Notes from How to Prove it: A Structured Approach by Daniel J. Velleman
|
|
- Ami Shepherd
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Notes from How to Prove it: A Structured Approach by Daniel J. Velleman DeMorgan s laws: (P Q) is equivalent to P Q) (P Q) is equivalent to P Q) Commutative laws: (P Q) is equivalent to (Q P ) (P Q) is equivalent to (Q P ) Associative laws: P (Q R) is equivalent to (P Q) R P (Q R) is equivalent to (P Q) R Idempotent laws: (P P ) is equivalent to P (P P ) is equivalent to P Distributive laws: P (Q R) is equivalent to (P Q) (P R) P (Q R) is equivalent to (P Q) (P R) Absorption laws: P (P Q) is equivalent to P P (P Q) is equivalent to P 1
2 Double Negation law: P is equivalent to P Conditional laws: P Q and P Q are equivalent P Q and (P Q) are equivalent Quantifier Negation Laws: xp (x) is equivalent to x P (x) xp (x) is equivalent to x P (x) Contrapositive Law: P Q is equivlaent to Q P Here are a few other ways of expressing the idea P Q that are used often in mathematics: P implies Q. Q, if P. P only if Q. P is a sufficient condition for Q. Q is a necessary condition for P You can think of P Q as just an abbreviation for the formula (P Q) (Q P ) A statement of the form P Q is called a biconditional statement, because it represents two conditional statements. P Q is usually written P iff Q. Another statement that means P Q is P is a necessary and sufficient condition for Q. A variable that is bound by a quantifier can always be replaced with a new variable without changing the meaning of the statement, and it is often possible to paraphrase the statement without mentioning the bound variable at all. For example, the statement xl(x, y) is equivalent to wl(w, y), because both mean the same thing as Everyone likes y. We will write!xp (x) to represent the statement There is exactly one value of x such that P (x) is true. We can look at!xp (x) as an abbreviation for the formula x(p (x) y(p (y) y x)). x AP (x) is always true if A = φ. Mathematicians sometimes say that such a statement is vacuously true. x(e(x) T (x)) is equivalent to xe(x) xt (x). In other words, we could say that the universal quantifier distributes over conjunction. However, the corresponding distributive law doesn t work for the existential quantifier. The expressions x(e(x) T (x)) and xe(x) xt (x) are not equivalent. 2
3 Suppose A is a set. The power set of A, denoted (A), is the set whose elements are all the subsets of A. In other words, for any sets A and B, (A B) = (A) (B) To prove a conclusion of the form P Q: Assume P is true and then prove Q. Suppose P. [Proof of Q goes here.] Therefore P Q. This technique says that if the conclusion of the theorem you are trying to prove has the form P Q, then you can transform the problem by adding P to your list of hypotheses and changing your conclusion from P Q to Q. This gives you a new, perhaps easier proof problem to work on. If you can solve the new problem, then you will have shown that if P is true then Q is also true, thus solving the original problem of proving P Q. There is a second method that is sometimes used for proving goals of the form P Q. Because any conditional statement P Q is equivalent to its contrapositive Q P, you can prove P Q by proving Q P instead, using the strategy discussed earlier. To prove a goal of the form P Q: Assume Q is false and prove that P is false. Suppose Q is false. [Proof of P goes here.] Therefore P Q Usually it s easier to prove a positive than a negative statement, so it is often helpful to re-express a goal of the form P before proving it. Instead of using a goal that says what shouldn t be true, see if you can rephrase it as a goal that says what should be true. To prove a goal of the form P : If possible, re-express the goal in some other form and then use one of the proof strategies for this other goal form. Sometimes a goal of the form P cannot be re-expressed as a positive statement, and therefore this strategy cannot be used. To prove a goal of the form P : Assume P is true and try to reach a contradiction. Once you have reached a contradiction, you can conclude that P must be false Suppose P is true. 3
4 [Proof of contradiction goes here.] Thus, P is false. To use a given of the form P : If you re doing a proof by contradiction, try making P your goal. If you can prove P, then the proof will be complete, because P contradicts the given P. To use a given of the form P Q: If you are also given P, or if you can prove that P is true, then you can use this given to conclude that Q is true. Since it is equivalent to Q P, if you can prove that Q is false, you can use this given to conclude that P is false. The first of these rules of inference says that if you know that both P and P Q are true, you can conclude that Q must also be true. Logicians call this rule modus ponens. The second rule, called modus tollens, says that if you know that P Q is true and Q is false, you can conclude that P must also be false. To prove a goal of the form xp (x): Let x stand for an arbitrary object and prove P (x). The letter x must be a new variable in the proof. If x is already being used in the proof to stand for something, then you must choose an unused variable, say y, to stand for the arbitrary object, and prove P (y). Let x be arbitrary. [Proof of P(x) goes here.] Since x was arbitrary, we can conclude that xp (x). To prove a goal of the form xp (x): Try to find a value of x for which you think P (x) will be true. Then start your proof with Let x = (the value you decided on) and proceed to prove P (x) for this value of x. Once again, x should be a new variable. If the letter x is already being used in the proof for some other purpose, then you should choose an unused variable, say y, and rewrite the goal in the equivalent form yp (y). Now proceed as before by starting your proof with Let y = (the value you decided on) and prove P (y). Let x = (the value you decided on). [Proof of P (x) goes here.] Thus, xp (x) To use a given of the form xp (x): Introduce a new variable x 0 into the proof to stand for an object for which P (x 0 ) is true. This means that you can now assume that P (x 0 ) is true. Logicians call this rule of inference existential instantiation. 4
5 To use a given of the form xp (x): You can plug in any value, say a, for x and use this given to conclude that P (a) is true. This rule is called universal instantiation. To prove a goal of the form P Q: Prove P and Q separately. In other words, a goal of the form P Q is treated as two separate goals: P, and Q. To use a given of the form P Q: Treat this given as two separate givens: P, and Q. To prove a goal of the form P Q: Prove P Q and Q P separately. To use a given of the form P Q: Treat this as two separate givens: P Q, and Q P. Any proof can be broken into two or more cases at any time, as long as the cases are exhaustive. Note that cases need not be exclusive. The cases in a proof by cases must cover all possibilities, but there is no harm in covering some possibilities more than once. In other words, the cases must be exhaustive, but they need not be exclusive. To use a given of the form P Q: Break your proof into cases. For case 1, assume that P is true and use this assumption to prove the goal. For case 2, assume Q is true and give another proof of the goal. Case 1. P is true. [Proof of goal goes here.] Case 2. Q is true. [Proof of goal goes here.] Since we know P Q, these cases cover all the possibilities. the goal must be true. Therefore To prove a goal of the form P Q: If P is true, then clearly the goal P Q is true, so you only need to worry about the case in which P is false. You can complete the proof in this case by proving that Q is true. If P is true, then of course P Q is true. [Proof of Q goes here.] Thus, P Q is true. Now suppose P is false. Thus, this strategy for proving P Q suggests that you transform the problem by adding P as a new given and changing the goal to Q. It is interesting to note that this is exactly the same as the transformation you would use if you were proving the goal P Q! This 5
6 is not really surprising, because we already know that the statements P Q and P Q are equivalent. Of course, the roles of P and Q could be reversed in using this strategy. Thus, you can also prove P Q by assuming that Q is false and proving P. To use a given of the form P Q: If you are also given P, or you can prove that P is false, then you can use this given to conclude that Q is true. Similarly, if you are given Q or can prove that Q is false, then you can conclude that P is true. In this section we consider proofs in which the goal has the form!xp (x).!xp (x) could also be written as x(p (x) y(p (y) y = x)). To prove a goal of the form!xp (x): Prove xp (x) and y z((p (y) P (z)) y = z). The first of these goals shows that there exists an x such that P (x) is true, and the second shows that it is unique. The two parts of the proof are therefore sometimes labeled existence and uniqueness. Each part is proven using strategies discussed earlier. : Existence: [Proof of xp (x) goes here.] Uniqueness: [Proof of y z((p (y) P (z)) y = z) goes here.] To use a given of the form!xp (x): Treat this as two given statements, xp (x) and y z((p (y) P (z)) y = z). To use the first statement you should probably choose a name, say x 0, to stand for some object such that P (x 0 ) is true. The second tells you that if you ever come across two objects y and z such that P (y) and P (z) are both true, you can conclude that y = z. To prove a goal of the form np (n): First prove P (0), and then prove n(p (n) P (n + 1)). The first of these proofs is sometimes called the base case and the second the induction step. Form of the final proof Base case: [Proof of P (0) goes here.] Induction step: [Proof of n(p (n) P (n + 1)) goes here.] The assumption that P (n) is true is sometimes called the inductive hypothesis, and the key to the proof is usually to work out some relationship between the inductive hypothesis P (n) and the goal P (n + 1) 6
7 In the induction step of a proof by mathematical induction, we prove that a natural number has some property based on the assumption that the previous number has the same property. In some cases this assumption isn t strong enough to make the proof work, and we need to assume that all smaller natural numbers have the property. This is the idea behind a variant of mathematical induction sometimes called strong induction To prove a goal of the form np (n): Prove that n[( k < np (k)) P (n)], where both n and k range over the natural numbers in this statement. Of course, the most direct way to prove this is to let n be an arbitrary natural number, assume that k < np (k), and then prove P (n). Note that no base case is necessary in a proof by strong induction. All that is needed is a modified form of the induction step in which we prove that if every natural number smaller than n has the property P, then n has the property P. In a proof by strong induction, we refer to the assumption that every natural number smaller than n has the property P as the inductive hypothesis. Suppose that we ve followed the strong induction proof strategy and proven the statement n[( k < np (k)) P (n)]. Then, plugging in 0 for n, we can conclude that ( k < 0P (k)) P (0). But because there are no natural numbers smaller than 0, the statement k < 0P (k) is vacuously true. Therefore, by modus ponens, P (0) is true. (This explains why the base case doesn t have to be checked separately in a proof by strong induction; the base case P (0) actually follows from the modified form of the induction step used in strong induction.) For example when we are solving the Fibonacci sequence problem using induction, we need to know that the formula works for two previous cases, we must use strong induction rather than ordinary induction. 7
Logic, Sets, and Proofs
Logic, Sets, and Proofs David A. Cox and Catherine C. McGeoch Amherst College 1 Logic Logical Operators. A logical statement is a mathematical statement that can be assigned a value either true or false.
More information1 Predicates and Quantifiers
1 Predicates and Quantifiers We have seen how to represent properties of objects. For example, B(x) may represent that x is a student at Bryn Mawr College. Here B stands for is a student at Bryn Mawr College
More information2. The Logic of Compound Statements Summary. Aaron Tan August 2017
2. The Logic of Compound Statements Summary Aaron Tan 21 25 August 2017 1 2. The Logic of Compound Statements 2.1 Logical Form and Logical Equivalence Statements; Compound Statements; Statement Form (Propositional
More informationCOMP 182 Algorithmic Thinking. Proofs. Luay Nakhleh Computer Science Rice University
COMP 182 Algorithmic Thinking Proofs Luay Nakhleh Computer Science Rice University 1 Reading Material Chapter 1, Section 3, 6, 7, 8 Propositional Equivalences The compound propositions p and q are called
More informationChapter 1 Elementary Logic
2017-2018 Chapter 1 Elementary Logic The study of logic is the study of the principles and methods used in distinguishing valid arguments from those that are not valid. The aim of this chapter is to help
More informationCHAPTER 1 - LOGIC OF COMPOUND STATEMENTS
CHAPTER 1 - LOGIC OF COMPOUND STATEMENTS 1.1 - Logical Form and Logical Equivalence Definition. A statement or proposition is a sentence that is either true or false, but not both. ex. 1 + 2 = 3 IS a statement
More informationSupplementary Logic Notes CSE 321 Winter 2009
1 Propositional Logic Supplementary Logic Notes CSE 321 Winter 2009 1.1 More efficient truth table methods The method of using truth tables to prove facts about propositional formulas can be a very tedious
More informationManual of Logical Style
Manual of Logical Style Dr. Holmes January 9, 2015 Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Conjunction 3 2.1 Proving a conjunction...................... 3 2.2 Using a conjunction........................ 3 3 Implication
More informationFoundations of Mathematics MATH 220 FALL 2017 Lecture Notes
Foundations of Mathematics MATH 220 FALL 2017 Lecture Notes These notes form a brief summary of what has been covered during the lectures. All the definitions must be memorized and understood. Statements
More informationLogic Overview, I. and T T T T F F F T F F F F
Logic Overview, I DEFINITIONS A statement (proposition) is a declarative sentence that can be assigned a truth value T or F, but not both. Statements are denoted by letters p, q, r, s,... The 5 basic logical
More informationWhat is the decimal (base 10) representation of the binary number ? Show your work and place your final answer in the box.
Question 1. [10 marks] Part (a) [2 marks] What is the decimal (base 10) representation of the binary number 110101? Show your work and place your final answer in the box. 2 0 + 2 2 + 2 4 + 2 5 = 1 + 4
More information3. The Logic of Quantified Statements Summary. Aaron Tan August 2017
3. The Logic of Quantified Statements Summary Aaron Tan 28 31 August 2017 1 3. The Logic of Quantified Statements 3.1 Predicates and Quantified Statements I Predicate; domain; truth set Universal quantifier,
More informationProof strategies, or, a manual of logical style
Proof strategies, or, a manual of logical style Dr Holmes September 27, 2017 This is yet another version of the manual of logical style I have been working on for many years This semester, instead of posting
More information1.1 Statements and Compound Statements
Chapter 1 Propositional Logic 1.1 Statements and Compound Statements A statement or proposition is an assertion which is either true or false, though you may not know which. That is, a statement is something
More informationChapter 1: The Logic of Compound Statements. January 7, 2008
Chapter 1: The Logic of Compound Statements January 7, 2008 Outline 1 1.1 Logical Form and Logical Equivalence 2 1.2 Conditional Statements 3 1.3 Valid and Invalid Arguments Central notion of deductive
More informationProofs: A General How To II. Rules of Inference. Rules of Inference Modus Ponens. Rules of Inference Addition. Rules of Inference Conjunction
Introduction I Proofs Computer Science & Engineering 235 Discrete Mathematics Christopher M. Bourke cbourke@cse.unl.edu A proof is a proof. What kind of a proof? It s a proof. A proof is a proof. And when
More informationIntroducing Proof 1. hsn.uk.net. Contents
Contents 1 1 Introduction 1 What is proof? 1 Statements, Definitions and Euler Diagrams 1 Statements 1 Definitions Our first proof Euler diagrams 4 3 Logical Connectives 5 Negation 6 Conjunction 7 Disjunction
More informationProofs. Joe Patten August 10, 2018
Proofs Joe Patten August 10, 2018 1 Statements and Open Sentences 1.1 Statements A statement is a declarative sentence or assertion that is either true or false. They are often labelled with a capital
More informationGödel s Incompleteness Theorems
Seminar Report Gödel s Incompleteness Theorems Ahmet Aspir Mark Nardi 28.02.2018 Supervisor: Dr. Georg Moser Abstract Gödel s incompleteness theorems are very fundamental for mathematics and computational
More informationLogic and Proof. Aiichiro Nakano
Logic and Proof Aiichiro Nakano Collaboratory for Advanced Computing & Simulations Department of Computer Science Department of Physics & Astronomy Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science
More informationAxiomatic systems. Revisiting the rules of inference. Example: A theorem and its proof in an abstract axiomatic system:
Axiomatic systems Revisiting the rules of inference Material for this section references College Geometry: A Discovery Approach, 2/e, David C. Kay, Addison Wesley, 2001. In particular, see section 2.1,
More informationSteinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development Department of Teaching and Learning. Mathematical Proof and Proving (MPP)
Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development Department of Teaching and Learning Terminology, Notations, Definitions, & Principles: Mathematical Proof and Proving (MPP) 1. A statement
More informationProofs. Introduction II. Notes. Notes. Notes. Slides by Christopher M. Bourke Instructor: Berthe Y. Choueiry. Fall 2007
Proofs Slides by Christopher M. Bourke Instructor: Berthe Y. Choueiry Fall 2007 Computer Science & Engineering 235 Introduction to Discrete Mathematics Sections 1.5, 1.6, and 1.7 of Rosen cse235@cse.unl.edu
More information2.2: Logical Equivalence: The Laws of Logic
Example (2.7) For primitive statement p and q, construct a truth table for each of the following compound statements. a) p q b) p q Here we see that the corresponding truth tables for two statement p q
More information3/29/2017. Logic. Propositions and logical operations. Main concepts: propositions truth values propositional variables logical operations
Logic Propositions and logical operations Main concepts: propositions truth values propositional variables logical operations 1 Propositions and logical operations A proposition is the most basic element
More informationLogic. Definition [1] A logic is a formal language that comes with rules for deducing the truth of one proposition from the truth of another.
Math 0413 Appendix A.0 Logic Definition [1] A logic is a formal language that comes with rules for deducing the truth of one proposition from the truth of another. This type of logic is called propositional.
More information1 The Foundation: Logic and Proofs
1 The Foundation: Logic and Proofs 1.1 Propositional Logic Propositions( ) a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both nor neither letters denoting propostions p, q, r, s, T: true
More informationProving Things. Why prove things? Proof by Substitution, within Logic. Rules of Inference: applying Logic. Using Assumptions.
1 Proving Things Why prove things? Proof by Substitution, within Logic Rules of Inference: applying Logic Using Assumptions Proof Strategies 2 Why Proofs? Knowledge is power. Where do we get it? direct
More informationInference and Proofs (1.6 & 1.7)
EECS 203 Spring 2016 Lecture 4 Page 1 of 9 Introductory problem: Inference and Proofs (1.6 & 1.7) As is commonly the case in mathematics, it is often best to start with some definitions. An argument for
More informationA. Propositional Logic
CmSc 175 Discrete Mathematics A. Propositional Logic 1. Statements (Propositions ): Statements are sentences that claim certain things. Can be either true or false, but not both. Propositional logic deals
More informationCSE 20 DISCRETE MATH WINTER
CSE 20 DISCRETE MATH WINTER 2016 http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/wi16/cse20-ab/ Today's learning goals Evaluate which proof technique(s) is appropriate for a given proposition Direct proof Proofs by contraposition
More informationCSE 20 DISCRETE MATH SPRING
CSE 20 DISCRETE MATH SPRING 2016 http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/sp16/cse20-ac/ Today's learning goals Evaluate which proof technique(s) is appropriate for a given proposition Direct proof Proofs by contraposition
More information3 The Semantics of the Propositional Calculus
3 The Semantics of the Propositional Calculus 1. Interpretations Formulas of the propositional calculus express statement forms. In chapter two, we gave informal descriptions of the meanings of the logical
More informationProofs. Example of an axiom in this system: Given two distinct points, there is exactly one line that contains them.
Proofs A mathematical system consists of axioms, definitions and undefined terms. An axiom is assumed true. Definitions are used to create new concepts in terms of existing ones. Undefined terms are only
More informationMathematical Reasoning Rules of Inference & Mathematical Induction. 1. Assign propositional variables to the component propositional argument.
Mathematical Reasoning Rules of Inference & Mathematical Induction Example. If I take the day off it either rains or snows 2. When It rains, my basement floods 3. When the basement floods or it snows,
More informationTruth-Functional Logic
Truth-Functional Logic Syntax Every atomic sentence (A, B, C, ) is a sentence and are sentences With ϕ a sentence, the negation ϕ is a sentence With ϕ and ψ sentences, the conjunction ϕ ψ is a sentence
More informationMAT 243 Test 1 SOLUTIONS, FORM A
t MAT 243 Test 1 SOLUTIONS, FORM A 1. [10 points] Rewrite the statement below in positive form (i.e., so that all negation symbols immediately precede a predicate). ( x IR)( y IR)((T (x, y) Q(x, y)) R(x,
More informationA Little Deductive Logic
A Little Deductive Logic In propositional or sentential deductive logic, we begin by specifying that we will use capital letters (like A, B, C, D, and so on) to stand in for sentences, and we assume that
More informationAdam Blank Spring 2017 CSE 311. Foundations of Computing I
Adam Blank Spring 2017 CSE 311 Foundations of Computing I Pre-Lecture Problem Suppose that p, and p (q r) are true. Is q true? Can you prove it with equivalences? CSE 311: Foundations of Computing Lecture
More informationCSC Discrete Math I, Spring Propositional Logic
CSC 125 - Discrete Math I, Spring 2017 Propositional Logic Propositions A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false Propositional Variables A propositional variable (p, q, r, s,...)
More informationLogic and Proofs. (A brief summary)
Logic and Proofs (A brief summary) Why Study Logic: To learn to prove claims/statements rigorously To be able to judge better the soundness and consistency of (others ) arguments To gain the foundations
More informationMath 300 Introduction to Mathematical Reasoning Autumn 2017 Proof Templates 1
Math 300 Introduction to Mathematical Reasoning Autumn 2017 Proof Templates 1 In its most basic form, a mathematical proof is just a sequence of mathematical statements, connected to each other by strict
More information1 The Foundation: Logic and Proofs
1 The Foundation: Logic and Proofs 1.1 Propositional Logic Propositions( 명제 ) a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both nor neither letters denoting propositions p, q, r, s, T:
More informationLogic - recap. So far, we have seen that: Logic is a language which can be used to describe:
Logic - recap So far, we have seen that: Logic is a language which can be used to describe: Statements about the real world The simplest pieces of data in an automatic processing system such as a computer
More informationPredicate Logic. Andreas Klappenecker
Predicate Logic Andreas Klappenecker Predicates A function P from a set D to the set Prop of propositions is called a predicate. The set D is called the domain of P. Example Let D=Z be the set of integers.
More informationSection 1.2: Propositional Logic
Section 1.2: Propositional Logic January 17, 2017 Abstract Now we re going to use the tools of formal logic to reach logical conclusions ( prove theorems ) based on wffs formed by some given statements.
More informationCSE Discrete Structures
CSE 2315 - Discrete Structures Homework 2- Fall 2010 Due Date: Oct. 7 2010, 3:30 pm Proofs using Predicate Logic For all your predicate logic proofs you can use only the rules given in the following tables.
More informationReadings: Conjecture. Theorem. Rosen Section 1.5
Readings: Conjecture Theorem Lemma Lemma Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 : Step n-1 Step n a rule of inference an axiom a rule of inference Rosen Section 1.5 Provide justification of the steps used to show that a
More informationA Guide to Proof-Writing
A Guide to Proof-Writing 437 A Guide to Proof-Writing by Ron Morash, University of Michigan Dearborn Toward the end of Section 1.5, the text states that there is no algorithm for proving theorems.... Such
More informationA Little Deductive Logic
A Little Deductive Logic In propositional or sentential deductive logic, we begin by specifying that we will use capital letters (like A, B, C, D, and so on) to stand in for sentences, and we assume that
More informationPredicate Logic. Predicates. Math 173 February 9, 2010
Math 173 February 9, 2010 Predicate Logic We have now seen two ways to translate English sentences into mathematical symbols. We can capture the logical form of a sentence using propositional logic: variables
More informationSec$on Summary. Mathematical Proofs Forms of Theorems Trivial & Vacuous Proofs Direct Proofs Indirect Proofs
Section 1.7 Sec$on Summary Mathematical Proofs Forms of Theorems Trivial & Vacuous Proofs Direct Proofs Indirect Proofs Proof of the Contrapositive Proof by Contradiction 2 Proofs of Mathema$cal Statements
More informationPropositional Logic. Spring Propositional Logic Spring / 32
Propositional Logic Spring 2016 Propositional Logic Spring 2016 1 / 32 Introduction Learning Outcomes for this Presentation Learning Outcomes... At the conclusion of this session, we will Define the elements
More informationSection 1.2 Propositional Equivalences. A tautology is a proposition which is always true. A contradiction is a proposition which is always false.
Section 1.2 Propositional Equivalences A tautology is a proposition which is always true. Classic Example: P P A contradiction is a proposition which is always false. Classic Example: P P A contingency
More informationChapter 3. The Logic of Quantified Statements
Chapter 3. The Logic of Quantified Statements 3.1. Predicates and Quantified Statements I Predicate in grammar Predicate refers to the part of a sentence that gives information about the subject. Example:
More informationBoolean Algebra and Proof. Notes. Proving Propositions. Propositional Equivalences. Notes. Notes. Notes. Notes. March 5, 2012
March 5, 2012 Webwork Homework. The handout on Logic is Chapter 4 from Mary Attenborough s book Mathematics for Electrical Engineering and Computing. Proving Propositions We combine basic propositions
More informationDISCRETE MATH: LECTURE 3
DISCRETE MATH: LECTURE 3 DR. DANIEL FREEMAN 1. Chapter 2.2 Conditional Statements If p and q are statement variables, the conditional of q by p is If p then q or p implies q and is denoted p q. It is false
More informationCPSC 121: Models of Computation
CPSC 121: Models of Computation Unit 6 Rewriting Predicate Logic Statements Based on slides by Patrice Belleville and Steve Wolfman Coming Up Pre-class quiz #7 is due Wednesday October 25th at 9:00 pm.
More informationDISCRETE MATH: FINAL REVIEW
DISCRETE MATH: FINAL REVIEW DR. DANIEL FREEMAN 1) a. Does 3 = {3}? b. Is 3 {3}? c. Is 3 {3}? c. Is {3} {3}? c. Is {3} {3}? d. Does {3} = {3, 3, 3, 3}? e. Is {x Z x > 0} {x R x > 0}? 1. Chapter 1 review
More informationChapter 4, Logic using Propositional Calculus Handout
ECS 20 Chapter 4, Logic using Propositional Calculus Handout 0. Introduction to Discrete Mathematics. 0.1. Discrete = Individually separate and distinct as opposed to continuous and capable of infinitesimal
More informationMATH 135 Fall 2006 Proofs, Part IV
MATH 135 Fall 006 s, Part IV We ve spent a couple of days looking at one particular technique of proof: induction. Let s look at a few more. Direct Here we start with what we re given and proceed in a
More informationExamples: P: it is not the case that P. P Q: P or Q P Q: P implies Q (if P then Q) Typical formula:
Logic: The Big Picture Logic is a tool for formalizing reasoning. There are lots of different logics: probabilistic logic: for reasoning about probability temporal logic: for reasoning about time (and
More informationCSE 20 DISCRETE MATH. Winter
CSE 20 DISCRETE MATH Winter 2017 http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/wi17/cse20-ab/ Today's learning goals Distinguish between a theorem, an axiom, lemma, a corollary, and a conjecture. Recognize direct proofs
More informationMACM 101 Discrete Mathematics I. Exercises on Predicates and Quantifiers. Due: Tuesday, October 13th (at the beginning of the class)
MACM 101 Discrete Mathematics I Exercises on Predicates and Quantifiers. Due: Tuesday, October 13th (at the beginning of the class) Reminder: the work you submit must be your own. Any collaboration and
More informationThe Logic of Compound Statements cont.
The Logic of Compound Statements cont. CSE 215, Computer Science 1, Fall 2011 Stony Brook University http://www.cs.stonybrook.edu/~cse215 Refresh from last time: Logical Equivalences Commutativity of :
More information1 Propositional Logic
1 Propositional Logic Required reading: Foundations of Computation. Sections 1.1 and 1.2. 1. Introduction to Logic a. Logical consequences. If you know all humans are mortal, and you know that you are
More informationProof Techniques (Review of Math 271)
Chapter 2 Proof Techniques (Review of Math 271) 2.1 Overview This chapter reviews proof techniques that were probably introduced in Math 271 and that may also have been used in a different way in Phil
More informationLogic. Quantifiers. (real numbers understood). x [x is rotten in Denmark]. x<x+x 2 +1
Logic One reason for studying logic is that we need a better notation than ordinary English for expressing relationships among various assertions or hypothetical states of affairs. A solid grounding in
More informationDay 6. Tuesday May 29, We continue our look at basic proofs. We will do a few examples of different methods of proving.
Day 6 Tuesday May 9, 01 1 Basic Proofs We continue our look at basic proofs. We will do a few examples of different methods of proving. 1.1 Proof Techniques Recall that so far in class we have made two
More information2/2/2018. CS 103 Discrete Structures. Chapter 1. Propositional Logic. Chapter 1.1. Propositional Logic
CS 103 Discrete Structures Chapter 1 Propositional Logic Chapter 1.1 Propositional Logic 1 1.1 Propositional Logic Definition: A proposition :is a declarative sentence (that is, a sentence that declares
More informationDiscrete Structures of Computer Science Propositional Logic III Rules of Inference
Discrete Structures of Computer Science Propositional Logic III Rules of Inference Gazihan Alankuş (Based on original slides by Brahim Hnich) July 30, 2012 1 Previous Lecture 2 Summary of Laws of Logic
More informationStructural Induction
Structural Induction In this lecture we ll extend the applicability of induction to many universes, ones where we can define certain kinds of objects by induction, in addition to proving their properties
More informationManual of Logical Style (fresh version 2018)
Manual of Logical Style (fresh version 2018) Randall Holmes 9/5/2018 1 Introduction This is a fresh version of a document I have been working on with my classes at various levels for years. The idea that
More informationsoftware design & management Gachon University Chulyun Kim
Gachon University Chulyun Kim 2 Outline Propositional Logic Propositional Equivalences Predicates and Quantifiers Nested Quantifiers Rules of Inference Introduction to Proofs 3 1.1 Propositional Logic
More informationWhy Learning Logic? Logic. Propositional Logic. Compound Propositions
Logic Objectives Propositions and compound propositions Negation, conjunction, disjunction, and exclusive or Implication and biconditional Logic equivalence and satisfiability Application of propositional
More informationLecture Notes on DISCRETE MATHEMATICS. Eusebius Doedel
Lecture Notes on DISCRETE MATHEMATICS Eusebius Doedel c Eusebius J. Doedel, 009 Contents Logic. Introduction............................................................................... Basic logical
More informationCSE 20 DISCRETE MATH. Fall
CSE 20 DISCRETE MATH Fall 2017 http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/fa17/cse20-ab/ Today's learning goals Distinguish between a theorem, an axiom, lemma, a corollary, and a conjecture. Recognize direct proofs
More informationChapter 2: The Logic of Quantified Statements
Chapter 2: The Logic of Quantified Statements Topics include 2.1, 2.2 Predicates and Quantified Statements, 2.3 Statements with Multiple Quantifiers, and 2.4 Arguments with Quantified Statements. cs1231y
More informationNatural Deduction for Propositional Logic
Natural Deduction for Propositional Logic Bow-Yaw Wang Institute of Information Science Academia Sinica, Taiwan September 10, 2018 Bow-Yaw Wang (Academia Sinica) Natural Deduction for Propositional Logic
More informationReview. Propositions, propositional operators, truth tables. Logical Equivalences. Tautologies & contradictions
Review Propositions, propositional operators, truth tables Logical Equivalences. Tautologies & contradictions Some common logical equivalences Predicates & quantifiers Some logical equivalences involving
More informationLECTURE 1. Logic and Proofs
LECTURE 1 Logic and Proofs The primary purpose of this course is to introduce you, most of whom are mathematics majors, to the most fundamental skills of a mathematician; the ability to read, write, and
More informationPropositional logic (revision) & semantic entailment. p. 1/34
Propositional logic (revision) & semantic entailment p. 1/34 Reading The background reading for propositional logic is Chapter 1 of Huth/Ryan. (This will cover approximately the first three lectures.)
More informationBasic properties of the Integers
Basic properties of the Integers Branko Ćurgus May 2, 2017 1 Axioms for the Integers In the axioms below we use the standard logical operators: conjunction, disjunction, exclusive disjunction, implication,
More informationSome Review Problems for Exam 1: Solutions
Math 3355 Fall 2018 Some Review Problems for Exam 1: Solutions Here is my quick review of proof techniques. I will focus exclusively on propositions of the form p q, or more properly, x P (x) Q(x) or x
More informationPropositional Logic: Syntax
Logic Logic is a tool for formalizing reasoning. There are lots of different logics: probabilistic logic: for reasoning about probability temporal logic: for reasoning about time (and programs) epistemic
More information1.1 Language and Logic
c Oksana Shatalov, Spring 2018 1 1.1 Language and Logic Mathematical Statements DEFINITION 1. A proposition is any declarative sentence (i.e. it has both a subject and a verb) that is either true or false,
More informationMathematical Induction
Mathematical Induction Let s motivate our discussion by considering an example first. What happens when we add the first n positive odd integers? The table below shows what results for the first few values
More informationCPSC 121: Models of Computation. Module 6: Rewriting predicate logic statements
CPSC 121: Models of Computation Pre-class quiz #7 is due Wednesday October 16th at 17:00. Assigned reading for the quiz: Epp, 4th edition: 4.1, 4.6, Theorem 4.4.1 Epp, 3rd edition: 3.1, 3.6, Theorem 3.4.1.
More informationSample Problems for all sections of CMSC250, Midterm 1 Fall 2014
Sample Problems for all sections of CMSC250, Midterm 1 Fall 2014 1. Translate each of the following English sentences into formal statements using the logical operators (,,,,, and ). You may also use mathematical
More information1 Propositional Logic
CS 2800, Logic and Computation Propositional Logic Lectures Pete Manolios Version: 384 Spring 2011 1 Propositional Logic The study of logic was initiated by the ancient Greeks, who were concerned with
More information2.3 Exercises. (a) F P(A). (Solution)
2.3 Exercises 1. Analyze the logical forms of the following statements. You may use the symbols, /, =,,,,,,, and in your answers, but not,, P,,, {, }, or. (Thus, you must write out the definitions of some
More informationKS MATEMATIKA DISKRIT (DISCRETE MATHEMATICS ) RULES OF INFERENCE. Discrete Math Team
KS091201 MATEMATIKA DISKRIT (DISCRETE MATHEMATICS ) RULES OF INFERENCE Discrete Math Team 2 -- KS091201 MD W-04 Outline Valid Arguments Modus Ponens Modus Tollens Addition and Simplification More Rules
More informationPacket #2: Set Theory & Predicate Calculus. Applied Discrete Mathematics
CSC 224/226 Notes Packet #2: Set Theory & Predicate Calculus Barnes Packet #2: Set Theory & Predicate Calculus Applied Discrete Mathematics Table of Contents Full Adder Information Page 1 Predicate Calculus
More informationLogic. Propositional Logic: Syntax
Logic Propositional Logic: Syntax Logic is a tool for formalizing reasoning. There are lots of different logics: probabilistic logic: for reasoning about probability temporal logic: for reasoning about
More informationPractice Test III, Math 314, Spring 2016
Practice Test III, Math 314, Spring 2016 Dr. Holmes April 26, 2016 This is the 2014 test reorganized to be more readable. I like it as a review test. The students who took this test had to do four sections
More information5. Use a truth table to determine whether the two statements are equivalent. Let t be a tautology and c be a contradiction.
Statements Compounds and Truth Tables. Statements, Negations, Compounds, Conjunctions, Disjunctions, Truth Tables, Logical Equivalence, De Morgan s Law, Tautology, Contradictions, Proofs with Logical Equivalent
More informationSTRATEGIES OF PROBLEM SOLVING
STRATEGIES OF PROBLEM SOLVING Second Edition Maria Nogin Department of Mathematics College of Science and Mathematics California State University, Fresno 2014 2 Chapter 1 Introduction Solving mathematical
More informationIntro to Logic and Proofs
Intro to Logic and Proofs Propositions A proposition is a declarative sentence (that is, a sentence that declares a fact) that is either true or false, but not both. Examples: It is raining today. Washington
More informationTools for reasoning: Logic. Ch. 1: Introduction to Propositional Logic Truth values, truth tables Boolean logic: Implications:
Tools for reasoning: Logic Ch. 1: Introduction to Propositional Logic Truth values, truth tables Boolean logic: Implications: 1 Why study propositional logic? A formal mathematical language for precise
More informationCompound Propositions
Discrete Structures Compound Propositions Producing new propositions from existing propositions. Logical Operators or Connectives 1. Not 2. And 3. Or 4. Exclusive or 5. Implication 6. Biconditional Truth
More information