A Lambda Calculus for Gödel Dummett Logic Capturing Waitfreedom

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1 A Lambda Calculus for Gödel Dummett Logic Capturing Waitfreedom Yoichi Hirai Univ. of Tokyo, JSPS research fellow , FLOPS 2012, Kobe 1

2 2 Curry Howard Correspondence Logic Intuitionistic propositional logic + (φ ψ) (ψ φ) = Gödel Dummett Logic + φ φ = Classical propositional logic Computation Simply-typed λ each term has a unique normal form λ-gd Normal form not unique in general: utilize as distributed computation many calculi Normal form not unique in general: fight with evaluation strategy This correspondence is based on Brouwer Heyting Kolmogorov interpretation

3 Brouwer Heyting Kolmogorov Interpretation explains logical connectives in intuitionistic logic A proof of P Q is a pair x, y where x is a proof of P and y is a proof of Q A proof of P Q is a pair i, x where i = 0 and x is a proof of P, or i = 1 and x is a proof of Q A proof of P Q is a construction which permits us to transform any proof of P into a proof of Q. P Q 3

4 4 Computational Interpretation of Implication O O O O

5 5 Computational Interpretation of Implication O O O O

6 6 Computational Interpretation of Implication O O O O

7 7 Computational Interpretation of Implication O O O O

8 8 Computational Interpretation of Implication O O O O

9 Computational Interpretation of Dummett Axiom (O A) (A O)...? Gödel Dummett logic has Dummett Axiom (φ ψ) (ψ φ), which must be realized for any φ and ψ. O A or A O 9

10 10 Computational Interpretation of Dummett Axiom (O A) (A O) O or A A O

11 11 Computational Interpretation of Dummett Axiom (O A) (A O) O or A A O

12 12 Computational Interpretation of Dummett Axiom (O A) (A O) O or A A O

13 13 Computational Interpretation of Dummett Axiom (O A) (A O) O or A A O

14 14 Computational Interpretation of Dummett Axiom (O A) (A O) O or A A O

15 15 Computational Interpretation of Dummett Axiom (O A) (A O) O or A A O

16 16 Computational Interpretation of Dummett Axiom (O A) (A O) O or A A O

17 17 Computational Interpretation of Dummett Axiom (O A) (A O) O or A A O

18 (O A) (A O) is Not a Theorem of G.D. Logic But, if rendez-vous was possible, the formula is realizable O and A A O 18

19 19 (O A) (A O) is Not a Theorem of G.D. Logic But, if rendez-vous was possible, the formula is realizable O waiting... and A A O

20 (O A) (A O) is Not a Theorem of G.D. Logic But, if rendez-vous was possible, the formula is realizable O and A A O 20

21 (O A) (A O) is Not a Theorem of G.D. Logic But, if rendez-vous was possible, the formula is realizable O and A A O 21

22 22 (O A) (A O) is Not a Theorem of G.D. Logic But, if rendez-vous was possible, the formula is realizable O and A A O

23 23 Waitfree = impossible to wait for other processes (free as in tax-free and alcohol-free) A task can be waitfreely solvable or not. A task I P O P where P is processes, I is inputs and O is outputs A watifreely unsolvable task: {((x, y), (y, x)) x, y {0, 1}} A waitfreely solvable task: {((x, y), (x, x + y)), ((x, y), (x + y, y)), ((x, y), (x + y, x + y)) x, y {0, 1}} The definition of waitfreedom is long: involving a virtual machine Saks and Zaharoglou (2000)

24 24 Main Theorem A task is waitfreely solvable solvable by a typable λ-gd-term For a typed lambda calculus λ-gdfor Gödel Dummett logic.

25 25 Formulas, Sequents, Hypersequents Local Types φ ::= P φ φ φ φ φ φ Global Types φ + ::= [i]φ φ + φ + φ + φ + where i is a process Sequent S ::= Γ φ + whereγ is a finite set of global formulas Hypersequent H ::= S (S H)

26 Hyper-Natural Deduction (Based on Avron s Hypersequents) External Rules com H Γ, [i]φ H Γ, [j]ψ Inner Global Rules H Γ [i]ψ [j]φ and structural rules H Γ φ + ψ + H Γ φ + ψ + E 0 E 1 H Γ φ + H Γ ψ + and I, E, I Inner Local Rules [i]ax [i]φ, Γ [i]φ H [i]φ, Γ [i]ψ [i] I H Γ [i](φ ψ) H Γ [i](φ ψ) H Γ [i]φ [i] E H Γ [i]ψ and E, E, I, E, I 26

27 27 Example Derivation of [0](O A) [1](A O) [i] I EC com [i] I [0]O, [1]A [0]O [0]O, [1]A [1]A [0]O [0]A [1]A [1]O [0](O A) [1](A O) [0](O A) [1](A O) [0](O A) [1](A O) [0](O A) [1](A O) The conclusion as a type, represents the orange apple protocol as a formula, without modalities [i], is the Dummett axiom.

28 28 Typing Terms External Rules G 0 Γ, M : [i]φ G 1 Γ, N : [j]ψ [G 0, G 1 ] Γ l i (M) : [i]ψ l j Γ (N) : [j]φ Inner Global Rules G Γ M : φ + ψ + G Γ M : φ + ψ + G Γ π g l (M) : φ+ G Γ πr g (M) : ψ+ Inner Local Rules x : [i]φ, Γ x : [i]φ G x : [i]φ, Γ M : [i]ψ G Γ λx.m : [i](φ ψ) G 0 Γ M : [i](φ ψ) G 1 Γ N : [i]φ [G 0, G 1 ] Γ MN : [i]ψ where G 0 and G 1 has the same types.

29 29 Example Typed Term x : [0]O, y : [1]A x : [0]O x : [0]O l (x) : [0]A x : [0]O, y : [1]A y : [1]A y : [1]A l (y) : [1]O x : [0]O, y : [1]A l (x) : [0]A x : [0]O, y : [1]A l (y) : [1]O ( x : [0]O, y : [1]A inl g ) ( l (x) : φ x : [0]O, y : [1]A inr g ) l (y) : φ ( x : [0]O, y : [1]A [inl g ) ( l (x), inr g l (y) )] : (φ :=)[0]A [1]O

30 30 Example Reduction 1 From the previously typed term: write reduction ( ({ }, { }, [inl g ) ( l (x), inr g l (y) ( ({l x}, { }, [inl g ) ( l (x), inr g l (y)

31 31 Example Reduction 1 From the previously typed term: read reduction ({ }, { }, [inl g ( l (x) ), inr g ( l (y) ({l x}, { }, [inl g ( l (x) ), inr g ( l (y) ({l x}, { }, [inl g (abort ), inr g ( l (y)

32 32 Example Reduction 1 From the previously typed term: write reduction ( ({ }, { }, [inl g ) ( l (x), inr g l (y) ( ({l x}, { }, [inl g ) ( l (x), inr g l (y) ({l x}, { }, [inl g (abort ), inr g ( l (y) ({l x}, {l y}, [inl g (abort ), inr g ( l (y)

33 33 Example Reduction 1 From the previously typed term: read reduction ( ({ }, { }, [inl g ) ( l (x), inr g l (y) ( ({l x}, { }, [inl g ) ( l (x), inr g l (y) ({l x}, { }, [inl g (abort ), inr g ( l (y) ({l x}, {l y}, [inl g (abort ), inr g ( l (y) ({l x}, {l y}, [inl g (abort ), inr g (x

34 Example Reduction 1 From the previously typed term: abort propagation ( ({ }, { }, [inl g ) ( l (x), inr g l (y) ( ({l x}, { }, [inl g ) ( l (x), inr g l (y) ({l x}, { }, [inl g (abort ), inr g ( l (y) ({l x}, {l y}, [inl g (abort ), inr g ( l (y) ({l x}, {l y}, [inl g (abort ), inr g (x ({l x}, {l y}, [abort, inr g (x 34

35 Example Reduction 1 From the previously typed term: abort propagation ( ({ }, { }, [inl g ) ( l (x), inr g l (y) ( ({l x}, { }, [inl g ) ( l (x), inr g l (y) ({l x}, { }, [inl g (abort ), inr g ( l (y) ({l x}, {l y}, [inl g (abort ), inr g ( l (y) ({l x}, {l y}, [inl g (abort ), inr g (x ({l x}, {l y}, [abort, inr g (x ({l x}, {l y}, inr g (x)) 35

36 Example Reduction 2 From the same term: ({ }, { ( }, [inl g ) l (x), inr g l (y) ({ ( }, {l y}, [inl g ) l (x), inr g l (y) ({ ( }, {l y}, [inl g ) l (x), inr g (abort ( ({l x}, {l y}, [inl g ) l (x), inr g (abort ({l x}, {l y}, [inl g (y), inr g (abort ({l x}, {l y}, [inl g (y), abort ]) ({l x}, {l y}, inl g (y)) 36

37 37 Example Reduction 3 Still from the same term: ( ({ }, { }, [inl g ) ( l (x), inr g l (y) ( ({l x}, { }, [inl g ) ( l (x), inr g l (y) ( ({l x}, {l y}, [inl g ) ( l (x), inr g l (y) ({l x}, {l y}, [inl g (y), inr g ( l (y) ({l x}, {l y}, [inl g (y), inr g (x

38 Results Strong normalization No typed term can reduce infinitely often Non-abortfullness No typed term can reduce into abort Waitfree characterization A task is waitfreely solvable solvable by a typed term 38

39 History Lamport (1977) introduced what is now called waitfree computing Avron (1991) introduced a hypersequent calculus for Gödel Dummett logic and showed cut-elimination Gafni and Koutsoupias (1999) showed that it is undecidable whether a task can be solved waitfreely Herlihy and Shavit (1999), Saks and Zaharoglou (2000) gave a topological characterization of waitfree computation (Gödel Prize 2004) I found waitfreedom when I was looking at past Gödel Prizes 39

40 Avron s Question and My Answer Avron (1991): it seems to us extremely important to determine the exact computational content of [the intermediate logics with cut-elimination for hypersequents] and to develop corresponding λ-calculi. I answer: The computational content of Gödel Dummett logic is waitfreedom λ-gd is the λ-calculus for it Fermüller (2003) gave a natural deduction but not reductions Future Work: generalizing to more logics and investigating classical logic adapting to weaker shared memory consistency 40

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