecules. (3.4c Kinetic molecular theory (KMT for an ideal gas states that all gas particles (3.4b: are in random, constant, straight-line motion, are separated by great distances relative to their size; the volume of the gas particles is considered negligible; have no attractive forces between them; have collisions that may result in the transfer of energy between particles, but the total energy of the system remains constant. Equal volumes of different gases at the same temperature and pressure contain an equal number of particles. (3.4e VOCABULARY For each word, provide a short but specific definition from YOUR OWN BRAIN No boring textbook definitions. Write something to help you remember the word. Explain the word as if you were explaining it to an elementary school student. Give an example if you can. Don t use the words given in your definition Kinetic Molecular Theory: Pressure: Volume: Temperature: Boyle s Law: Charles s Law: Gay-Lussac s Law: Combined Gas Law: Graham s Law: Avogadro s Law: 2
3 Lesson1:KineticMolecularTheory:IdealvsRealGases Objective:* Differentiate*between*ideal*and*real*gases* Determine*the*conditions*which*real*gases*behave*most*like*ideal*gases* * WhatisENTROPY?Disorder,randomness Entropyincreaseswhen: COMPARINGSTATESOFMATTER Whichstateofmatterismostaffectedbychangesintemperature,pressureandvolume? 1
4 Lesson1:KineticMolecularTheory:IdealvsRealGases KINETICMOLECULARTHEORY:IDEALVSREALGASES GasesbehavemostIDEALLYunderconditionsof: temperatureand pressurebecause: particlesaremoving particlesare WHY? Gasesdeviate(strayfromidealunderconditionsof: temperatureand pressurebecause: particlesaremoving particlesare WHY? 2
5 Lesson1:KineticMolecularTheory:IdealvsRealGases SUMMARY: IdealGasesareperfectgases.They have: Nomass Novolume Noattractiveforces WhenwillrealgasesbehaveasIdeal Gases? Whentheyarespreadout TemperatureisHigh PressureisLow ****REMEMBERPLIGHT GASPRESSURE: Unitsweuse:kPa,atm STP(StandardTemperatureandPressurerefertoTableA FACTORSAFFECTINGPRESSURE 3
6 Lesson1:KineticMolecularTheory:IdealvsRealGases PRACTICE: UnderwhichconditionsoftemperatureandpressurewouldHebehavemostlikeanidealgas? A50Kand20kPa B50Kand600kPa C750Kand20kPa D750Kand600kPa PRACTICE: Anassumptionofthekinetictheoryofgasesisthattheparticlesofagashave A. littleattractionforeachotherandasignificantvolume B. littleattractionforeachotherandaninsignificantvolume C. strongattractionforeachotherandasignificantvolume D. strongattractionforeachotherandaninsignificantvolume CHECKYOURUNDERSTANDING: UnderwhichconditionsoftemperatureandpressurewouldasampleofH2(gbehavemostlikeanideal gas? C0 Cand100kPa B0 Cand300kPa C150 Cand100kPa D150 Cand300kPa 4
7 Lesson2:GASLAWS Objective:* Determine*the*relationship*between*pressure,*temperature*and*volume* Compare*different*gases*in*reference*to*Avagadro s*law* * AVAGADRO SLAW: ofdifferentgasesatthesametemperatureandpressurecontain. EXAMPLE: 5LofNegasatSTPhasthesamenumberofmoleculesas5LofXegasatSTPBECAUSE(sameconditions, samevolumes,same#ofparticles PRACTICE: Atthesametemperatureandpressure,whichsamplecontainsthesamenumberofmolesofparticlesas1 literofo2(g? (a1lne(g (b0.5lso2(g (c2lo2(g (d1lofh2o(l Boyle slaw(p1v1=p2v2 Asthepressureonagas,thevolumeofthegas (indirect+relationship 1
8 Lesson2:GASLAWS EXAMPLE:Whathappenswhenyousqueezeaballoon? CharlesLaw(V1=V2 T1T2 WhenTemperatureofagas,Volume atconstant pressure(direct+relationship EXAMPLE:Whathappenstoacartireinthewinter? GayHLussac'slaw(P1=P2 T1T2 WhenTemperatureofagas,Pressure atconstant volume(direct+relationship 2
9 Lesson2:GASLAWS EXAMPLE:Howdoesapressurecookerwork? GRAHAM SLAWOFDIFFUSION Gasesmovefromhightolowconcentrations.Lightergasesdiffusefaster. PRACTICE: Whichdiffusesthefastest:HeorN2? WhywillF2andArdiffuseatalmostthesamerate? CHECKYOURUNDERSTANDING1: WhichsampleatSTPhasthesamenumberofmoleculesas5litersofNO2(gatSTP? (a5gramsofh2(g (b5molesofo2(g (c5litersofch4(g (d5x10 23 moleculesofco2(g CHECKYOURUNDERSTANDING2: Whichgaslawisbeingdemonstratedinthepicture? 3
10 Lesson3:COMBINEDGASLAW Objective:* Solve*gas*law*problems*using*the*combined*gas*law*equation* Convert*from*Celsius*temperatures*to*Kelvin* Convert*between*pressure*units*(atm*and*kPa* * COMBINEDGASLAW LocatedonTableT P=pressure(kPaoratm V=volume(L,mL,cm 3 T=temperature(K HOWTOUSETHECOMBINEDGASLAWEQUATION: **MakesurealltemperaturesareinKELVIN **MakesureyouusethesameunitforBOTHvolumesandBOTHpressures **Ifonevariableremainsthesame,leaveitoutoftheequation When%solving%combined%gas%law%problems%you%may%need%to%do%the%following%conversions: CONVERTINGUNITSOFPRESSURE: setupaproportion(tablea 1atm=101.3kPa EXAMPLE:%%What%is%the%pressure%in%kPa%of% 0.92%atm? 1atm=101.3kPa 0.92atmXkPa CONVERTINGUNITSOF TEMPERATURE: K= C+273(TableT Ex:Whatis33.7 Cequaltoin Kelvins? K= C+273 K= x=(101.3(0.92 x=93.2kpa =306.7K 1
11 Lesson3:COMBINEDGASLAW EXAMPLE: Agasinarigidcontainerhasapressureof3.5atmospheresat200K.Calculatethepressureat273K. EXAMPLE: A32.9Lsampleofagasatconstantpressureincreasesintemperaturefrom25to45C.Shouldthevolume increaseordecrease?calculatethenewvolume. PRACTICE: A45mLsampleofgasatstandardpressureisheatedfrom20. Cto50. C.Thepressureofthegas increasesto107.9kpa.whatisthenewvolumeofthegas? PRACTICE: Thetotalpressureinsidea2.0Lcontainerat28ºCis1.03atm.Ifthetemperatureisloweredto0ºCwhile thevolumeremainsthesame,whatisthenewpressureinsidethecylinder? CHECKYOURUNDERSTANDING: Thepressureinsidea3.0Lcylinderat25ºCis0.85atm.Ifthepressureisincreasedto5.0atmwhilethe volumeiskeptconstant,whatisthenewtemperatureinsidethecylinder? 2
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