c velocity of light 299,792,458 meters/second

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1 STANDAD UNIVESAL MEASUEMENTS (the ones I use) SYMBOL UNIT VALUE tyr True Earth year (65.5 days) 1,557,600 seconds nyr normal Earth year (65 days) 1,56,000 seconds lyr leap Earth year (66 days) 1,6,400 seconds c velocity of light 99,79,458 meters/second AU Astronomical Unit 149,600,000 kilometers LY Light Year 9,460,70,47,580 kilometers p parsec.6 LY; 0,841,981,40,610 kilometers S Stellar adius 696,000 kilometers SM Stellar Mass kilograms G Gravitational Constant meters kilograms -1 seconds - Metric Standard: 1cm = 1g = 1ml» H 4C (9.F) Exact Standard:.54 cm = 1 inch 0.48 cm = 1 foot cm = 1 yard m = 1 mile m = 1 foot m = 1 yard km = 1 mile 1 m = yd = ft 1 megagram = 04.6 pounds = 1.10 tons NOTE: Megagram is the new term for 1 kilogram =.046 pounds = 5.76 ounces metric tons. 1 gram = ounces

2 EQUATIONS Page of 5 Drake Equation N = PELICG (I arbitrarily renamed these variables.) NOTE: Standard values for the below listed variables (P, E, L, I, C, G) is 1% (0.01). You may adjust this value as seen fit. N = possible number of existing technologically advanced civilizations (ETAC). = total number of stars in galaxy. P = percentage of with possibility of possessing planets. E = percentage of P with possibility of possessing Near Earth environments. L = percentage of E with possibility of possessing life. 1 I = percentage of L with possibility of possessing intelligence. C = percentage of I with possibility of possessing an advanced civilization. G = percentage of C with possibility of possessing self-longevity How would you define life? At its very basic, I define life as: consumption of nutrients, excrement of waste products, and reproduction whether through fission or fusion. A good example is the Black Smokers of the Mid-Atlantic idge. Bacteria and animals living in an environment supposedly entirely toxic to all life. esearch this. - How would you define intelligence? Most define the very basics of intelligence as: ability to communicate, self-awareness, ability to reason, and desire to survive. An argument I have used is that the songs sung by humpback whales is actually intelligent speech that us humans are incapable of comprehending or deciphering. - How would you define advanced civilization? Watch the Stargate: SG-1 episode The Nox (Episode #1, Season 1). Although it may not appear so at first, the Nox are a very advanced civilization. 4 - Self-Longevity is defined as a species that actively works to prevent its own self annihilation. Global thermonuclear annihilation has threatened our own species existence several times over the last 60 years. It must be remembered that an exceptionally barbaric and/or warlike species will not have much chance for self-longevity. The Standard Drake Equation N = f P NE f L f I fc fg N = possible number of existing technologically advanced civilizations (ETAC). = total number of stars in galaxy. f P = percentage of with possibility of possessing planets. NE = percentage of f P with possibility of possessing Near Earth environments. f L = percentage of NE with possibility of possessing life. 1 f I = percentage of f L with possibility of possessing intelligence. f C = percentage of f I with possibility of possessing an advanced civilization. f G = percentage of f C with possibility of possessing self-longevity. 4

3 Page of 5 Object Orbital Period T = (( π ) ) FO BOTH ABOVE EQUATIONS = object orbital radius in meters M = stellar primary mass in kilograms T = object orbital period in total seconds Object Orbital adius = ( T ) ( π ) Standard Equation Used to Algebraically Derive the Two Above Equations = ( π) T Scharwzchild adius (Event Horizon of a Black Hole) = c = radius in meters M = stellar mass in kilograms (must be c = velocity of light Energy of a Moving Object E = mv E = energy in joules m = object mass in kilograms v = object velocity in meters/second Sphere Surface Area A = 4π A = surface area in square meters (or other units) = sphere radius in meters (or other units).5 Stellar Masses)

4 Page 4 of 5 Object Escape Velocity ev = ev = escape velocity in meters/second M = object mass in kilograms = object radius in meters Object Surface Gravity g = g = object surface gravity in meters/second M = object mass in kilograms = object radius in meters Earth = 11,65 meters/second (11.65 km/s) Earth = meters/second Time Dilation Effect T = t v 1 c t = length of time being compared such as day, month, hour, etc in seconds v = object velocity in meters/second c = velocity of light in meters/second T =?? Extremely Crude Meteoric Impact Explosive Force (After Impact) C+ E = 10 1 ( ) E = explosive force in Megatons of TNT (the tons is actually megagrams (04.6 pounds)) C = log 10 of crater size in kilometers Sphere Volume V = 4 π V = volume = radius of sphere (units here will determine cubic units of volume)

5 Page 5 of 5 Object Mean Density D = M V D = density M = mass V = volume NOTE: units used in mass and volume will determine the units for density (g/cm ; kg/m ; etc)