Quantum Signal Processing and Non-Orthogonal State Detection
|
|
- Emery Fletcher
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Sesors & Trasducers Vol. 60 Issue December 03 pp Sesors & Trasducers 03 by IFSA Quatum Sigal Processig ad o-orthogoal State Detectio Webi YU Baoyu ZHEG Shegmei ZHAO Istitute of Sigal Processig ad Trasmissio ajig Uiversity of Posts ad Telecommuicatios ajig 0003 Chia Tel.: fax: Received: September 03 /Accepted: 5 ovember 03 /Published: 3 December 03 Abstract: Quatum state sigal for most time is o-orthogoal sigal; it s ot fit to applyig the classical sigal processig methods to their sigal aalyzig ad estimatig. I accordace with this we discussed a basic model for pure quatum sigal processig. By combiig the least-squares estimatio ad Positive-Operator- Valued Measure we furthermore developed a ovel quatum detectio method for o-orthogoal state sigal. The simulatio test result i additio verified its effectiveess. Copyright 03 IFSA. Keywords: Sigal processig Quatum detectio o-orthogoal state Least-square estimatio POVM.. Itroductio The quatum sigal processig (QSP) cocept is itroduced by Eldar i article [ ] yet he barely discussed this framewor of sigal processig with a view o the algorithm of classic sigal processig (CSP). The classical sigals are orthogoal states as a special case of quatum sigal while most quatum state sigals are o-orthogoal states [9-]. The detectig method of o-orthogoal states is show i paper [3 4]. Paper [5] itroduced the Positive- Operator-Valued Measure (POVM) of quatum states. To detectig quatum sigal effectively we focus o the problem of pure quatum sigal processig. I this paper Sectio describes this model sectio 3 discusses the least-squares estimatio for quatum sigals. Sectio 4 surveys the detectio of oorthogoal state sigal usig the least-square estimatio ad POVM. Sectio 5 presets the umerical results.. Quatum Sigal Processig.. The Model of Quatum Sigal Processig I order to build a framewor of QSP we redefie the quatum sigal little differetly from the classic sigal. The descriptio of classic sigal (here refers to discrete time sigal) is ow as the time series a i i the Hilbert space l while i the case of quatum mechaics the descriptio of quatum sigal series is i () where i is the desity operator of quatum bits (-qubits) ad is the ifiite dimesio space which is a tesor product of etire the -dimesioal uitary spaces. Therefore i ca Article umber P_654 54
2 Sesors & Trasducers Vol. 60 Issue December 03 pp be cosidered as a quatum sigal series i this tesor space. The defiitio of the quatum sigal eables us to propose the framewor of QSP. As is illustrated i Fig. both the iput ad the output sigal are the classical sigals. But the erel of the QSP procedure is the quatum system. Cosequetly the sigals eed to be trasformed ito quatum sigals. Classic Sigal Quatum Sigal Quatum Sigal Classic Sigal Modulus System Quatum System Measuremet Fig.. The QSP model. Meawhile to process classic sigal of macroworld system with quatum mechaics a approach of sigal modulatio is eeded to trasform sigal from classic to quatum. Ad a quatum measuremet must be tae o the last step of the QSP procedure so that outcome iformatio ca be read by the macro world. I case that both iput ad output are classic sigal QSP ca provide the advatages of parallel computig which is exactly the purpose of quatum computatio. As a example the quatum algorithm of large umber factorizatio proposed by Shor has wo more improvemet o the calculatio efficiecy tha the covetioal algorithm of classic does [5-8]... Trasform for Quatum System To stress out our study of quatum sigal trasform the modulatio of classic sigal ad the quatum measuremet are ot icluded i the followig discussio. The the trasform which describes the quatum system i mathematics is showed up. For a iput series i of a quatum system assume the output series to be i. If for each i the quatum system does t cause the correlatio ' betwee i ad j i j that is the output i ' ad j still remai idepedet with each other the we ca give a equatio of the relatioship betwee iput ad output sigal accordig to the quatum operatios formalism [5]. tr U U ' i i ev i ev. () Yet a geeral quatum system will cause the associatio of the iput sigal elemets which maes the states of every elemet etagled. I this case the quatum system should be preseted by U which is the operator o the discrete ifiite dimesioal space. Let matrix is i be the iput series so the desity 0 (3) The the desity matrix of output series is ' tr ev U ev U. As ca be see the states of every elemet of output series have already etagled..3. Frequecy Domai Trasform of Quatum Sigal As we have metioed above the quatum sigal essetially is the tesor i Hilbert space. There is still a problem that the choice of differet basis results i differet represetatio of the tesor. Ad QSP also has the similar trasform as frequecy domai (FD) trasform i the field of CSP. Cocerig the quatum discrete Fourier trasform of pure states j / j e 0 (4) as j refers to the basis state ad for the geeral states we have where x j y j j0 0 y j/ xje j0. 54
3 Sesors & Trasducers Vol. 60 Issue December 03 pp Quatum discrete Fourier trasform is a ey part of quatum algorithm such as large umber factorizatio ad may other iterestig quatum algorithms. Ad oe of its importat roles is phase estimatio that ca approximate the eigevalues of uitary operator o some specified occasios [7]. But here trasformig quatum sigal from time domai (TD) to the FD is its aother importat applicatio. I order to get the formalism of this trasform we eed to exted the cocept of pure states to mixed states. For the quatum series the tesor i Hilbert space is expressed as ad its basis is R The let R i i i. i 0 decomposed upo the tesor basis we ca get j0 x R j j. Cosequetly the correspodig quatum discrete Fourier trasform is here x R y R j j j0 0 y j/ xje j0 (5) ad yr is the outcome of the trasform. With 0 this quatum FD trasform the quatum liear filter that is able to separate quatum sigals which is mixed i TD but idepedet i FD ca be possibly realized. 3. Least-Squares Estimatio of Quatum Sigal I the field of CSP there is a problem of the least-squares (LS) estimatio of Wieer filter which ca estimate the sigal that eeds detectio. oe the less i the field of QSP the same problem still exists: how to subtract the idispesable sigal we eed from the iput series. As respects we ll give a optimal estimatio of the quatum sigal i the LS sese below. X S V Fig.. Optimal LS estimatio of quatum sigal. H As is show i Fig. assume X S V S is the iput quatum sigal ad S V 0 l0 here ad l stad for the desity matrices of oe qubit. We hope that the quatum sigal become S after it goes through the filter H ad its elemet S is the correct estimatio of S o the criterio of LS. It meas to miimize e S S as much as possible. ote that S S are the th elemets of tesor S ad S respectively ad. Therefore it s a evidet result that E e mi. By the priciple of orthogoal projectio it meas that etire e are orthogoal with ad S HX HX h X i i i0 l (6) where HX is the liear combiatio of X i. So etire e must be orthogoal with all the X i i which case we have E ex i =0 i 0. (7) Accordig to equatio (3.) there are a group of equatios i0 where RXX i j h R i j R ( j) i XX SX j 0 (8) is the autocorrelated fuctio of X ad RSX ( j) is the cross-correlated fuctio for S ad X. I this way ca we get the last elemets of H. Ad repeatig this step the all elemets of H ca be obtaied. Obviously the matrix H we obtaied usig this method complies to the axiomatic stadards for quatum operatios [5]. 543
4 Sesors & Trasducers Vol. 60 Issue December 03 pp ) Let H ormalized the tr H ay. 0 for p ) It s easy to prove that for ay probability i by the liear property of tesor H H p ph i i i i i i. 3) H is completely positive-defiite. Due to the basic priciple of quatum operatios either H is a uitary operator itself or the joit operator is uitary after the additioal expasio o the H system. Therefore the quatum trasform of LS estimatio ca be physically realized. Usig the result of quatum LS estimatio it s easy to fid that whe V is the quatum oise of a system as log as the iformatio for autocorrelatio ad cross-correlatio be available we will be able to costruct the optimal quatum filter i the LS sese so as to resist the quatum oise pollutio. Ad this method of QSP provides us with a distict approach to deal with the quatum oise i cotrast with the quatum error-correctig code which is vital for the realizatio of quatum computer ad reliable quatum commuicatio system. It should be metioed that i terms of sigle qubit its probability amplitude which is a complexvalued umber cotais its etire iformatio. So LS criterio ca be applied to the estimatio of probability amplitude. But the liear correlated fuctio is supposed to reveal the part of the etire iformatio for the qubit s probability amplitude. Therefore high-level correlatio should be more sigificat o the estimatio of complex-valued sigals tha the real-valued. Meawhile i terms of QSP itroducig high-level correlated fuctio may possibly improve the accuracy of the quatum sigal estimatio. 4. The Optimum Detectio for o- Orthogoal State Sigal 4.. Use Least-Square Filter to Estimate Uow o-orthogoal State Sigals We too the biary o-orthogoal sigal as the sample the OOK (O-Off Keyig) sigal is referred here geerally. H0 : 0 H : H 0 ad H deotig absece ad presece of sigal. They tae the state 0 ad the state as the sigal carrier i tur. The the POVM operator for OOK sigal ca be described as follows [0]: E E / / e 0 0 e / e e / / 0 e 0 e / e e E3 I E E. After the measuremet if the cosequeces tur out to be E the the source sigal is cofirmed to be H if it tur out to be E the source should be H 0 ad if the cosequeces is as E 3 the origi state of the sigal is uow. For the case of E 3 as the measuremet result the origi state of the sigal will be affirmed by the least-square estimatio. Simultaeously the error probability (the measuremet outcome is E 3) is Pe e / (9) where stads for the average eergy of sigals. Let L bits sigal sequece passig by the POVM assume m bits get the correct outcome ad L-m elemets get the false results. We ca give the estimatio of the L-m elemets by the m correct bits usig least-square filterig. The filter is desiged with FIR (Fiite Impulse Respose) its impulse respose vector is Let h [ h 0 h h m ] T. T P E X s R E XX s is the uow sigal that is to be estimated X s s s i i im plays for a vector whose elemets are m ow sigals R is the auto-correlatio fuctio of the source which is a m* m matrix. Accordig to equatio P Rh h R P - so the uow sigal estimatio is ad its least-square error is mi T s hx T E s PR P. T 544
5 Sesors & Trasducers Vol. 60 Issue December 03 pp The Boud of Bit Error Probability for Combiig POVM ad Least-Square Estimatio (CPLSE) The estimatio error is primarily decided by the auto-correlatio fuctio of the sigal sequece ad the positio of the elemets which to be estimated i the sequece. Cocerig the auto-correlatio fuctio of the geeral sigal is a atteuatio fuctio we ca cosequetly give the upper ad lower boud of the estimatio error. For this istace let s assume s s s s s m m L be a sigal sequece s to s m are the ow sigals sm to s L are the uow sigals. Of all the estimatio cosequeces s L has a maximum value of the least-square error. Ad i the sigal sequece s sb sb sbm/ sbm/ s s s bm/ bm L where sb to sb m/ ad sb m/ to sb m sigifies the ow sigal the sb m/ sigifies the midst uow sigal ad the rests symbolize the remaiig uow sigals. Sigal sb m/ therefore will have the miimum value of least-square error. Obviously whe the sigal to be estimated lies i the most distat place with the ow sigal it has the maximum value of least-square estimatio error while the oe stads the midst of the ow sigals has the miimum value of estimatio error withstadig that the ow sigals are all adjacet with each other. ext we ll derive the maximum ad miimum bit error probability. As the bit error probability ca be derived from least-square error approximately we have: mi s s P s s s s s is the real value of the sigal s is the estimatio value P represets for the error probability of s s s s. From equatio 0.5 / P 00.5 / P mi ss0.5 ss0.5 we get 0.65P 0.5P P s s 0.5 s 0.5 s ss0.5 mi 0.5 taig the priciple of the least-square error ito cosideratio the error probability is P s s. 0.5 The the bit error probability is betwee the maximum value of least-square error ad the miimum value of least-square error that is mi_ lower 0.5 Pe _ bit mi_ upper 0.5. (0) 5. umerical Results I this sectio we mae umerical aalysis to verify above results. Firstly assume the average eergy to be 5. Secodly the auto-correlatio fuctio of source sigals is set to be R j j e j 4 which is show i Fig. 3. Fially the error probability of the POVM detectio as well as the error probability of the CPLSE are calculated with (9) ad (0). R(j-) j- Fig. 3. Auto-correlatio fuctio of the sigal sequece. Fig. 4 is the bit error probability varyig with the iput sigal sequece legth we set 5 L varies from 50 to 500 the outcome tur to be straight lie the POVM detectio get the error probability of more tha 0.08 while the CPLSE detectio gets the error probability betwee 0.0 ad 0.0. Bit Error Probability CPLSE Lower Boud CPLSE Upper Boud POVM Sigal Sequece Legth Fig. 4. Bit Error Probability of sigal varyig with the sequece legth L. 545
6 Sesors & Trasducers Vol. 60 Issue December 03 pp I the case as i Fig. 5 we set L 00 ad varies from 3 to 0. From the results we ca see that with the sigal power icreasig the bit error probability decrease promptly which tae o a expoetial decay. Log Value of Bit Error Probability CPLSE Upper Boud CPLSE Lower Boud POVM Average Eegy of Sigals Fig. 5. Bit Error Probability of sigal sequece varyig with. It s easy to see from all the above figures ad results that the CPLSE method is able to reduce the bit error probability efficietly ad thus improves the performace of coheret-state sigal detectio. 6. Coclusios I this paper we preset the mathematical model of quatum sigal processig. These basic wors eable us to get the optimal LS estimatio of quatum sigal. O this basis the POVM operators ad the average bit error probability for oorthogoal state sigal are deducted. Combiig the least-square error theory we proposed the CPLSE method which reduced the bit error probability ad improved the performace of detectio. Quatum trasform ad the realizatio of quatum filter alog with the quatum system aalysis will be the future wor. Refereces []. Y. C. Eldar A. V. Oppeheim Quatum sigal processig Sigal Processig Vol. 9 Issue 6 00 pp. -3. []. Y. C. Eldar Quatum sigal processig Dissertatio Mass Istitute Techology 00. [3]. V. A. Vilrotter ad C.-W. Lau Quatum detectio of biary ad terary sigals i the presece of thermal oise fields The Iterplaetary etwor Progress Report IP PR 4-5 Jet Propulsio Laboratory Califoria Istitute of Techology October-December 00 pp. -3. [4]. Victor A. Vilrotter Quatum receiver for distiguishig betwee biary coheret-state sigals with partitioed-iterval detectio ad costatitesity local lasers The Iterplaetary etwor Progress Report Vol Jet Propulsio Laboratory Califoria Istitute of Techology May 5 0 pp.. [5]. M. A. ielse I. L. Chuag Quatum computatio ad quatum iformatio Cambridge Uiversity Press Cambridge 000. [6]. Guagca Guo Tao Guo Tie Zheg Quatum computer Quatum Optics Trasactio Vol. 3 Issue 997 pp. -4. [7]. M. Broos Quatum computig ad commuicatio Spriger-Verlag Berli Heidelberg 999. [8]. P. W. Shor Polyomial time algorithms for prime factorizatio ad discrete logarithms o a quatum computer SIAM Joural of Computer Vol. 6 Issue pp [9]. R. P. Feyma R. B. Leighto M. Sads The Feyma lectures o physics Addiso-Wesley 965. [0]. R. P. Feyma Simulatig physics with computers Iteratioal Joural of Theoretical Physics Vol. Issue 6/7 98 pp []. P. A. M. Dirac The priciples of quatum mechaics 4 th editio Oxford Uiversity Press Oxford 958. []. Y. C. Eldar A. V. Oppeheim D. Egor Orthogoal ad projected orthogoal matched filter detectio Sigal Processig Vol. 84 Issue pp Copyright Iteratioal Frequecy Sesor Associatio (IFSA). All rights reserved. ( 546
Warped, Chirp Z-Transform: Radar Signal Processing
arped, Chirp Z-Trasform: Radar Sigal Processig by Garimella Ramamurthy Report o: IIIT/TR// Cetre for Commuicatios Iteratioal Istitute of Iformatio Techology Hyderabad - 5 3, IDIA Jauary ARPED, CHIRP Z
More informationDiscrete-Time Systems, LTI Systems, and Discrete-Time Convolution
EEL5: Discrete-Time Sigals ad Systems. Itroductio I this set of otes, we begi our mathematical treatmet of discrete-time s. As show i Figure, a discrete-time operates or trasforms some iput sequece x [
More informationFrequency Response of FIR Filters
EEL335: Discrete-Time Sigals ad Systems. Itroductio I this set of otes, we itroduce the idea of the frequecy respose of LTI systems, ad focus specifically o the frequecy respose of FIR filters.. Steady-state
More informationECE-S352 Introduction to Digital Signal Processing Lecture 3A Direct Solution of Difference Equations
ECE-S352 Itroductio to Digital Sigal Processig Lecture 3A Direct Solutio of Differece Equatios Discrete Time Systems Described by Differece Equatios Uit impulse (sample) respose h() of a DT system allows
More informationInformation-based Feature Selection
Iformatio-based Feature Selectio Farza Faria, Abbas Kazeroui, Afshi Babveyh Email: {faria,abbask,afshib}@staford.edu 1 Itroductio Feature selectio is a topic of great iterest i applicatios dealig with
More informationThe DOA Estimation of Multiple Signals based on Weighting MUSIC Algorithm
, pp.10-106 http://dx.doi.org/10.1457/astl.016.137.19 The DOA Estimatio of ultiple Sigals based o Weightig USIC Algorithm Chagga Shu a, Yumi Liu State Key Laboratory of IPOC, Beijig Uiversity of Posts
More informationIntroduction to Signals and Systems, Part V: Lecture Summary
EEL33: Discrete-Time Sigals ad Systems Itroductio to Sigals ad Systems, Part V: Lecture Summary Itroductio to Sigals ad Systems, Part V: Lecture Summary So far we have oly looked at examples of o-recursive
More informationOrthogonal Gaussian Filters for Signal Processing
Orthogoal Gaussia Filters for Sigal Processig Mark Mackezie ad Kiet Tieu Mechaical Egieerig Uiversity of Wollogog.S.W. Australia Abstract A Gaussia filter usig the Hermite orthoormal series of fuctios
More informationQuantum Simulation: Solving Schrödinger Equation on a Quantum Computer
Purdue Uiversity Purdue e-pubs Birc Poster Sessios Birc Naotechology Ceter 4-14-008 Quatum Simulatio: Solvig Schrödiger Equatio o a Quatum Computer Hefeg Wag Purdue Uiversity, wag10@purdue.edu Sabre Kais
More informationChapter 7: The z-transform. Chih-Wei Liu
Chapter 7: The -Trasform Chih-Wei Liu Outlie Itroductio The -Trasform Properties of the Regio of Covergece Properties of the -Trasform Iversio of the -Trasform The Trasfer Fuctio Causality ad Stability
More informationEE / EEE SAMPLE STUDY MATERIAL. GATE, IES & PSUs Signal System. Electrical Engineering. Postal Correspondence Course
Sigal-EE Postal Correspodece Course 1 SAMPLE STUDY MATERIAL Electrical Egieerig EE / EEE Postal Correspodece Course GATE, IES & PSUs Sigal System Sigal-EE Postal Correspodece Course CONTENTS 1. SIGNAL
More informationLast time, we talked about how Equation (1) can simulate Equation (2). We asserted that Equation (2) can also simulate Equation (1).
6896 Quatum Complexity Theory Sept 23, 2008 Lecturer: Scott Aaroso Lecture 6 Last Time: Quatum Error-Correctio Quatum Query Model Deutsch-Jozsa Algorithm (Computes x y i oe query) Today: Berstei-Vazirii
More informationLainiotis filter implementation. via Chandrasekhar type algorithm
Joural of Computatios & Modellig, vol.1, o.1, 2011, 115-130 ISSN: 1792-7625 prit, 1792-8850 olie Iteratioal Scietific Press, 2011 Laiiotis filter implemetatio via Chadrasehar type algorithm Nicholas Assimais
More informationFormation of A Supergain Array and Its Application in Radar
Formatio of A Supergai Array ad ts Applicatio i Radar Tra Cao Quye, Do Trug Kie ad Bach Gia Duog. Research Ceter for Electroic ad Telecommuicatios, College of Techology (Coltech, Vietam atioal Uiversity,
More informationDigital Signal Processing, Fall 2006
Digital Sigal Processig, Fall 26 Lecture 1: Itroductio, Discrete-time sigals ad systems Zheg-Hua Ta Departmet of Electroic Systems Aalborg Uiversity, Demark zt@kom.aau.dk 1 Part I: Itroductio Itroductio
More information577. Estimation of surface roughness using high frequency vibrations
577. Estimatio of surface roughess usig high frequecy vibratios V. Augutis, M. Sauoris, Kauas Uiversity of Techology Electroics ad Measuremets Systems Departmet Studetu str. 5-443, LT-5368 Kauas, Lithuaia
More informationDiscrete-Time Signals and Systems. Signals and Systems. Digital Signals. Discrete-Time Signals. Operations on Sequences: Basic Operations
-6.3 Digital Sigal Processig ad Filterig..8 Discrete-ime Sigals ad Systems ime-domai Represetatios of Discrete-ime Sigals ad Systems ime-domai represetatio of a discrete-time sigal as a sequece of umbers
More informationSignal Processing in Mechatronics
Sigal Processig i Mechatroics Zhu K.P. AIS, UM. Lecture, Brief itroductio to Sigals ad Systems, Review of Liear Algebra ad Sigal Processig Related Mathematics . Brief Itroductio to Sigals What is sigal
More informationRademacher Complexity
EECS 598: Statistical Learig Theory, Witer 204 Topic 0 Rademacher Complexity Lecturer: Clayto Scott Scribe: Ya Deg, Kevi Moo Disclaimer: These otes have ot bee subjected to the usual scrutiy reserved for
More informationAn Introduction to Randomized Algorithms
A Itroductio to Radomized Algorithms The focus of this lecture is to study a radomized algorithm for quick sort, aalyze it usig probabilistic recurrece relatios, ad also provide more geeral tools for aalysis
More informationA statistical method to determine sample size to estimate characteristic value of soil parameters
A statistical method to determie sample size to estimate characteristic value of soil parameters Y. Hojo, B. Setiawa 2 ad M. Suzuki 3 Abstract Sample size is a importat factor to be cosidered i determiig
More informationCommutativity in Permutation Groups
Commutativity i Permutatio Groups Richard Wito, PhD Abstract I the group Sym(S) of permutatios o a oempty set S, fixed poits ad trasiet poits are defied Prelimiary results o fixed ad trasiet poits are
More informationOptimum LMSE Discrete Transform
Image Trasformatio Two-dimesioal image trasforms are extremely importat areas of study i image processig. The image output i the trasformed space may be aalyzed, iterpreted, ad further processed for implemetig
More informationStatistical Noise Models and Diagnostics
L. Yaroslavsky: Advaced Image Processig Lab: A Tutorial, EUSIPCO2 LECTURE 2 Statistical oise Models ad Diagostics 2. Statistical models of radom iterfereces: (i) Additive sigal idepedet oise model: r =
More informationMath 155 (Lecture 3)
Math 55 (Lecture 3) September 8, I this lecture, we ll cosider the aswer to oe of the most basic coutig problems i combiatorics Questio How may ways are there to choose a -elemet subset of the set {,,,
More informationComplex Algorithms for Lattice Adaptive IIR Notch Filter
4th Iteratioal Coferece o Sigal Processig Systems (ICSPS ) IPCSIT vol. 58 () () IACSIT Press, Sigapore DOI:.7763/IPCSIT..V58. Complex Algorithms for Lattice Adaptive IIR Notch Filter Hog Liag +, Nig Jia
More informationDirection of Arrival Estimation Method in Underdetermined Condition Zhang Youzhi a, Li Weibo b, Wang Hanli c
4th Iteratioal Coferece o Advaced Materials ad Iformatio Techology Processig (AMITP 06) Directio of Arrival Estimatio Method i Uderdetermied Coditio Zhag Youzhi a, Li eibo b, ag Hali c Naval Aeroautical
More informationQuantum Computing Lecture 7. Quantum Factoring
Quatum Computig Lecture 7 Quatum Factorig Maris Ozols Quatum factorig A polyomial time quatum algorithm for factorig umbers was published by Peter Shor i 1994. Polyomial time meas that the umber of gates
More informationThe Choquet Integral with Respect to Fuzzy-Valued Set Functions
The Choquet Itegral with Respect to Fuzzy-Valued Set Fuctios Weiwei Zhag Abstract The Choquet itegral with respect to real-valued oadditive set fuctios, such as siged efficiecy measures, has bee used i
More informationThe z-transform. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The z-transform Derivation of the z-transform: x[n] = z n LTI system, h[n] z = re j
The -Trasform 7. Itroductio Geeralie the complex siusoidal represetatio offered by DTFT to a represetatio of complex expoetial sigals. Obtai more geeral characteristics for discrete-time LTI systems. 7.
More informationEstimation of Backward Perturbation Bounds For Linear Least Squares Problem
dvaced Sciece ad Techology Letters Vol.53 (ITS 4), pp.47-476 http://dx.doi.org/.457/astl.4.53.96 Estimatio of Bacward Perturbatio Bouds For Liear Least Squares Problem Xixiu Li School of Natural Scieces,
More informationLinear Algebra Issues in Wireless Communications
Rome-Moscow school of Matrix Methods ad Applied Liear Algebra August 0 September 18, 016 Liear Algebra Issues i Wireless Commuicatios Russia Research Ceter [vladimir.lyashev@huawei.com] About me ead of
More informationChapter 2 Systems and Signals
Chapter 2 Systems ad Sigals 1 Itroductio Discrete-Time Sigals: Sequeces Discrete-Time Systems Properties of Liear Time-Ivariat Systems Liear Costat-Coefficiet Differece Equatios Frequecy-Domai Represetatio
More informationReliability and Queueing
Copyright 999 Uiversity of Califoria Reliability ad Queueig by David G. Messerschmitt Supplemetary sectio for Uderstadig Networked Applicatios: A First Course, Morga Kaufma, 999. Copyright otice: Permissio
More informationDiscrete-Time Signals and Systems. Discrete-Time Signals and Systems. Signal Symmetry. Elementary Discrete-Time Signals.
Discrete-ime Sigals ad Systems Discrete-ime Sigals ad Systems Dr. Deepa Kudur Uiversity of oroto Referece: Sectios. -.5 of Joh G. Proakis ad Dimitris G. Maolakis, Digital Sigal Processig: Priciples, Algorithms,
More information3. Z Transform. Recall that the Fourier transform (FT) of a DT signal xn [ ] is ( ) [ ] = In order for the FT to exist in the finite magnitude sense,
3. Z Trasform Referece: Etire Chapter 3 of text. Recall that the Fourier trasform (FT) of a DT sigal x [ ] is ω ( ) [ ] X e = j jω k = xe I order for the FT to exist i the fiite magitude sese, S = x [
More informationPractical Spectral Anaysis (continue) (from Boaz Porat s book) Frequency Measurement
Practical Spectral Aaysis (cotiue) (from Boaz Porat s book) Frequecy Measuremet Oe of the most importat applicatios of the DFT is the measuremet of frequecies of periodic sigals (eg., siusoidal sigals),
More informationELEC1200: A System View of Communications: from Signals to Packets Lecture 3
ELEC2: A System View of Commuicatios: from Sigals to Packets Lecture 3 Commuicatio chaels Discrete time Chael Modelig the chael Liear Time Ivariat Systems Step Respose Respose to sigle bit Respose to geeral
More informationFig. 2. Block Diagram of a DCS
Iformatio source Optioal Essetial From other sources Spread code ge. Format A/D Source ecode Ecrypt Auth. Chael ecode Pulse modu. Multiplex Badpass modu. Spread spectrum modu. X M m i Digital iput Digital
More informationOPTIMAL PIECEWISE UNIFORM VECTOR QUANTIZATION OF THE MEMORYLESS LAPLACIAN SOURCE
Joural of ELECTRICAL EGIEERIG, VOL. 56, O. 7-8, 2005, 200 204 OPTIMAL PIECEWISE UIFORM VECTOR QUATIZATIO OF THE MEMORYLESS LAPLACIA SOURCE Zora H. Perić Veljo Lj. Staović Alesadra Z. Jovaović Srdja M.
More informationSequences of Definite Integrals, Factorials and Double Factorials
47 6 Joural of Iteger Sequeces, Vol. 8 (5), Article 5.4.6 Sequeces of Defiite Itegrals, Factorials ad Double Factorials Thierry Daa-Picard Departmet of Applied Mathematics Jerusalem College of Techology
More informationSignal Processing. Lecture 02: Discrete Time Signals and Systems. Ahmet Taha Koru, Ph. D. Yildiz Technical University.
Sigal Processig Lecture 02: Discrete Time Sigals ad Systems Ahmet Taha Koru, Ph. D. Yildiz Techical Uiversity 2017-2018 Fall ATK (YTU) Sigal Processig 2017-2018 Fall 1 / 51 Discrete Time Sigals Discrete
More informationBasics of Probability Theory (for Theory of Computation courses)
Basics of Probability Theory (for Theory of Computatio courses) Oded Goldreich Departmet of Computer Sciece Weizma Istitute of Sciece Rehovot, Israel. oded.goldreich@weizma.ac.il November 24, 2008 Preface.
More informationDiscrete Orthogonal Moment Features Using Chebyshev Polynomials
Discrete Orthogoal Momet Features Usig Chebyshev Polyomials R. Mukuda, 1 S.H.Og ad P.A. Lee 3 1 Faculty of Iformatio Sciece ad Techology, Multimedia Uiversity 75450 Malacca, Malaysia. Istitute of Mathematical
More informationParallel Vector Algorithms David A. Padua
Parallel Vector Algorithms 1 of 32 Itroductio Next, we study several algorithms where parallelism ca be easily expressed i terms of array operatios. We will use Fortra 90 to represet these algorithms.
More informationThe Local Harmonious Chromatic Problem
The 7th Workshop o Combiatorial Mathematics ad Computatio Theory The Local Harmoious Chromatic Problem Yue Li Wag 1,, Tsog Wuu Li ad Li Yua Wag 1 Departmet of Iformatio Maagemet, Natioal Taiwa Uiversity
More informationStatistical Analysis on Uncertainty for Autocorrelated Measurements and its Applications to Key Comparisons
Statistical Aalysis o Ucertaity for Autocorrelated Measuremets ad its Applicatios to Key Comparisos Nie Fa Zhag Natioal Istitute of Stadards ad Techology Gaithersburg, MD 0899, USA Outlies. Itroductio.
More informationA Block Cipher Using Linear Congruences
Joural of Computer Sciece 3 (7): 556-560, 2007 ISSN 1549-3636 2007 Sciece Publicatios A Block Cipher Usig Liear Cogrueces 1 V.U.K. Sastry ad 2 V. Jaaki 1 Academic Affairs, Sreeidhi Istitute of Sciece &
More informationOn Orlicz N-frames. 1 Introduction. Renu Chugh 1,, Shashank Goel 2
Joural of Advaced Research i Pure Mathematics Olie ISSN: 1943-2380 Vol. 3, Issue. 1, 2010, pp. 104-110 doi: 10.5373/jarpm.473.061810 O Orlicz N-frames Reu Chugh 1,, Shashak Goel 2 1 Departmet of Mathematics,
More informationInvariability of Remainder Based Reversible Watermarking
Joural of Network Itelligece c 16 ISSN 21-8105 (Olie) Taiwa Ubiquitous Iformatio Volume 1, Number 1, February 16 Ivariability of Remaider Based Reversible Watermarkig Shao-Wei Weg School of Iformatio Egieerig
More informationMachine Learning Theory Tübingen University, WS 2016/2017 Lecture 11
Machie Learig Theory Tübige Uiversity, WS 06/07 Lecture Tolstikhi Ilya Abstract We will itroduce the otio of reproducig kerels ad associated Reproducig Kerel Hilbert Spaces (RKHS). We will cosider couple
More informationADVANCED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
ADVANCED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING COMP 3705 Exercise Usage-based Testig ad Reliability Versio 1.0-040406 Departmet of Computer Ssciece Sada Narayaappa, Aeliese Adrews Versio 1.1-050405 Departmet of Commuicatio
More informationRiesz-Fischer Sequences and Lower Frame Bounds
Zeitschrift für Aalysis ud ihre Aweduge Joural for Aalysis ad its Applicatios Volume 1 (00), No., 305 314 Riesz-Fischer Sequeces ad Lower Frame Bouds P. Casazza, O. Christese, S. Li ad A. Lider Abstract.
More informationChapter 6 Infinite Series
Chapter 6 Ifiite Series I the previous chapter we cosidered itegrals which were improper i the sese that the iterval of itegratio was ubouded. I this chapter we are goig to discuss a topic which is somewhat
More informationBER results for a narrowband multiuser receiver based on successive subtraction for M-PSK modulated signals
results for a arrowbad multiuser receiver based o successive subtractio for M-PSK modulated sigals Gerard J.M. Jasse Telecomm. ad Traffic-Cotrol Systems Group Dept. of Iformatio Techology ad Systems Delft
More informationA New Class of Ternary Zero Correlation Zone Sequence Sets Based on Mutually Orthogonal Complementary Sets
IOSR Joural of Electroics ad Commuicatio Egieerig (IOSR-JECE) e-issn: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 0, Issue 3, Ver. I (May - Ju.205), PP 08-3 www.iosrjourals.org A New Class of Terary Zero Correlatio
More informationSeed and Sieve of Odd Composite Numbers with Applications in Factorization of Integers
IOSR Joural of Mathematics (IOSR-JM) e-issn: 78-578, p-issn: 319-75X. Volume 1, Issue 5 Ver. VIII (Sep. - Oct.01), PP 01-07 www.iosrjourals.org Seed ad Sieve of Odd Composite Numbers with Applicatios i
More informationADVANCED DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
ADVANCED DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING PROF. S. C. CHAN (email : sccha@eee.hku.hk, Rm. CYC-702) DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS MULTI-DIMENSIONAL SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS RANDOM PROCESSES AND APPLICATIONS ADAPTIVE
More information1.0 Probability of Error for non-coherent BFSK
Probability of Error, Digital Sigalig o a Fadig Chael Ad Equalizatio Schemes for ISI Wireless Commuicatios echologies Sprig 5 Lectures & R Departmet of Electrical Egieerig, Rutgers Uiversity, Piscataway,
More informationA widely used display of protein shapes is based on the coordinates of the alpha carbons - - C α
Nice plottig of proteis: I A widely used display of protei shapes is based o the coordiates of the alpha carbos - - C α -s. The coordiates of the C α -s are coected by a cotiuous curve that roughly follows
More informationLINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS. MODULE IX Lecture Multicollinearity
LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS MODULE IX Lecture - 9 Multicolliearity Dr Shalabh Departmet of Mathematics ad Statistics Idia Istitute of Techology Kapur Multicolliearity diagostics A importat questio that
More informationA Note on the Symmetric Powers of the Standard Representation of S n
A Note o the Symmetric Powers of the Stadard Represetatio of S David Savitt 1 Departmet of Mathematics, Harvard Uiversity Cambridge, MA 0138, USA dsavitt@mathharvardedu Richard P Staley Departmet of Mathematics,
More informationNew Exponential Strengthening Buffer Operators and Numerical Simulation
Sesors & Trasducers, Vol. 59, Issue, November 0, pp. 7-76 Sesors & Trasducers 0 by IFSA http://www.sesorsportal.com New Expoetial Stregtheig Buffer Operators ad Numerical Simulatio Cuifeg Li, Huajie Ye,
More information7. Modern Techniques. Data Encryption Standard (DES)
7. Moder Techiques. Data Ecryptio Stadard (DES) The objective of this chapter is to illustrate the priciples of moder covetioal ecryptio. For this purpose, we focus o the most widely used covetioal ecryptio
More informationJournal of Multivariate Analysis. Superefficient estimation of the marginals by exploiting knowledge on the copula
Joural of Multivariate Aalysis 102 (2011) 1315 1319 Cotets lists available at ScieceDirect Joural of Multivariate Aalysis joural homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jmva Superefficiet estimatio of the margials
More informationSection 11.8: Power Series
Sectio 11.8: Power Series 1. Power Series I this sectio, we cosider geeralizig the cocept of a series. Recall that a series is a ifiite sum of umbers a. We ca talk about whether or ot it coverges ad i
More informationCOMPUTING THE EULER S CONSTANT: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF ALGORITHMS AND RESULTS
COMPUTING THE EULER S CONSTANT: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF ALGORITHMS AND RESULTS GONÇALO MORAIS Abstract. We preted to give a broad overview of the algorithms used to compute the Euler s costat. Four type
More informationSensitivity Analysis of Daubechies 4 Wavelet Coefficients for Reduction of Reconstructed Image Error
Proceedigs of the 6th WSEAS Iteratioal Coferece o SIGNAL PROCESSING, Dallas, Texas, USA, March -4, 7 67 Sesitivity Aalysis of Daubechies 4 Wavelet Coefficiets for Reductio of Recostructed Image Error DEVINDER
More informationThe Method of Least Squares. To understand least squares fitting of data.
The Method of Least Squares KEY WORDS Curve fittig, least square GOAL To uderstad least squares fittig of data To uderstad the least squares solutio of icosistet systems of liear equatios 1 Motivatio Curve
More informationRun-length & Entropy Coding. Redundancy Removal. Sampling. Quantization. Perform inverse operations at the receiver EEE
Geeral e Image Coder Structure Motio Video (s 1,s 2,t) or (s 1,s 2 ) Natural Image Samplig A form of data compressio; usually lossless, but ca be lossy Redudacy Removal Lossless compressio: predictive
More informationMath 2784 (or 2794W) University of Connecticut
ORDERS OF GROWTH PAT SMITH Math 2784 (or 2794W) Uiversity of Coecticut Date: Mar. 2, 22. ORDERS OF GROWTH. Itroductio Gaiig a ituitive feel for the relative growth of fuctios is importat if you really
More informationa b c d e f g h Supplementary Information
Supplemetary Iformatio a b c d e f g h Supplemetary Figure S STM images show that Dark patters are frequetly preset ad ted to accumulate. (a) mv, pa, m ; (b) mv, pa, m ; (c) mv, pa, m ; (d) mv, pa, m ;
More informationPhysics 324, Fall Dirac Notation. These notes were produced by David Kaplan for Phys. 324 in Autumn 2001.
Physics 324, Fall 2002 Dirac Notatio These otes were produced by David Kapla for Phys. 324 i Autum 2001. 1 Vectors 1.1 Ier product Recall from liear algebra: we ca represet a vector V as a colum vector;
More informationFIR Filters. Lecture #7 Chapter 5. BME 310 Biomedical Computing - J.Schesser
FIR Filters Lecture #7 Chapter 5 8 What Is this Course All About? To Gai a Appreciatio of the Various Types of Sigals ad Systems To Aalyze The Various Types of Systems To Lear the Skills ad Tools eeded
More informationTENSOR PRODUCTS AND PARTIAL TRACES
Lecture 2 TENSOR PRODUCTS AND PARTIAL TRACES Stéphae ATTAL Abstract This lecture cocers special aspects of Operator Theory which are of much use i Quatum Mechaics, i particular i the theory of Quatum Ope
More informationFilter banks. Separately, the lowpass and highpass filters are not invertible. removes the highest frequency 1/ 2and
Filter bas Separately, the lowpass ad highpass filters are ot ivertible T removes the highest frequecy / ad removes the lowest frequecy Together these filters separate the sigal ito low-frequecy ad high-frequecy
More informationStructural Functionality as a Fundamental Property of Boolean Algebra and Base for Its Real-Valued Realizations
Structural Fuctioality as a Fudametal Property of Boolea Algebra ad Base for Its Real-Valued Realizatios Draga G. Radojević Uiversity of Belgrade, Istitute Mihajlo Pupi, Belgrade draga.radojevic@pupi.rs
More informationFirst, note that the LS residuals are orthogonal to the regressors. X Xb X y = 0 ( normal equations ; (k 1) ) So,
0 2. OLS Part II The OLS residuals are orthogoal to the regressors. If the model icludes a itercept, the orthogoality of the residuals ad regressors gives rise to three results, which have limited practical
More informationSequences A sequence of numbers is a function whose domain is the positive integers. We can see that the sequence
Sequeces A sequece of umbers is a fuctio whose domai is the positive itegers. We ca see that the sequece 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3,... is a fuctio from the positive itegers whe we write the first sequece elemet
More informationThe Discrete Fourier Transform
The iscrete Fourier Trasform The discrete-time Fourier trasform (TFT) of a sequece is a cotiuous fuctio of!, ad repeats with period. I practice we usually wat to obtai the Fourier compoets usig digital
More informationChapter 7 z-transform
Chapter 7 -Trasform Itroductio Trasform Uilateral Trasform Properties Uilateral Trasform Iversio of Uilateral Trasform Determiig the Frequecy Respose from Poles ad Zeros Itroductio Role i Discrete-Time
More informationECE 564/645 - Digital Communication Systems (Spring 2014) Final Exam Friday, May 2nd, 8:00-10:00am, Marston 220
ECE 564/645 - Digital Commuicatio Systems (Sprig 014) Fial Exam Friday, May d, 8:00-10:00am, Marsto 0 Overview The exam cosists of four (or five) problems for 100 (or 10) poits. The poits for each part
More informationC191 - Lecture 2 - Quantum states and observables
C191 - Lecture - Quatum states ad observables I ENTANGLED STATES We saw last time that quatum mechaics allows for systems to be i superpositios of basis states May of these superpositios possess a uiquely
More informationThe time evolution of the state of a quantum system is described by the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE): ( ) ( ) 2m "2 + V ( r,t) (1.
Adrei Tokmakoff, MIT Departmet of Chemistry, 2/13/2007 1-1 574 TIME-DEPENDENT QUANTUM MECHANICS 1 INTRODUCTION 11 Time-evolutio for time-idepedet Hamiltoias The time evolutio of the state of a quatum system
More informationOFDM Precoder for Minimizing BER Upper Bound of MLD under Imperfect CSI
MIMO-OFDM OFDM Precoder for Miimizig BER Upper Boud of MLD uder Imperfect CSI MCRG Joit Semiar Jue the th 008 Previously preseted at ICC 008 Beijig o May the st 008 Boosar Pitakdumrogkija Kazuhiko Fukawa
More informationDefinition 4.2. (a) A sequence {x n } in a Banach space X is a basis for X if. unique scalars a n (x) such that x = n. a n (x) x n. (4.
4. BASES I BAACH SPACES 39 4. BASES I BAACH SPACES Sice a Baach space X is a vector space, it must possess a Hamel, or vector space, basis, i.e., a subset {x γ } γ Γ whose fiite liear spa is all of X ad
More informationProbability, Expectation Value and Uncertainty
Chapter 1 Probability, Expectatio Value ad Ucertaity We have see that the physically observable properties of a quatum system are represeted by Hermitea operators (also referred to as observables ) such
More informationAnalysis of Deutsch-Jozsa Quantum Algorithm
Aalysis of Deutsch-Jozsa Quatum Algorithm Zhegju Cao Jeffrey Uhlma Lihua Liu 3 Abstract. Deutsch-Jozsa quatum algorithm is of great importace to quatum computatio. It directly ispired Shor s factorig algorithm.
More informationLinear Regression Demystified
Liear Regressio Demystified Liear regressio is a importat subject i statistics. I elemetary statistics courses, formulae related to liear regressio are ofte stated without derivatio. This ote iteds to
More informationA collocation method for singular integral equations with cosecant kernel via Semi-trigonometric interpolation
Iteratioal Joural of Mathematics Research. ISSN 0976-5840 Volume 9 Number 1 (017) pp. 45-51 Iteratioal Research Publicatio House http://www.irphouse.com A collocatio method for sigular itegral equatios
More informationFLOOR AND ROOF FUNCTION ANALOGS OF THE BELL NUMBERS. H. W. Gould Department of Mathematics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
INTEGERS: ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL NUMBER THEORY 7 (2007), #A58 FLOOR AND ROOF FUNCTION ANALOGS OF THE BELL NUMBERS H. W. Gould Departmet of Mathematics, West Virgiia Uiversity, Morgatow, WV
More informationGeometry of LS. LECTURE 3 GEOMETRY OF LS, PROPERTIES OF σ 2, PARTITIONED REGRESSION, GOODNESS OF FIT
OCTOBER 7, 2016 LECTURE 3 GEOMETRY OF LS, PROPERTIES OF σ 2, PARTITIONED REGRESSION, GOODNESS OF FIT Geometry of LS We ca thik of y ad the colums of X as members of the -dimesioal Euclidea space R Oe ca
More informationResearch Article A Unified Weight Formula for Calculating the Sample Variance from Weighted Successive Differences
Discrete Dyamics i Nature ad Society Article ID 210761 4 pages http://dxdoiorg/101155/2014/210761 Research Article A Uified Weight Formula for Calculatig the Sample Variace from Weighted Successive Differeces
More informationPreponderantly increasing/decreasing data in regression analysis
Croatia Operatioal Research Review 269 CRORR 7(2016), 269 276 Prepoderatly icreasig/decreasig data i regressio aalysis Darija Marković 1, 1 Departmet of Mathematics, J. J. Strossmayer Uiversity of Osijek,
More informationConfidence interval for the two-parameter exponentiated Gumbel distribution based on record values
Iteratioal Joural of Applied Operatioal Research Vol. 4 No. 1 pp. 61-68 Witer 2014 Joural homepage: www.ijorlu.ir Cofidece iterval for the two-parameter expoetiated Gumbel distributio based o record values
More informationMASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 6.265/15.070J Fall 2013 Lecture 2 9/9/2013. Large Deviations for i.i.d. Random Variables
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 6.265/15.070J Fall 2013 Lecture 2 9/9/2013 Large Deviatios for i.i.d. Radom Variables Cotet. Cheroff boud usig expoetial momet geeratig fuctios. Properties of a momet
More informationECON 3150/4150, Spring term Lecture 3
Itroductio Fidig the best fit by regressio Residuals ad R-sq Regressio ad causality Summary ad ext step ECON 3150/4150, Sprig term 2014. Lecture 3 Ragar Nymoe Uiversity of Oslo 21 Jauary 2014 1 / 30 Itroductio
More informationLecture 2: Monte Carlo Simulation
STAT/Q SCI 43: Itroductio to Resamplig ethods Sprig 27 Istructor: Ye-Chi Che Lecture 2: ote Carlo Simulatio 2 ote Carlo Itegratio Assume we wat to evaluate the followig itegratio: e x3 dx What ca we do?
More informationA NOTE ON THE TOTAL LEAST SQUARES FIT TO COPLANAR POINTS
A NOTE ON THE TOTAL LEAST SQUARES FIT TO COPLANAR POINTS STEVEN L. LEE Abstract. The Total Least Squares (TLS) fit to the poits (x,y ), =1,,, miimizes the sum of the squares of the perpedicular distaces
More informationA Hadamard-type lower bound for symmetric diagonally dominant positive matrices
A Hadamard-type lower boud for symmetric diagoally domiat positive matrices Christopher J. Hillar, Adre Wibisoo Uiversity of Califoria, Berkeley Jauary 7, 205 Abstract We prove a ew lower-boud form of
More information