A Pr imary Con tra stive Study of the Form s of Ch inese2english Ind irect Anaphora

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20051 21 1 Journal of Sichuan International Studies University Jan., 2005 Vol. 21No.

1 Journal of Sichuan International Studies University Jan., 2005 Vol. 21No. 1 (, ) :,,,, : ; ;; : H043 : A: (2005) A Pr imary Con tra stive Study of the Form s of Ch inese2english Ind irect Anaphora WANG Jun Abstract: Indirect anaphora is composed of the indirect referring relation between antecedent and anaphora. In this rela2 tion, anaphora is the key factor that initiates the referent assignment. The descrip tion and comparison of the different form s of anaphora in both Chinese and English are the first step towards a more comp rehensive and fundamental p ragmatic2cogni2 tive interp retation of this phenomena. Key words: indirect anaphora; anaphora resolution; definiteness; translation 11 ( direct anaphora) ( anaphora), ( indirect anaphora),,, Journal of P ragm atics , [ ( associative anaphora) ] Van Hoek ( 1999 ) Masui( 2000 ),, (1992: 30-44),, (1987: 81-92), ( 2000, 2001) (2001) (2003a, b, c),,,,, 21,,,, (1) : ( 1 ) They came into a restau ran t. The wa iter was from Bangkok. The waiter, ( a restaurant) ( RESTAURANT WA ITER ), Clark (1977) Clark & Haviland (1977)Mas2 108

2 tui ( 1993, 2000 ) ( bridg2 ing), Erku & Gundel ( 1987 ), Charolles (1999) Kleiber (1999)Hawkins (1978) ( associative anaphora ), Huang ( 2000 ) ( cross2reference anaphora),,,,mastui ( bridging),, Clark,, (BACH COMPOSER),,, :,,,,,,, 3., ( he / she / it/ they) ( this/ that/ these / those +NP) ( the +NP) [///()] (/+ ) ( bare NP) 311, (Charolles, 1999: 313),,,,,,,,, (: ),( Gernsbacher & T. Givon, 1995: 104),, () [ 10, 5; 10,10, 23 ( ) ) ],,, : (2) There was not a man woman or child within sight; only a sm a ll fish ing boa t, some distance away. standing out to sea Harriet waved in its direction, but they either didnπt see her or supposed that she was merely doing some kind of reducing exercises. ( C ited from Huang, 2000: 249) ( 3) She didnπt want to talk about the opera tion but she couldnπt think about anything else. M aybe it would turn out to be benign; on the other hand, maybe they would open her up and find that she was permea2 ted, riddled, rotting away from the inside. (C ited from Emmott, 1999: 9) (4),,,,, (, 1987: 84) (5),,,,,,, ( ),, (they // ), (Hawkins, 1978),,,, this,that, (2001: ),, 109

3 that this,,,,,,,,,,, : night. (6) W e went to hear the M innesota O rchestra last Tha t conductor was very good. ( Gundel et al., 1993: 282) ( 7) John was sing ing. Peter disliked th is no ise. (8), (9),,,,(The conductor/ the noise / / ), 313 the +NP the +NP,,,(), of the,,,,,,, : (10), ( (11),,,,, ( ) (12),, :? ( ),?,, (, 1979;, 1998) (1987),,,,,,,,, (1985),, ( 1987),, :,,, (, 232 ),85(,, ),247, 2. 9,,,, (59. 5% ) (33. 6% ), ( 6. 8% ),,,, 110

4 (59. 5% ) 83 (33. 6% ) 9 (3. 6% ) 6 (2. 4% ) 2 (0. 8% ) 247 (100% ) the +NP his/ her/ its/ their + NP Indef. 3 Pron. O thers ( 3 Indef. = Indefinite,,: a dogdogs),,the +NP 77( 31. 2% ),his/her/ its/ their +NP 95( 38. 5% ), (2, 0. 8% ), 247: 174 (100: 70. 4),,,, (32, 13% )(41, 16. 6% ),,, his/her/ its/ their +NP(85, 57. 8% ), the +NP9( 6. 1% ),,, the + NP 66( 79. 5% )? Kleiber (1999: ),,,,, 41,,,,, Fauconnier (1994: xxii),, (Language does not carry meaning, it guides it),,,, : [ 1 ] Charolles, M. A ssociative Anaphora and Its Interp retation [ J ]. Journal of Pragm atics, 1999, (31) : [ 2 ] Clark, H. B ridging [ A ]. In P. W ason & P. Johnson2 Laird ( eds. ). Thinking: Readings in Cognitive Science [ C ]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, [ 3 ] Clark, H & S. Haviland. Comp rehension and the Given2 New contract[a ]. In R. Freedle ( ed. ). D iscourse Com 2 prehension and Production [ C ]. Norwood NJ: Ablex, [ 4 ] Emmott, C. Embodied in a Constructed World: Narrative Processing, Knowledge Rep resentation, and Indirect A2 naphora[a ]. In Karen Van Hoek ( ed. ). D iscourse S tud2 ies in Cognitive L inguistics[ C ]. Am sterdam: John Benja2 m ins B. V1, [ 5 ] Erku, F. & Gundel, J. Indirect Anaphors [ A ]. In J. Verschueren, M. Bertuccelli2Pap i ( eds. ). ics Perspective[ C ]. Benjam ins, The Pragm at2 [ 6 ] Fauconnier, G. M ental Spaces: A spects of M eaning Con2 struction in N atural L anguage [ M ]. Cambridge: Cam2 bridge University Press, [ 7 ] Giv n, T. Coherence in Text V s. Coherence in M ind [A ]. In Gernsbacher, M. A. & T. Giv n ( eds. ). Co2 herence in Spontaneous Text[ C ]. Am sterdam: John Ben2 111

5 jam ins B. V, [ 8 ] Gundel, et al. Cognitive Status and the form of Referring Exp ressions in D iscourse [ J ]. L anguage, 1993, ( 69 ) : [ 9 ] Hawkins, John. D efiniteness and Indefiniteness: A S tudy in Reference and Gramm aticality Prediction [ M ]. Croom Helm, London: [ 10 ] Huang, Y. A naphora: A C ross L inguistic S tudy[m ]. Ox2 ford: Oxford University Press, [ 11 ] Kleiber, Georges. A ssociative Anaphora and Part2whole Relationship: The Connection of A lienation and the Prin2 cip le of Ontological Congruence[ J ]. Journal of Pragm at2 ics, 1999, (31) : [ 12 ] Mastui, T. B ridging Reference and the Notions oftop2 icandfocus [ J ]. L ingua, 1993, (90) : [ 13 ] Mastui, T. B ridging and Relevance[M ]. John Benjam ins B. V, [ 14 ] Van Hoek, Kaven, Andrej A. Kibrik & Leo Noordman ( eds. ). D iscourse S tudies in Cognitive L inguistics [ C ]. Am sterdam / Phi; adelphia: Company, John Benjam ins Publishing [ 15 ] 1[ J ] 1, 1987, (2) : [ 16 ] 1[ J ]1, 2000, (1) : [ 17 ] 1[ J ] 1, 2001, (4) : 1-81 [ 18 ] 1[ C ] 1 :, [ 19 ] 1 [ J ] 1, 2001, (2) : [ 20 ] 1 [ J ] 1, 1985, (1) 1 [ 21 ] 1 [ J ]1, 2003a, (1) : [ 22 ] 1 [ J ] 1, 2003b, (4) : [ 23 ] 1 [ J ]1, 2003c, (6) : 1-61 [ 24 ] 1[M ] 1 :, [ 25 ] 1 [M ] 1 :, [ 26 ] 1 [M ]1 :, : :,,,,, : 112

China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. most ), (clause), ( discourse analysis)

China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. most ), (clause), ( discourse analysis) ,, ( Conversation Analysis),, (Discourse Grammar),, 20 80, (, Discourse Analysis/ Text Grammar), Brow and Yule Discourse Analysis,,,,,?,,,?,,,,,,, (naturally occurring data) (linguistic context) (extra2linguistic