The international Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research

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1 Possible heavy-ion experiments at GSI/FAIR and at J-PARC Peter Senger (GSI) Outline: The future FAIR in Darmstadt Heavy-ion collisions at FAIR / J-PARC: the physics case The Compressed Baryonic Matter experiment at FAIR Feasibility studies and Detector R&D Nuclear Physics at J-PARC, Tokai, Japan, June 1 2, 2007

2 The international Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research primary beams GSI Accelerator Facilities SIS18 HESR PANDA AP PP SIS100/SIS300 CBM Super- FRS NUSTAR 238 U 28+ : /s at AGeV protons: 4x10 13 /cycle at 30 GeV, 90 GeV max. energy 238 U 92+ : /s at 35 GeV/u ( 45 AGeV for Z=A/2) secondary beams CR NESR rare isotopes GeV/u; factor increased intensity antiprotons 3(0) - 30 GeV storage and cooler rings accelerator technical challenges Rapidly cycling superconducting magnets high energy electron cooling dynamical vacuum, beam losses beams of rare isotopes e A Collider stored and cooled antiprotons GeV

3 Research programs at FAIR Rare isotope beams: nuclear structure and nuclear astrophysics nuclear structure far off stability nucleosynthesis in stars and supernovae instable hypernuclei (Take Saito) Beams of antiprotons: hadron physics quark-confinement potential search for gluonic matter and hybrids double hypernuclei Nucleus-nucleus collisions: compressed baryonic matter baryonic matter at highest densities (neutron stars) phase transitions and critical endpoint in-medium properties of hadrons Short-pulse heavy ion beams: plasma physics matter at high pressure, densities, and temperature fundamentals of nuclear fusion Atomic physics, FLAIR, and applied research highly charged atoms low energy antiprotons radiobiology Accelerator physics high intensive heavy ion beams dynamical vacuum rapidly cycling superconducting magnets high energy electron cooling

4 Compressing and heating nuclear matter in heavy-ion collisions baryons hadrons partons Compression + heating Core collapse supernovae, Neutron stars (pion production) Early universe = quark-gluon matter

5 Super-dense matter in nature: neutron star Strange degrees of freedom? In-medium properties of hadrons? Compressibility of nuclear matter? Deconfinement at high baryon densities? F. Weber J.Phys. G27 (2001) 465

6 The phase diagram of strongly interacting matter critical point Q G P Origin of hadron mass? hadrons coexistence phase RHIC, LHC: cross over transition, QGP at high T and low ρ Low-energy RHIC: search for QCD-CP with bulk observables FAIR: comprehensive research program incl. rare probes

7 Mapping the QCD phase diagram with heavy-ion collisions LHC RHIC lattice QCD SPS FAIR J-PARC Critical endpoint: Z. Fodor, S. Katz, hep-lat/ S. Ejiri et al., hep-lat/ crossover at small μ B? Recent L QCD calculations: T C = MeV (reflecting crossover?) SIS18 ε=0.5 GeV/fm 3 first order phase transition baryon density: ρ B 4 ( mt/2π) 3/2 x [exp((μ B -m)/t) - exp((-μ B -m)/t)] baryons - antibaryons

8 Baryon and energy densities created in heavy-ion collisions at FAIR/J-PARC energies FAIR: Au at 35 AGeV J-PARC: Au at 19 AGeV Baryon and energy density in central cell (Au+Au, b=0 fm): Transport code HSD: mean field, hadrons + resonances + strings E. Bratkovskaya, W. Cassing

9 Signatures of QGP in relativistic heavy-ion collisions taken from the book: Quark-Gluon-Plasma: from big bang to little bang by Kohsuke Yagi, Tetsuo Hatsuda, Yasuo Miake (2006) adapted from an original by Shoji Nagamiya transverse momentum volume charm, strangeness antibaryons e-by-e fluctuations high pt hadrons heavy quarkonia mass and width of ρ,ω,φ seach for discontinuities in excitation functions of various observables! elliptic flow ε C Energy density thermal photons and dileptons ε C

10 Discontinuity in strangeness production: signature for phase transition? C. Blume et al. (NA49 at CERN-SPS), nucl-ex/ ? Decrease of baryon-chemical potential: transition from baryon-dominated to meson-dominated matter Low energy run at RHIC: remeasurement of K/π (incl. e-by-e) CBM: Excitation function of multistrange particle production and propagation (collective flow)

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12 Diagnostic probes U+U 23 AGeV

13 Compressed Baryonic Matter: physics topics and observables The equation-of-state at high ρ B collective flow of hadrons particle production at threshold energies (open charm) Deconfinement phase transition at high ρ B excitation function and flow of strangeness (K, Λ, Σ, Ξ, Ω) excitation function and flow of charm (J/ψ, ψ', D 0, D ±, Λ c ) sequential melting of J/ψ and ψ', charmonium suppression QCD critical endpoint excitation function of event-by-event fluctuations (K/π,...) Onset of chiral symmetry restoration at high ρ B in-medium modifications of hadrons (ρ,ω,φ e + e - (μ + μ - ), D) CBM Physics Book in preparation

14 Meson production in central Au+Au collisions W. Cassing, E. Bratkovskaya, A. Sibirtsev, Nucl. Phys. A 691 (2001) 745 (C. Fuchs) SIS18 SIS100/ 300

15 Probing the quark-pluon plasma with charmonium Quarkonium dissociation temperatures Digal, Karsch, Satz C 1 fm C Dissociation (melting) of J/ψ in the QGP? Sequential melting of J/ψ and ψ'? measure excitation function of charmonium production!

16 Dimuon pairs measured by NA60 (CERN) In+In 158 AGeV 5-week-long run in Oct. Nov ~ ions delivered in total no ρ,ω,φ e + e - (μ + μ - ) data between 2 and 40 AGeV no J/ψ e + e - (μ + μ - ) data below 160 AGeV

17 Experimental challenges Central Au+Au collision at 25 AGeV: URQMD + GEANT4 160 p 400 π π + 44 K + 13 K - up to 10 7 Au+Au reactions/sec (beam intensities up to 10 9 ions/s with 1 % interaction target) determination of (displaced) vertices with high resolution ( 50 μm) identification of leptons and hadrons

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19 Hyperon detection with STS (no p, K, π identification) Silicon tracker: 2 hybrid pixel (750 µm each), 4 microstrips (400 µm each) Strips with 50 µm pitch and 5 o stereo angle full event reconstruction central Au+Au collisions at 25 AGeV: Λ Ξ - Ω - (uds) (dss) (sss) total efficiency 10.6% 2.1% 1.0%

20 ) 2 Entries / 4 (MeV/c Benchmark for MVD and STS performance: D mesons from Au+Au collisions at 25 AGeV Track reconstruction: realistic magnetic field, 2 MAPS, 6 micro-strip detectors proton identification required D S/B 2σ = 4.4 Eff = 3.25% D production cross sections from HSD 25 AGeV Au+Au from UrQMD central collisions D meson production in pp and pn collisions D 0 τ = 123 μm/c K - π m inv (GeV/c 2 ) τ = 317 μm/c Experiments on charm production in pp and pa at J-PARC!?

21 Electron identification with RICH and TRD RICH TRD Cherenkov ring radius (cm)

22 Simulation of ρ, ω, φ, J/ψ e + e - central Au+Au collisions at 25AGeV (target 25 μm) track reconstruction in STS and TRD electron identification with RICH and TRD π-dalitz η-dalitz ω pairs / J/ψ φ 10 ψ' 1 ρ ( GeV/c m inv

23 The CBM muon option Muon detection system: 5 hadron absorber layers (Fe) and 15 tracking chambers

24 Simulation of ρ, ω, φ, J/ψ, ψ' μ + μ - central collisions Au+Au 25 AGeV full track reconstruction realistic layout of Silicon Tracker and Muon Chambers η-dalitz η ρ ω φ μ - μ- μ + μ + J/ψ ψ'

25 Experimental requirements and ongoing R&D Silicon Pixel (Vertex) Detector: low materal budget: d < 100 μm single hit resolution < 20 μm radiation tolerance (dose n eq /cm 2 ) fast read out Transition Radiation Detector: e/π discrimination of > 100 (p > 1 GeV/c) High rate capability up to 100 khz/cm 2 Position resolution of about 200 μm Large area ( m 2, 9 12 layers) Silicon Micro-strip tracker: 6-8 detector layers pitch 60 μm, thickness 250 μm double sided, stereo angle 5 o -15 o Area 2-3 m 2 Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector: e/π discrimination > 100 hadron blind up to about 6 GeV/c low mass mirrors fast UV detector Muon detection system: fast gas chambers high granularity (GEM, Micromegas) Resistive Plate Chamber (ToF-RPC): Time resolution 80 ps High rate capability up to 25 khz/cm 2 Efficiency > 95 % Area 100 m 2 Electromagnetic Calorimeter: energy resolution of 5%/ E(GeV) high rate capability up to 15 khz e/π discrimination of Area 100 m 2 FEE and DAQ: self triggered digitization, dead time free (prototype chip CBM-NXYTER under test)

26 The CBM experimental program Observables: Penetrating probes: ρ, ω, ϕ, J/ψ e+e- (μ+μ-) Strangeness: K, Λ, Σ, Ξ, Ω, Open charm: D o, D ±, D s, Λ c, global features: collective flow, fluctuations,..., exotica Systematic investigations: A+A collisions from 8 to 45 (35) AGeV, Z/A=0.5 (0.4) p+a collisions from 8 to 90 GeV p+p collisions from 8 to 90 GeV Beam energies up to 8 AGeV: HADES Detector requirements Large geometrical acceptance (azimuthal symmetry!) good hadron and electron identification excellent vertex resolution high rate capability of detectors, FEE and DAQ Large integrated luminosity: High beam intensity and duty cycle, Available for several month per year

27 CBM Collaboration : 46 institutions, ~ 400 Members Croatia: RBI, Zagreb China: Wuhan Univ. Hefei Univ. Cyprus: Nikosia Univ. Czech Republic: CAS, Rez Techn. Univ. Prague France: IReS Strasbourg Hungaria: KFKI Budapest Eötvös Univ. Budapest India: IOP Bhubaneswar Univ. Chandighar IIT Kharagpur VECC Kolkata SAHA Kolkata Univ. Varanasi Korea: Korea Univ. Seoul Pusan National Univ. Norway: Univ. Bergen Germany: Univ. Heidelberg, Phys. Inst. Univ. HD, Kirchhoff Inst. Univ. Frankfurt Japan?! Univ. Kaiserslautern Univ. Mannheim Univ. Münster FZ Rossendorf GSI Darmstadt Poland: Jag. Univ. Krakow Warsaw Univ. Silesia Univ. Katowice Nucl. Phys. Inst. Krakow Portugal: LIP Coimbra Romania: NIPNE Bucharest Russia: IHEP Protvino INR Troitzk ITEP Moscow KRI, St. Petersburg Kurchatov Inst., Moscow LHE, JINR Dubna LPP, JINR Dubna LIT, JINR Dubna MEPHI Moscow Obninsk State Univ. PNPI Gatchina SINP, Moscow State Univ. St. Petersburg Polytec. U. Ukraine: Shevshenko Univ., Kiev Supported by EU FP6

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29 Cost of the FAIR project: ~ 1.1 Billion (25% from foreign partners). 14 FAIR member states (as of May 2007): Austria, China, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, India, Italy, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden German Federal Government has approved budget over 10 years Official start of the FAIR project: Dec First beams planned for

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