Lepton flavor conserving Z boson decays and scalar unparticle

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1 Lepton flavor conserving Z boson decays and scalar unparticle arxiv: v1 [hep-ph] 15 Apr 28 E. O. Iltan, Physics Department, Middle East Technical University Ankara, Turkey Abstract We predict the contribution of scalar unparticle to the branching ratios of the lepton flavor conserving Z l + l decays and we study the discrepancy between the experimental and the QED corrected standard model branching ratios. We observe that these decays are sensitive to the unparticle scaling dimension d u for its small values, especially for heavy lepton flavor output. address: eiltan@newton.physics.metu.edu.tr

2 Theoretically, Z boson decays to lepton pairs exist in the tree level, in the standard model SM if the lepton flavor is conserved. The improved experimental measurements stimulate the studies of these interactions and with the Giga-Z option of the Tesla project, there is a possibility to increase Z bosons at resonance [1]. The experimental predictions for the branching ratios BRs of these decays are [2] BRZ e + e = ±.4 %, BRZ µ + µ = ±.7 %, BRZ τ + τ = 3.37 ±.23 %, 1 and the tree level SM predictions, including QED corrections read BRZ e + e = %, BRZ µ + µ = %, BRZ τ + τ = %. 2 It is seen that the main contribution to BRs of Z boson lepton pair decays is coming from the tree level SM contribution and the discrepancy between the experimental and the SM results is of the order of 1. %. In the literature, there are various experimental and theoretical studies [3]-[18]. The vector and axial coupling constants in Z-decays have been measured at LEP [8] and various additional types of interactions have been performed. A way to measure these contributions in the process Z τ + τ was described in [11]. In [17] and [18] the possible new physics effects to the process Z l + l, in the two Higgs doublet model and in the SM with the non-commutative effects have been studied, respectively. The present work is devoted to analysis whether the inclusion of the scalar unparticle effects overcomes the discrepancy of the BRs between the experimental and the QED corrected SM result see [19] and references therein for the lepton flavor conserving LFC Z decays. Furthermore, we study the new parameters arising with the unparticle effects and the dependencies of the BRs to these new parameters. The unparticle idea is introduced by Georgi [2, 21] and its effect in the processes, which are induced at least in one loop level, is studied in various works [22]-[31]. This idea is based on the interaction of the SM and the ultraviolet sector with non-trivial infrared fixed point, at high energy level. The unparticles, being massless and having non integral scaling dimension d u, are new degrees of freedom arising from the ultraviolet sector around Λ U 1 TeV. The effective lagrangian which is responsible for the interactions of unparticles with the SM fields 1

3 in the low energy level reads L eff η Λ du+d SM n O SM O U, 3 U where O U is the unparticle operator, the parameter η is related to the energy scale of ultraviolet sector, the low energy one and the matching coefficient [2, 21, 32] and n is the space-time dimension. Now, we present the effective lagrangian which drives the Z l + l decays with internal scalar unparticle mediation. Here, we consider the operators with the lowest possible dimension since they have the most powerful effect in the low energy effective theory see for example [33]. The low energy effective interaction lagrangian which induces U l l vertex is L 1 = 1 λ S Λ du1 ij li l j + λ P l ij i iγ 5 l j OU, 4 U where l is the lepton field and λ S ij λp ij is the scalar pseudoscalar coupling. In addition to this lagrangian, the one which causes the tree level U Z Z interaction see Fig 1 b and c, appearing in the scalar unparticle mediating loop, can exist and it reads L 2 = λ Λ du U F µν F µν O U + λ Z m 2 Λ du Z Zµ Z µ O U, 5 U where F µν is the field tensor for the Z µ field and λ and λ Z are effective coupling constants 1. Since the scalar unparticle contribution Z l + l decay enters into calculations at least in the one loop level see Fig.1, one needs the scalar unparticle propagator and it is obtained by using the scale invariance [21, 34]: d 4 xe ipx < T O U x O U >= i A d u 2 π ds s du2 p 2 s + iǫ = i A du 2 sin d u π p2 iǫ du2, 6 where the function 1 p 2 iǫ 2du reads 1 p 2 iǫ ei du π, 7 2du p 2 2du for p 2 > and a non-trivial phase appears as a result of non-integral scaling dimension. Here where the factor A du is A du = 16 π5/2 Γd u π 2du Γ Γ2 d u. 8 1 i The vertex factor: m 2 Λ du Z λ Z g µ ν + 4 i λ Λ du k 1ν k 2µ k 1.k 2 g µ ν where k 12 is the four momentum of Z U U boson with polarization vector ǫ 1 µ2 ν. 2

4 At this stage, we are ready to consider the general effective vertex for the interaction of on-shell Z-boson with a fermionic current: Γ µ = γ µ f V f A γ 5 + i m W f M + f E γ 5 σ µ ν q ν, 9 where q is the momentum transfer, q 2 = p p 2, f V f A is vector axial-vector coupling, f M f E is proportional to the weak magnetic electric dipole moments of the fermion. Here p p is the four momentum vector of lepton anti-lepton. The form factors f V, f A, f M and f E in eq. 9 are obtained as f V f A f M = f E = 1 = fv SM + 1 A + 1 1x = f SM 1 dx dx 1x 1 dxfv U self + dx dxf U A self + dy f U M vert, where the QED corrected 2 SM form factors f SM V 1 dx 1x 1x dy f U V vert, dy f U A vert, dy f U E vert, 1 and f SM A are [19] f SM V = i e c W s W c 1 + c 2, f SM A = i e c W s W c 2 c 1, 11 with c 1 = c c 2 = c αem αem π π 2 s2 W m2 l s2 W 2 m2 l m 2 Z m 2 Z,. 12 Here the parameters c 1 and c 2 read c 1 = s2 W, c 2 = s 2 W. 13 On the other hand the explicit expressions of the form factors f U V self, fu A self, fu V vert, fu A vert, fm U vert and fu E vert, carrying scalar unparticle effects, are f U V self = i c self c 1 + c 2 L du1 self 1 x2du 32 s W c W π 2 3 λ S il 2 + λ P il 2, 2 The corrections are taken to the lowest approximation in α EM 3

5 f U A self = i c self c 2 c 1 L du1 self 1 x2du 32 s W c W π 2 3 λ S il 2 + λ P il 2, f U V vert = i c { ver c 1 + c 2 1 x y 1du λ S 32 π 2 il 2 λ P il 2 m i m l 1 x y vert + λ S il 2 + λ P il 2 m 2 i + m2 Z xy + m2 l 1 x y2 L } vert 1 d u + λ m 2 { 3 Z bver y 1du { mi c1 c 16 π 2 2 λ P il + i c 1 + c 2 λ S il x y 1 + m l c1 c 2 λ P il i c 1 + c 2 λ S il x + y 2 + y x } + b ver x1du { mi c1 c 2 λ P il i c 1 + c 2 λ S il m l c1 c 2 λ P il + i c 1 + c 2 λ S il + λ Z 32 π 2 x y + 1 x + y 2 y + x } } { 3 bver y 1du { c1 c 2 λ P il i c 1 + c 2 λ S il m 2 Z m l xy x + y 1 + x + y m 3 l 1 x y2 x + y + L 2 m l 1 + 6x + y 1 + c 1 c 2 λ P il + i c 1 + c 2 λ S il mi m 2 l 1 x y 2 m 2 Z L } 2 + b { ver x1du c1 c 2 λ P il + i c 1 + c 2 λ S il m 3 l 1 x y 2 x + y m 2 Z m l xy x + y 1 + x + y L 2 m l 1 + 6x + y 1 c 1 c 2 λ P il i c 1 + c 2 λ S il mi m 2 l 1 x y 2 m 2 Z L } }, 2 f U A vert = i c ver c 1 c 2 1 x y 1du 32 π 2 λ S il 2 + λ P il 2 λ m 2 Z 16 π vert { λ P il 2 λ S il 2 2 m i m l 1 x y } m 2 i m2 Z xy + m2 l 1 x y2 L vert { bver y 1du { mi c1 + c 2 λ P il + i c 1 c 2 λ S il 1 x + y m l c1 + c 2 λ P il i c 1 c 2 λ S il x + y 1 x + y } + b ver x1du { mi c1 + c 2 λ P il i c 1 c 2 λ S il + m l c1 + c 2 λ P il + i c 1 c 2 λ S il y x 1 x + y 1 + x y } } 4

6 + λ Z 32 π 2 + { 3 bver y 1du { c1 + c 2 λ P il i c 1 c 2 λ S il m 2 Z m l x + y L 2 m l c 1 + c 2 λ P il + i c 1 c 2 λ S il L mi 2 + } m2 Z + b ver x1du L 2 m l { c1 + c 2 λ P il + i c 1 c 2 λ S il c 1 + c 2 λ P il i c 1 c 2 λ S il m 2 Z m l x + y L mi 2 + } } m2 Z, 14 f U M vert i 1 x y1du = 32 π 2 3 c ver m Z c W vert { m i λ S il 2 λ P il 2 c 1 + c 2 x + y 2 i λ S il λp il c 2 c 1 x y + λ S il 2 + λ P il 2 c 1 + c 2 1 x y x + y } i λ { 3 bver m Z c W y 1du c1 λ S 8 π 2 il + i λp il + c 2 λ S il i λp il 2 m 2 Z xy + L + b ver m Z c W x 1du c1 λ S il i λ P il + c 2 λ S il + i λ P il 2 m 2 Z xy + L } i λ { Z 3 bver m Z c W y 1du { c1 + c 64 π 2 2 λ S il mi m l 1 x y 2 m 2 l 1 x y 2 x + y + m 2 Z x 2 y 1 x y + 3 x + 3 y 2 L + i c 1 c 2 λ P il mi m l 1 x y 2 m 2 l 1 x y 2 x + y + m 2 Z x 2 y 1 x y + 3 x + 3 y 2 L } + b ver m Z c W x 1du { c1 + c 2 λ S il mi m l 1 x y 2 m 2 l 1 x y 2 x + y + m 2 Z y 2 x 1 x y + 3 x + 3 y 2 L i c1 c 2 λ P il mi m l 1 x y 2 m 2 l 1 x y2 x + y + m 2 Z y 2 x 1 x y + 3 x + 3 y 2 L } }, f U E vert i 1 x y1du = 32 π 2 3 c ver m Z c W vert { m i λ S il 2 λ P il 2 c 1 c 2 x y + 2 i λ S il λ P il c 1 + c 2 x + y + m l λ S il 2 + λ P il 2 c 1 c 2 1 x y x y } i λ 8 π 2 { 3 bver m Z c W y 1du c1 λ S il + i λ P il c 2 λ S il i λ P il m 2 Z xy + m 2 l 1 x y x + y L 1 d u + c1 λ S il i λ P il c 2 λ S il + i λ P il m i m l 1 x y 5

7 + b ver m Z c W x 1du c2 λ S il + i λ P il c 1 λ S il i λ P il m 2 Z xy + m 2 l 1 x y x + y } L c1 λ S il + i λ P 1 d il c 2 λ S il i λ P il m i m l 1 x y u i λ { Z 3 bver m Z c W y 1du { i c1 + c 64 π 2 2 λ P il m i m l y 2 1 x 2 + m 2 l 1 x y x + y2 x + y + m 2 Z x 2 y 1 x y + 3 x + 3 y 2 L c 1 c 2 λ S il m i m l y 2 1 x 2 m 2 l 1 x y x + y2 x + y m 2 Z x 2 y 1 x y 3 x + 3 y 2 L } + b ver m Z c W x 1du { i c1 + c 2 λ P il m i m l x 2 1 y 2 + m 2 l 1 x y x + y2 y + x + m 2 Z y 2 x 1 x y + 3 x + 3 y 2 L + c 1 c 2 λ S il m i m l x 2 1 y 2 m 2 l 1 x y x + y 2 y + x m 2 Z x 2 x 1 x y 3 x + 3 y 2 L } }, 15 with L self = x m 2 l 1 x m 2 i, L vert = m 2 l x + y 1 x y m 2 i x + y + m 2 Z xy, L = m 2 l x + y m2 i 1 x y + m 2 Z x y 1, L = m 2 l x + y m2 i 1 x y + m 2 Z y x 1, 16 and c self c ver e A du =, 2 sin d u π Λ 2du1 u e A du =, 2 s W c W sin d u π Λ 2du1 u b ver e A du =, 2 s W c W sin d u π Λu 2 du1 b ver = b ver. 17 In eq. 15, the flavor diagonal and flavor changing scalar and pseudoscalar couplings λ S,P il represent the effective interaction between the internal lepton i, i = e, µ, τ and the outgoing 6

8 l l + lepton anti lepton. Finally, using the form factors f V, f A, f M and f E, the BR for Z l l + decay is obtained as BRZ l + l = 1 48 π where Γ Z is the total decay width of Z boson. Discussion m Z { f V 2 + f A f Γ Z 2 c 2 M 2 + f E 2 }, 18 W This section is devoted to the scalar unparticle effect on the BRs of LFC Z boson decays. LFC Z boson decays exist in the tree level in the framework of the SM and there are discrepancies between the SM BRs and the experimental ones. Here, we include the possible scalar unparticle contribution, which appears at least in the one loop, and search whether these contributions could explain the discrepancies in the BRs. We also study the new free parameters which appear with the inclusion of scalar unparticle contribution: the scaling dimension d u, the new couplings, the energy scale. These parameters should be restricted by respecting the current experimental measurements and some theoretical considerations. First, we choose the scaling dimension d u in the range 3 1 < d u < 2. The scalar unparticles appear in the loops with the following new couplings in the framework of the effective theory: the U l l couplings λ ij, the U Z Z couplings λ, λ Z see eqs. 4, 5 and Fig. 1. For the U l l couplings we consider that the diagonal ones λ ii are aware of flavor, λ ττ > λ µµ > λ ee and the off diagonal couplings λ ij are flavor blind, λ ij = κλ ee with κ < 1. In our numerical calculations, we choose κ =.5. On the other hand, the possible tree level U Z Z interaction see eqs. 5 is induced by new couplings λ and λ Z see eq. 5 and, for these couplings, we choose the range Finally, we take the energy scale of the order of TeV. Notice that throughout our calculations we use the input values given in Table 1. Fig. 2 represents the BR Z e + e with respect to the scale parameter d u, for the couplings λ µµ =.1, λ ττ = 1, λ ij =.5 λ ee, i j and λ = λ Z =.1. Here the solid dashed straight line represents the QED corrected SM the experimental 4 BR. On the other hand the left-right solid 5 dashed, short dashed curves represent the BR including the scalar unparticle 3 Here, d u > 1 is due to the non-integrable singularities in the decay rate [21] and d u < 2 is due to the convergence of the integrals [23]. 4 For the experimental values of the BRs we use the numerical values which are obtained by adding the experimental uncertainties to the mean values. 5 The solid lines almost coincide. 7

9 m e m µ m τ Γ Tot Z Parameter Value.5 GeV.16 GeV 1.78 GeV 2.49 GeV s 2 W.23 α EM 1/129 BR SM Z ee.3346 BR SM Z µµ.3346 BR SM Z ττ.3338 Table 1: The values of the input parameters used in the numerical calculations. contribution, for the energy scale Λ u = 1 TeV -Λ u = 1. TeV, λ ee =.1.5,.1. The BR is sensitive to the scale d u for its values near to one and the experimental result is obtained in the case that the parameter d u has the values d u 1.2, for the numerical values of the coupling λ ee.1. The scalar unparticle contribution to the BR is negligible for larger d u values. Fig. 3 shows the BR Z µ + µ with respect to the scale parameter d u, for the couplings λ ee =.1, λ ττ = 1, λ ij =.5, i j and λ = λ Z =.1. Here the solid dashed straight line represents the QED corrected SM the experimental BR and the left-right solid 6 dashed, short dashed curves represent the BR including the scalar unparticle contribution, for the energy scale Λ u = 1 TeV -Λ u = 1. TeV λ µµ =.1.5, 1.. Similar to the Z e + e decay the BR is sensitive to the scale d u for its values near to one and the experimental result is obtained for the range of the parameter d u, d u 1.15, for the numerical values of the coupling λ µµ 1.. The BR is not sensitive the scalar unparticle contribution for larger values of d u. In Fig. 4, we present the BR Z τ + τ with respect to the scale parameter d u, for the couplings λ ee =.1, λ µµ =.1, λ ij =.5, i j and λ = λ Z =.1. Here the solid dashed straight line represents the QED corrected SM the experimental BR and the left-right solid dashed, short dashed curves represent the BR including the scalar unparticle contribution, for the energy scale Λ u = 1 TeV -Λ u = 1. TeV λ ττ = 1. 5., 1. The addition of the scalar unparticle effect causes that the BR reaches to the experimental result for d u It is observed that the scalar unparticle effect results in that the BR becomes smaller than the SM result for the range 1.25 d u 1.7. This is due to the mixing terms of the SM and the unparticle contributions. In Figs. 5 6, 7 we present the BR Z e + e BR Z µ + µ, BR Z τ + τ with 6 The solid lines almost coincide. 8

10 respect to the couplings λ, for different values of the scale parameter d u. Here the solid dashed straight line represents the QED corrected SM the experimental BR. In Fig.5 the lower-upper solid dashed curves represent the BR with respect to λ = λ ee where λ µµ = 1 λ, λ ττ = 1 λ, λ ij =.5 λ, λ = λ Z = 1λ, for Λ u = 1 TeV -Λ u = 1. TeV, d u = 1.1 d u = 1.1. It is observed that the experimental result is reached for the numerical values of the scale parameter d u not greater than 1.1 for the coupling λ >.65. In Fig.6 the lower-upper solid the lowerupper dashed, the lower-upper short dashed curves represents the BR with respect to λ = λ µµ where λ ee =.1 λ, λ ττ = 1 λ, λ ij =.5 λ, λ = λ Z = λ, for Λ u = 1 TeV -Λ u = 1. TeV d u = 1.1 Λ u = 1 TeV -Λ u = 1. TeV d u = 1.2, Λ u = 1. TeV -Λ u = 1 TeV d u = 1.3. The experimental result is obtained for d u 1.1 and for the coupling λ >.5 in the case that the energy scale is of the order of Λ u = 1. TeV. In Fig.7 the lower-upper solid the lower-upper dashed, the lower-upper short dashed curves represent the BR with respect to λ = λ ττ where λ ee =.1 λ, λ µµ =.1 λ, λ ij =.5 λ, λ = λ Z =.1 λ, for Λ u = 1 TeV -Λ u = 1. TeV d u = 1.1 Λ u = 1 TeV -Λ u = 1. TeV d u = 1.2, Λ u = 1. TeV -Λ u = 1 TeV d u = 1.3. In this decay the experimental result is obtained for d u 1.2 and for the coupling λ > 2.5 in the case that the energy scale is of the order of Λ u = 1. TeV. For d u 1.1 the experimental result is reached even for small couplings, λ < 1.. As a summary, the LFC Z boson decays are sensitive to the unparticle scaling dimension d u for its small values. The experimental result of the BR is obtained for the parameter d u < 1.2 for heavy lepton flavor output and the discrepancy between QED corrected SM result and the experimental one can be explained by the scalar unparicle effect. This may be a clue for the existence of unparticles and informative in the determination of the scaling parameter d u. For light flavor output one needs to choose the parameter d u near to one and, for the values of d u which are slightly far from one, the discrepancy between QED corrected SM result and the experimental can not be explained by the unparticle contribution. Therefore, with the forthcoming more accurate measurements of the decays under consideration, especially the one with heavy lepton flavor output, it would be possible to test the possible signals coming from the unparticle physics 9

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13 Figure 1: One loop diagrams contribute to Z l + l decay with scalar unparticle mediator. Solid line represents the lepton field: i represents the internal lepton, l l + outgoing lepton anti lepton, wavy line the Z boson field, double dashed line the unparticle field. 12

14 BR d u Figure 2: The scale parameter d u dependence of the BR Z e + e for Λ u = 1 TeV, λ ee =.1, λ µµ =.1, λ ττ = 1, λ ij =.5, i j and λ = λ Z =.1. The solid dashed straight line represents the SM experimental BR and the left-right solid dashed, short dashed curves represent the BR including the scalar unparticle contribution, for the energy scale Λ u = 1 TeV -Λ u = 1. TeV λ e =.1.5,.1. 13

15 BR d u Figure 3: The scale parameter d u dependence of the BR Z µ + µ for λ ee =.1, λ ττ = 1, λ ij =.5, i j and λ = λ Z =.1. The solid dashed straight line represents the SM experimental BR and the left-right solid dashed, short dashed curves represent the BR including the scalar unparticle contribution, for the energy scale Λ u = 1 TeV -Λ u = 1. TeV λ µµ =.1.5,

16 BR d u Figure 4: The scale parameter d u dependence of the BR Z τ + τ for λ ee =.1, λ µµ =.1, λ ij =.5, i j and λ = λ Z =.1. The solid dashed straight line represents the SM experimental BR and the left-right solid dashed, short dashed curves represent the BR including the scalar unparticle contribution, for the energy scale Λ u = 1 TeV -Λ u = 1. TeV λ ττ = 1. 5., 1. 15

17 BR λ Figure 5: The coupling λ dependence of the BR Z e + e. The solid dashed straight line represents the SM experimental BR and the lower-upper solid dashed curve represents the BR with respect to λ = λ ee where λ µµ = 1 λ, λ ττ = 1 λ, λ ij =.5 λ, λ = λ Z = 1 λ, for Λ u = 1 TeV -Λ u = 1. TeV d u = 1.1 d u =

18 BR λ Figure 6: The coupling λ dependence of the BR Z µ + µ. The solid dashed straight line represents the SM experimental BR and the lower-upper solid the lower-upper dashed, the lower-upper short dashed curve represents the BR with respect to λ = λ µµ where λ ee =.1 λ, λ ττ = 1 λ, λ ij =.5 λ, λ = λ Z = λ, for Λ u = 1 TeV -Λ u = 1. TeV d u = 1.1 Λ u = 1 TeV - Λ u = 1. TeV d u = 1.2, Λ u = 1. TeV -Λ u = 1 TeV d u =

19 BR λ Figure 7: The coupling λ dependence of the BR Z τ + τ. The solid dashed straight line represents the SM experimental BR and the lower-upper solid the lower-upper dashed, the lower-upper short dashed curve represents the BR with respect to λ = λ ττ where λ ee =.1 λ, λ µµ =.1 λ, λ ij =.5 λ, λ =.1 λ, for Λ u = 1 TeV -Λ u = 1. TeV d u = 1.1 Λ u = 1 TeV - Λ u = 1. TeV d u = 1.2, Λ u = 1. TeV -Λ u = 1 TeV d u =