Probabilistic method to determine electron correlation energy
|
|
- Brendan Dean
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Probablstc method to determne electron elaton energy T.R.S. Prasanna Department of Metallurgcal Engneerng and Materals Scence Indan Insttute of Technology, Bombay Mumba Inda A new method to determne electron elaton energy s descrbed. Ths method s based on a better representaton of the potental due to nteractng electrons that s obtaned by specfyng both the erage and standard devaton. The standard devaton s determned from a probablstc nterpretaton of the Coulomb nteracton between electrons. Ths leads to a better representaton of orbtal energes as ε ± ε, where ε s the Hartree-Fock orbtal energy and ε, the spread, s an ndcator of the magntude of elaton energy. Ths new representaton of the potental when combned wth an emprcal constant leads naturally to a new method to determne electron elaton energy. Correlaton energy s determned wthn the ndependent electron approxmaton wthout any contrbuton from hgher energy unoccuped states. A consstent physcal nterpretaton - an electron occupes a gven poston when other electrons are farther than on erage can be made. It s a general technque that can be used to determne elaton energy n any system of partcles wth nter-partcle nteracton (, r ) and can be consdered to be unversal frst step beyond mean-feld theory.
2 The problem of determnng electron elaton energy s of great mportance n quantum chemstry and sold state physcs. The orgn of ths problem can be traced to the Hartree-Fock approxmaton. It s an ndependent electron approxmaton n whch the nstantaneous electronelectron repulson, r r, s replaced by an eraged electron-electron nteracton n the Hamltonan. Consequently, the Hartree-Fock ground state has a hgher energy than the true ground state and the dfference s defned as the elaton energy. Ths problem was recognzed very early n the development of quantum mechancs as appled to molecules and solds. Subsequently, many technques he been developed to address ths problem. Confguraton Interacton, Moller-Plesset Perturbaton theory, Coupled Cluster method etc. he been developed to account for electron elaton n molecules. These methods are dscussed n detal n Refs.,. In these technques, the Hartree-Fock ground state (sngle Slater determnant) s frst determned, whch then becomes a startng pont to determne electron elaton energy. In general, t s necessary to nclude contrbutons from hgher energy unoccuped states n these methods. An mportant consequence s that the ndependent electron approxmaton s no longer vald and the physcally appealng pcture of an electron represented by ts wefuncton s lost. Addtonally, these methods are computatonally ntensve as the number of Slater determnants ncreases rapdly and are mpractcal for solds. Alternate approaches to address electron elaton wthn the sngle electron approxmaton he been made. These nclude studes based on Densty Functonal theory and on Green s functons (GW approxmaton and ts extensons). Densty Functonal Theory s an alternate method to calculate electronc structure (3-5). Wthn ths approach, the local densty approxmaton (LDA) s the standard method to ncorporate exchange effects. Many studes he been made go beyond the LDA to better characterze the exchange-elaton hole and ncorporate the effects of electron elatons (6-). The GW approxmaton and ts extensons (-5) represent another method to obtan better energes. Two broad themes can be dstngushed n these studes. The frst s to develop better functonals to descrbe electron elatons and the second s to develop schemes that lower the quas-partcle energes. In general, par-elaton functons or Green s functons play an mportant role n these studes.
3 In ths paper, a new method to determne electron elaton energy s descrbed. It s based on the fact that the potental due to nteractng electrons fluctuates at any poston. Specfyng both the erage and standard devaton - as opposed to ust the erage as n the Hartree-Fock method - better represents ths fluctuatng potental. The standard devaton can be determned from a probablstc nterpretaton of the Coulomb repulson between electrons. Startng from the Hartree-Fock approxmaton, ths method determnes the elaton energy wthn the ndependent electron approxmaton wthout any contrbuton from hgher energy unoccuped states. It results n lower orbtal energes. A consstent physcal nterpretaton - an electron occupes a gven poston when other electrons are farther than on erage can be made. It s a general technque that can be used to determne elaton energy n any system of partcles wth nter-partcle nteracton (, r ). The Hartree-Fock (HF) approxmaton s dscussed n detal n Ref.. The orbtal energy n the HF approxmaton s gven by () ε = f = h + J K () where f s the Fock operator and all symbols he ther usual meanng. The HF ground state energy s gven by E = ε ( J K ) () HF where the second term compensates for double countng and J = K. The HF ground state has a hgher energy than the true ground state partly because the Coulomb ntegral overestmates the repulson energy between two electrons. The Coulomb ntegral between two electrons s gven (n atomc unts) by ( r ) = ( r) ( r) r r = ( ) r r r r r r J d d d dr (3) Ths leads to the famlar nterpretaton that an electron n orbtal (henceforth referred to as electron ) experences an erage potental at due to electron n (electron ) gven by ( r ) = ( r ) r r dr (4) 3
4 Ths s equvalent to the expresson n classcal electrostatcs for the potental at any pont due to a contnuous charge dstrbuton, n ths case ( e) ( r ). In a classcal charge dstrbuton, the potental s constant because the charge dstrbuton s constant wth respect to tme. In the quantum mechancal case, electrons are pont partcles and only occupy varous postons wth probablty ( r ). Hence, t s readly seen that the potental at any poston s not constant but fluctuates wth ts erage gven by Eq. (4). A fluctuatng potental (or any other fluctuatng quantty) s better descrbed by specfyng ts standard devaton n addton to the erage. Ths can be acheved f a probablstc nterpretaton of Eq. (4) s made. Because ( r ) s a probablty densty functon and not a charge densty functon, the erage potental n Eq. (4) can also be nterpreted as the expectaton value of r r at. Wth ths nterpretaton, t becomes possble to determne the varance at. The varance s gven by ( r ) ( r) = dr ( ) r r Thus the varance can be determned f the expectaton value of ( ) r (5) r (frst term of Eq. (5)) can be evaluated. As the probablty densty functon s known, hgher moments can also be determned f necessary. It s now possble to better characterze the potental at electron. It can be represented as due to an ( r) = ( r) ± ( r) (6) where ( ) s the standard devaton and s gven by square root of the varance, ( ), determned from Eq. (5). In an n-electron system, the erage potental at due to n- electrons can be represented (as s well known) by the sum of erage potentals due to each electron. However, t s possble usng the method descrbed above to estmate the varance as well. The total varance can be represented by a sum of ndvdual varances and ts square root, the standard devaton, s gven by Σ' r = Σ' r = ( ) ( ) ( r ) (7) 4
5 where Σ' ndcates that the quantty has been obtaned from contrbutons of all electrons. Therefore, the potental due to the other (n-) electrons at can be represented as tot ( r) = ( r ) ± Σ'( r) Ths s a better representaton of the potental due to n- electrons at (8) than the Hartree-Fock approxmaton, whch s ust the frst term n Eq. (8). Specfyng the erage and standard devaton s the norm n descrbng any quantty that exhbts a spread n values. Eq. (8) appears to be the frst tme t has been done n the context of potental due to nteractng electrons. As electrons occupy dfferent postons, the dstance to and hence the potental at r fluctuates. r Eq. (8) accounts for the fluctuaton n the potental n a statstcal manner. Usng Eq. (8) (nstead of Eq. (4)) to calculate the potental energy of nteractng electrons leads to a better representaton of the orbtal energy as ε the HF orbtal energy obtaned from Eq. ()) and ε ±, where ε s the orbtal energy (same as ε s the spread. The method to determne ε s descrbed further below. The spread, ε, gves an estmate of the range of values about ε that orbtal energy can possess and s also an ndcator of the magntude of elaton energy. A large ε follows from a large standard devaton of the potental and mples strong fluctuatons about the erage (HF) potental. Ths suggests a sgnfcant dfference between the erage (HF) potental and the true potental, ndcatng a large value of the elaton energy. Hence, extendng the Hartree-Fock method to determne the spread of the orbtal energy, wll provde an ndcaton of the magntude of elaton energy. ε, The true value of the orbtal energy s a constant that does not exhbt any spread n the sense descrbed above. Ths s because even though the potental at (any poston) fluctuates, the true value of the potental at due to n- other electrons when electron s present s a fxed quantty that s determned by the elated moton of electrons. To determne ths true potental, t s necessary to adopt theoretcal technques startng wth the true many-body wefuncton, whch s frequently unknown. 5
6 However, usng Eq. (8) along wth an emprcal constant allows an effectve potental to be estmated that s closer to the true value of the potental than the erage (HF) potental. Ths naturally leads to a new method to determne electron elaton energy as descrbed below. Electron would prefer to occupy poston when the potental s lower than on erage as t would lower the (repulsve) energy. The effectve potental at when electron s present can be represented as eff ( r) = ( r) c ( r ) Σ'( r) The effectve potental, gven by Eq. (9), s closer to the true value of the potental at (9) when electron s present than the Hartree-Fock potental. It also mples that electron occupes poston when the other electrons are farther than on erage. The coeffcent ( r ) s a small c number multplyng the standard devaton of the total potental due to other electrons and the representaton s suffcently general. The smplest assumpton would be that of a constant value (c) for all electrons at all postons. The next assumpton would be that of a dfferent constant value for dfferent electrons (c) but ndependent of poston. Another possblty s to he one constant for electrons of same spn and another constant for electrons of opposte spn, as electrons of same spn are lkely to be farther apart due to exchange effects. The coeffcent must be chosen emprcally untl nsghts nto the nature of potental fluctuatons he been ganed. The electrostatc nteracton energy of electron due to other electrons ncludng elatons s gven by eff Σ Σ J = ( r ) ( r ) dr = J c ( r ) '( r ) ( r ) d (0) and hence, the elaton energy of electron s gven by c Σ' E = ( r ) ( r ) ( r ) d () The orbtal energy s lowered due to electron elatons and s gven by ε = ε + E () where both ε and E are negatve. The ground state energy s obtaned as cor E = ε ( J K ) E (3) gs 6
7 Hence, the total elaton energy, s gven by E = E (4) The spread of the orbtal energy,, s equal to E determned from Eq. () wth ( r ) =. ε c The hgher energy unoccuped states do not play any role n determnng electron elatons. In the HF method, the ant-symmetry of wefunctons (or Paul excluson prncple) provdes some measure of elaton among electrons of same spn resultng n an exchange hole surroundng each electron (,). In the method descrbed above, electrons of ether spn are farther than on erage (Eq. (9)) suggestng a elaton hole surroundng an electron. Ths s consstent wth the nature of Coulomb nteracton, whch s ndependent of spn. In the HF approxmaton, the electron electron nteracton term n the Hamltonan, r, s exact but the wefuncton (sngle Slater Determnant) approxmate, due to whch t becomes an eraged nteracton for the sngle electron Hamltonan. Ths shows that an exact two-partcle operator becomes an approxmate one-partcle operator when the wefuncton s approxmate. The above method can be consdered to be a ecton to ths approxmate one-partcle operator. Wthn the framework of ndependent electron approxmaton, t s equvalent to a frst-order perturbaton ecton to orbtal energes. Of all the methods to determne electron elaton energy, the Confguraton Interacton (CI) method (,) s conceptually the smplest and can be consdered to be a natural extenson of the Hartree-Fock method. Ths s because t s known that the electron-electron nteracton term r r, s exact but the wefuncton (sngle Slater Determnant) approxmate n the HF method. Therefore, the natural course of acton would be to expand the true wefuncton n a seres of determnants, n whch the HF wefuncton would be the frst term. The present method can be consdered to be another natural extenson of the Hartree-Fock method to ncorporate the effects of electron elatons. The natural course of acton after determnng the erage potental s to evaluate ts standard devaton. Combned wth an 7
8 emprcal constant, ths allows an effectve potental to be estmated that s closer to the true value than the erage (HF) potental. Therefore, ths method can also be consdered to be a natural extenson of the Hartree-Fock method. In ths method, the overestmate of the electronelectron repulson energy s ected, rather than the wefuncton as n the Confguraton Interacton method. The present method determnes electron elaton energy wthn the sngle electron approxmaton and s dfferent from the GW approxmaton (-5) and Densty Functonal approaches (6-). It does not requre any knowledge of Green s functons or par-elaton functons. It s ths conceptual smplcty that can make ths method wdely accessble and applcable. It s lmted n scope as ts obectve s to determne elaton energy rather than to provde a better theoretcal descrpton of electron elaton. Towards ths end, t requres the use of an emprcal constant. Purely theoretcal approaches to electron elatons need to od any relance on emprcal constants. To the best knowledge of the author, the method of ths paper s not to be found n exstng lterature. It s also clear that the method s general and not restrcted to electrons. In any system of partcles wth nter-partcle nteracton (,r ), the potental at any poston wll fluctuate. The frst attempt to solve the Schrodnger s equaton usually assumes that the partcle moves n an erage potental due to other partcles, whch can be called the mean-feld approxmaton. Ths paper shows that n addton to the erage, the standard devaton of the potental due to other partcles can be determned. Ths allows the spread of sngle partcle energes about ther meanfeld values to be specfed, whch provdes an ndcaton of the magntude of elaton energy. In addton, usng nformaton about the erage and standard devaton along wth an emprcal constant, an effectve potental that s closer to the true value than the erage potental can be estmated. The dfference n potental energes gves the elaton energy. Conceptually, the way beyond mean-feld theory s clear even before knowng the detals of the nteracton potental (,r ). Therefore, ths method can be consdered to be a unversal frst step beyond mean-feld theory. Emal: prasanna@tb.ac.n 8
9 References. A. Szabo, N. S. Ostlund, Modern Quantum Chemstry Introducton to Advanced Electronc Structure Theory, (Mc-Graw Hll, New York 989). P. Fulde, Electron Correlatons n Molecules and Solds, (Sprnger, Berln 99) 3. P. Hohenberg and W. Kohn, Phys. Rev. 36, B864 (964) 4. W. Kohn and L. J. Sham, Phys. Rev. 40, A33 (965) 5. R. G. Parr and W. Yang, Densty Functonal Theory of Atoms and Molecules, (Oxford, New York, 989) 6. J. P. Perdew and Y. Wang, Phys. Rev. B 46, 947 (99) 7. A. W. Overhauser, Can. J. Phys. 73, 683 (995) 8. P. Gor-Gorg, F. Sacchett and G. B. Bachelet, Phys. Rev. B 6, 7353 (000) 9. J. M. Soler, Phys. Rev. B 69, 950 (004) 0. J. P. Perdew, K. Burke and M. Ernzerhof, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865 (996). J. Tao, J. P. Perdew,. N. Staroverov and G. E. Scusera, Phys. Rev. Lett. 9, 4640 (003). L. Hedn, Phys. Rev. 39, A796 (965) 3. F. Aryasetawan and O. Gunnarsson, Rep. Prog. Phys. 6, 37 (998) 4. A. Schndlmayr and R. W. Godby, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 70 (998) 5. P. Sun and G. Kotlar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 9, 9640 (004) 9
Introduction to Density Functional Theory. Jeremie Zaffran 2 nd year-msc. (Nanochemistry)
Introducton to Densty Functonal Theory Jereme Zaffran nd year-msc. (anochemstry) A- Hartree appromatons Born- Oppenhemer appromaton H H H e The goal of computatonal chemstry H e??? Let s remnd H e T e
More informationPhysics 181. Particle Systems
Physcs 181 Partcle Systems Overvew In these notes we dscuss the varables approprate to the descrpton of systems of partcles, ther defntons, ther relatons, and ther conservatons laws. We consder a system
More informationRobert Eisberg Second edition CH 09 Multielectron atoms ground states and x-ray excitations
Quantum Physcs 量 理 Robert Esberg Second edton CH 09 Multelectron atoms ground states and x-ray exctatons 9-01 By gong through the procedure ndcated n the text, develop the tme-ndependent Schroednger equaton
More informationwhere the sums are over the partcle labels. In general H = p2 2m + V s(r ) V j = V nt (jr, r j j) (5) where V s s the sngle-partcle potental and V nt
Physcs 543 Quantum Mechancs II Fall 998 Hartree-Fock and the Self-consstent Feld Varatonal Methods In the dscusson of statonary perturbaton theory, I mentoned brey the dea of varatonal approxmaton schemes.
More informationψ ij has the eigenvalue
Moller Plesset Perturbaton Theory In Moller-Plesset (MP) perturbaton theory one taes the unperturbed Hamltonan for an atom or molecule as the sum of the one partcle Foc operators H F() where the egenfunctons
More informationLecture 4. Macrostates and Microstates (Ch. 2 )
Lecture 4. Macrostates and Mcrostates (Ch. ) The past three lectures: we have learned about thermal energy, how t s stored at the mcroscopc level, and how t can be transferred from one system to another.
More informationCHAPTER 14 GENERAL PERTURBATION THEORY
CHAPTER 4 GENERAL PERTURBATION THEORY 4 Introducton A partcle n orbt around a pont mass or a sphercally symmetrc mass dstrbuton s movng n a gravtatonal potental of the form GM / r In ths potental t moves
More informationThermodynamics General
Thermodynamcs General Lecture 1 Lecture 1 s devoted to establshng buldng blocks for dscussng thermodynamcs. In addton, the equaton of state wll be establshed. I. Buldng blocks for thermodynamcs A. Dmensons,
More informationMulti-electron atoms (11) 2010 update Extend the H-atom picture to more than 1 electron: H-atom sol'n use for N-elect., assume product wavefct.
Mult-electron atoms (11) 2010 update Extend the H-atom pcture to more than 1 electron: VII 33 H-atom sol'n use for -elect., assume product wavefct. n ψ = φn l m where: ψ mult electron w/fct φ n l m one
More informationUncertainty and auto-correlation in. Measurement
Uncertanty and auto-correlaton n arxv:1707.03276v2 [physcs.data-an] 30 Dec 2017 Measurement Markus Schebl Federal Offce of Metrology and Surveyng (BEV), 1160 Venna, Austra E-mal: markus.schebl@bev.gv.at
More informationNumerical Heat and Mass Transfer
Master degree n Mechancal Engneerng Numercal Heat and Mass Transfer 06-Fnte-Dfference Method (One-dmensonal, steady state heat conducton) Fausto Arpno f.arpno@uncas.t Introducton Why we use models and
More informationLecture 10. Reading: Notes and Brennan Chapter 5
Lecture tatstcal Mechancs and Densty of tates Concepts Readng: otes and Brennan Chapter 5 Georga Tech C 645 - Dr. Alan Doolttle C 645 - Dr. Alan Doolttle Georga Tech How do electrons and holes populate
More informationUniversity of Washington Department of Chemistry Chemistry 453 Winter Quarter 2015
Lecture 2. 1/07/15-1/09/15 Unversty of Washngton Department of Chemstry Chemstry 453 Wnter Quarter 2015 We are not talkng about truth. We are talkng about somethng that seems lke truth. The truth we want
More informationLecture 14: Forces and Stresses
The Nuts and Bolts of Frst-Prncples Smulaton Lecture 14: Forces and Stresses Durham, 6th-13th December 2001 CASTEP Developers Group wth support from the ESF ψ k Network Overvew of Lecture Why bother? Theoretcal
More informationEPR Paradox and the Physical Meaning of an Experiment in Quantum Mechanics. Vesselin C. Noninski
EPR Paradox and the Physcal Meanng of an Experment n Quantum Mechancs Vesseln C Nonnsk vesselnnonnsk@verzonnet Abstract It s shown that there s one purely determnstc outcome when measurement s made on
More informationThis chapter illustrates the idea that all properties of the homogeneous electron gas (HEG) can be calculated from electron density.
1 Unform Electron Gas Ths chapter llustrates the dea that all propertes of the homogeneous electron gas (HEG) can be calculated from electron densty. Intutve Representaton of Densty Electron densty n s
More informationModule 3 LOSSY IMAGE COMPRESSION SYSTEMS. Version 2 ECE IIT, Kharagpur
Module 3 LOSSY IMAGE COMPRESSION SYSTEMS Verson ECE IIT, Kharagpur Lesson 6 Theory of Quantzaton Verson ECE IIT, Kharagpur Instructonal Objectves At the end of ths lesson, the students should be able to:
More informationPhysics 5153 Classical Mechanics. Principle of Virtual Work-1
P. Guterrez 1 Introducton Physcs 5153 Classcal Mechancs Prncple of Vrtual Work The frst varatonal prncple we encounter n mechancs s the prncple of vrtual work. It establshes the equlbrum condton of a mechancal
More informationEcon107 Applied Econometrics Topic 3: Classical Model (Studenmund, Chapter 4)
I. Classcal Assumptons Econ7 Appled Econometrcs Topc 3: Classcal Model (Studenmund, Chapter 4) We have defned OLS and studed some algebrac propertes of OLS. In ths topc we wll study statstcal propertes
More information5.03, Inorganic Chemistry Prof. Daniel G. Nocera Lecture 2 May 11: Ligand Field Theory
5.03, Inorganc Chemstry Prof. Danel G. Nocera Lecture May : Lgand Feld Theory The lgand feld problem s defned by the followng Hamltonan, h p Η = wth E n = KE = where = m m x y z h m Ze r hydrogen atom
More informationMathematical Preparations
1 Introducton Mathematcal Preparatons The theory of relatvty was developed to explan experments whch studed the propagaton of electromagnetc radaton n movng coordnate systems. Wthn expermental error the
More informationComparative Studies of Law of Conservation of Energy. and Law Clusters of Conservation of Generalized Energy
Comparatve Studes of Law of Conservaton of Energy and Law Clusters of Conservaton of Generalzed Energy No.3 of Comparatve Physcs Seres Papers Fu Yuhua (CNOOC Research Insttute, E-mal:fuyh1945@sna.com)
More informationComplex Atoms; The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic System
Complex Atoms; The Excluson Prncple and the Perodc System In order to understand the electron dstrbutons n atoms, another prncple s needed. Ths s the Paul excluson prncple: No two electrons n an atom can
More informationEntropy generation in a chemical reaction
Entropy generaton n a chemcal reacton E Mranda Área de Cencas Exactas COICET CCT Mendoza 5500 Mendoza, rgentna and Departamento de Físca Unversdad aconal de San Lus 5700 San Lus, rgentna bstract: Entropy
More informationA particle in a state of uniform motion remain in that state of motion unless acted upon by external force.
The fundamental prncples of classcal mechancs were lad down by Galleo and Newton n the 16th and 17th centures. In 1686, Newton wrote the Prncpa where he gave us three laws of moton, one law of gravty,
More informationProblem Points Score Total 100
Physcs 450 Solutons of Sample Exam I Problem Ponts Score 1 8 15 3 17 4 0 5 0 Total 100 All wor must be shown n order to receve full credt. Wor must be legble and comprehensble wth answers clearly ndcated.
More informationThe Feynman path integral
The Feynman path ntegral Aprl 3, 205 Hesenberg and Schrödnger pctures The Schrödnger wave functon places the tme dependence of a physcal system n the state, ψ, t, where the state s a vector n Hlbert space
More informationArmy Ants Tunneling for Classical Simulations
Electronc Supplementary Materal (ESI) for Chemcal Scence. Ths journal s The Royal Socety of Chemstry 2014 electronc supplementary nformaton (ESI) for Chemcal Scence Army Ants Tunnelng for Classcal Smulatons
More informationChapter 13: Multiple Regression
Chapter 13: Multple Regresson 13.1 Developng the multple-regresson Model The general model can be descrbed as: It smplfes for two ndependent varables: The sample ft parameter b 0, b 1, and b are used to
More informationPsychology 282 Lecture #24 Outline Regression Diagnostics: Outliers
Psychology 282 Lecture #24 Outlne Regresson Dagnostcs: Outlers In an earler lecture we studed the statstcal assumptons underlyng the regresson model, ncludng the followng ponts: Formal statement of assumptons.
More informationA how to guide to second quantization method.
Phys. 67 (Graduate Quantum Mechancs Sprng 2009 Prof. Pu K. Lam. Verson 3 (4/3/2009 A how to gude to second quantzaton method. -> Second quantzaton s a mathematcal notaton desgned to handle dentcal partcle
More informationThermodynamics and statistical mechanics in materials modelling II
Course MP3 Lecture 8/11/006 (JAE) Course MP3 Lecture 8/11/006 Thermodynamcs and statstcal mechancs n materals modellng II A bref résumé of the physcal concepts used n materals modellng Dr James Ellott.1
More information24. Atomic Spectra, Term Symbols and Hund s Rules
Page of 4. Atomc Spectra, Term Symbols and Hund s Rules Date: 5 October 00 Suggested Readng: Chapters 8-8 to 8- of the text. Introducton Electron confguratons, at least n the forms used n general chemstry
More informationChapter 11: Simple Linear Regression and Correlation
Chapter 11: Smple Lnear Regresson and Correlaton 11-1 Emprcal Models 11-2 Smple Lnear Regresson 11-3 Propertes of the Least Squares Estmators 11-4 Hypothess Test n Smple Lnear Regresson 11-4.1 Use of t-tests
More informationTemperature. Chapter Heat Engine
Chapter 3 Temperature In prevous chapters of these notes we ntroduced the Prncple of Maxmum ntropy as a technque for estmatng probablty dstrbutons consstent wth constrants. In Chapter 9 we dscussed the
More information12. The Hamilton-Jacobi Equation Michael Fowler
1. The Hamlton-Jacob Equaton Mchael Fowler Back to Confguraton Space We ve establshed that the acton, regarded as a functon of ts coordnate endponts and tme, satsfes ( ) ( ) S q, t / t+ H qpt,, = 0, and
More informationErrors in Nobel Prize for Physics (7) Improper Schrodinger Equation and Dirac Equation
Errors n Nobel Prze for Physcs (7) Improper Schrodnger Equaton and Drac Equaton u Yuhua (CNOOC Research Insttute, E-mal:fuyh945@sna.com) Abstract: One of the reasons for 933 Nobel Prze for physcs s for
More informationESI-3D: Electron Sharing Indexes Program for 3D Molecular Space Partition
ESI-3D: Electron Sharng Indexes Program for 3D Molecular Space Partton Insttute of Computatonal Chemstry (Grona), 006. Report bugs to Eduard Matto: eduard@qc.udg.es or ematto@gmal.com The Electron Sharng
More informationGlobal Sensitivity. Tuesday 20 th February, 2018
Global Senstvty Tuesday 2 th February, 28 ) Local Senstvty Most senstvty analyses [] are based on local estmates of senstvty, typcally by expandng the response n a Taylor seres about some specfc values
More informationWeek3, Chapter 4. Position and Displacement. Motion in Two Dimensions. Instantaneous Velocity. Average Velocity
Week3, Chapter 4 Moton n Two Dmensons Lecture Quz A partcle confned to moton along the x axs moves wth constant acceleraton from x =.0 m to x = 8.0 m durng a 1-s tme nterval. The velocty of the partcle
More informationFREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS Page 1 of The idea of a frequency distribution for sets of observations will be introduced,
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS Page 1 of 6 I. Introducton 1. The dea of a frequency dstrbuton for sets of observatons wll be ntroduced, together wth some of the mechancs for constructng dstrbutons of data. Then
More information3.1 Expectation of Functions of Several Random Variables. )' be a k-dimensional discrete or continuous random vector, with joint PMF p (, E X E X1 E X
Statstcs 1: Probablty Theory II 37 3 EPECTATION OF SEVERAL RANDOM VARIABLES As n Probablty Theory I, the nterest n most stuatons les not on the actual dstrbuton of a random vector, but rather on a number
More informationStatistical mechanics handout 4
Statstcal mechancs handout 4 Explan dfference between phase space and an. Ensembles As dscussed n handout three atoms n any physcal system can adopt any one of a large number of mcorstates. For a quantum
More information4 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 5 ANOVA. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Fixed Effects ANOVA
4 Analyss of Varance (ANOVA) 5 ANOVA 51 Introducton ANOVA ANOVA s a way to estmate and test the means of multple populatons We wll start wth one-way ANOVA If the populatons ncluded n the study are selected
More information1. Mean-Field Theory. 2. Bjerrum length
1. Mean-Feld Theory Contnuum models lke the Posson-Nernst-Planck equatons are mean-feld approxmatons whch descrbe how dscrete ons are affected by the mean concentratons c and potental φ. Each on mgrates
More informationDepartment of Quantitative Methods & Information Systems. Time Series and Their Components QMIS 320. Chapter 6
Department of Quanttatve Methods & Informaton Systems Tme Seres and Ther Components QMIS 30 Chapter 6 Fall 00 Dr. Mohammad Zanal These sldes were modfed from ther orgnal source for educatonal purpose only.
More informationFrequency dependence of the permittivity
Frequency dependence of the permttvty February 7, 016 In materals, the delectrc constant and permeablty are actually frequency dependent. Ths does not affect our results for sngle frequency modes, but
More informationNumerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations
Numercal Methods (CENG 00) CHAPTER-VI Numercal Soluton of Ordnar Dfferental Equatons 6 Introducton Dfferental equatons are equatons composed of an unknown functon and ts dervatves The followng are examples
More informationPY2101 Classical Mechanics Dr. Síle Nic Chormaic, Room 215 D Kane Bldg
PY2101 Classcal Mechancs Dr. Síle Nc Chormac, Room 215 D Kane Bldg s.ncchormac@ucc.e Lectures stll some ssues to resolve. Slots shared between PY2101 and PY2104. Hope to have t fnalsed by tomorrow. Mondays
More informationLaboratory 1c: Method of Least Squares
Lab 1c, Least Squares Laboratory 1c: Method of Least Squares Introducton Consder the graph of expermental data n Fgure 1. In ths experment x s the ndependent varable and y the dependent varable. Clearly
More informationJanuary Examinations 2015
24/5 Canddates Only January Examnatons 25 DO NOT OPEN THE QUESTION PAPER UNTIL INSTRUCTED TO DO SO BY THE CHIEF INVIGILATOR STUDENT CANDIDATE NO.. Department Module Code Module Ttle Exam Duraton (n words)
More informationPhysics 607 Exam 1. ( ) = 1, Γ( z +1) = zγ( z) x n e x2 dx = 1. e x2
Physcs 607 Exam 1 Please be well-organzed, and show all sgnfcant steps clearly n all problems. You are graded on your wor, so please do not just wrte down answers wth no explanaton! Do all your wor on
More informationIntroduction to Vapor/Liquid Equilibrium, part 2. Raoult s Law:
CE304, Sprng 2004 Lecture 4 Introducton to Vapor/Lqud Equlbrum, part 2 Raoult s Law: The smplest model that allows us do VLE calculatons s obtaned when we assume that the vapor phase s an deal gas, and
More informationSome Comments on Accelerating Convergence of Iterative Sequences Using Direct Inversion of the Iterative Subspace (DIIS)
Some Comments on Acceleratng Convergence of Iteratve Sequences Usng Drect Inverson of the Iteratve Subspace (DIIS) C. Davd Sherrll School of Chemstry and Bochemstry Georga Insttute of Technology May 1998
More informationSupporting Information
Supportng Informaton The neural network f n Eq. 1 s gven by: f x l = ReLU W atom x l + b atom, 2 where ReLU s the element-wse rectfed lnear unt, 21.e., ReLUx = max0, x, W atom R d d s the weght matrx to
More informationPolynomial Regression Models
LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS MODULE XII Lecture - 6 Polynomal Regresson Models Dr. Shalabh Department of Mathematcs and Statstcs Indan Insttute of Technology Kanpur Test of sgnfcance To test the sgnfcance
More informationSimulated Power of the Discrete Cramér-von Mises Goodness-of-Fit Tests
Smulated of the Cramér-von Mses Goodness-of-Ft Tests Steele, M., Chaselng, J. and 3 Hurst, C. School of Mathematcal and Physcal Scences, James Cook Unversty, Australan School of Envronmental Studes, Grffth
More informationLINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS. MODULE IX Lecture Multicollinearity
LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS MODULE IX Lecture - 30 Multcollnearty Dr. Shalabh Department of Mathematcs and Statstcs Indan Insttute of Technology Kanpur 2 Remedes for multcollnearty Varous technques have
More informationSupplemental Material: Causal Entropic Forces
Supplemental Materal: Causal Entropc Forces A. D. Wssner-Gross 1, 2, and C. E. Freer 3 1 Insttute for Appled Computatonal Scence, Harvard Unversty, Cambrdge, Massachusetts 02138, USA 2 The Meda Laboratory,
More informationELASTIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN A CONTINUOUS MEDIUM
ELASTIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN A CONTINUOUS MEDIUM An elastc wave s a deformaton of the body that travels throughout the body n all drectons. We can examne the deformaton over a perod of tme by fxng our look
More informationx = , so that calculated
Stat 4, secton Sngle Factor ANOVA notes by Tm Plachowsk n chapter 8 we conducted hypothess tests n whch we compared a sngle sample s mean or proporton to some hypotheszed value Chapter 9 expanded ths to
More informationStatistics Chapter 4
Statstcs Chapter 4 "There are three knds of les: les, damned les, and statstcs." Benjamn Dsrael, 1895 (Brtsh statesman) Gaussan Dstrbuton, 4-1 If a measurement s repeated many tmes a statstcal treatment
More informationComputation of Higher Order Moments from Two Multinomial Overdispersion Likelihood Models
Computaton of Hgher Order Moments from Two Multnomal Overdsperson Lkelhood Models BY J. T. NEWCOMER, N. K. NEERCHAL Department of Mathematcs and Statstcs, Unversty of Maryland, Baltmore County, Baltmore,
More informationInternational Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences and Technology
Int. J. Pure Appl. Sc. Technol., 4() (03), pp. 5-30 Internatonal Journal of Pure and Appled Scences and Technology ISSN 9-607 Avalable onlne at www.jopaasat.n Research Paper Schrödnger State Space Matrx
More informationRate of Absorption and Stimulated Emission
MIT Department of Chemstry 5.74, Sprng 005: Introductory Quantum Mechancs II Instructor: Professor Andre Tokmakoff p. 81 Rate of Absorpton and Stmulated Emsson The rate of absorpton nduced by the feld
More informationThe Multiple Classical Linear Regression Model (CLRM): Specification and Assumptions. 1. Introduction
ECONOMICS 5* -- NOTE (Summary) ECON 5* -- NOTE The Multple Classcal Lnear Regresson Model (CLRM): Specfcaton and Assumptons. Introducton CLRM stands for the Classcal Lnear Regresson Model. The CLRM s also
More informationPhysics 53. Rotational Motion 3. Sir, I have found you an argument, but I am not obliged to find you an understanding.
Physcs 53 Rotatonal Moton 3 Sr, I have found you an argument, but I am not oblged to fnd you an understandng. Samuel Johnson Angular momentum Wth respect to rotatonal moton of a body, moment of nerta plays
More informationOne-sided finite-difference approximations suitable for use with Richardson extrapolation
Journal of Computatonal Physcs 219 (2006) 13 20 Short note One-sded fnte-dfference approxmatons sutable for use wth Rchardson extrapolaton Kumar Rahul, S.N. Bhattacharyya * Department of Mechancal Engneerng,
More informationV.C The Niemeijer van Leeuwen Cumulant Approximation
V.C The Nemejer van Leeuwen Cumulant Approxmaton Unfortunately, the decmaton procedure cannot be performed exactly n hgher dmensons. For example, the square lattce can be dvded nto two sublattces. For
More information1 Derivation of Rate Equations from Single-Cell Conductance (Hodgkin-Huxley-like) Equations
Physcs 171/271 -Davd Klenfeld - Fall 2005 (revsed Wnter 2011) 1 Dervaton of Rate Equatons from Sngle-Cell Conductance (Hodgkn-Huxley-lke) Equatons We consder a network of many neurons, each of whch obeys
More informationMolecular Dynamics and Density Functional Theory
Molecular Dynamcs and Densty Functonal Theory What do we need? An account n pemfc cluster: Host name: pemfc.chem.sfu.ca I wll take care of that. Ths can be usually a common account for all of you but please
More information5.04, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry II MIT Department of Chemistry Lecture 32: Vibrational Spectroscopy and the IR
5.0, Prncples of Inorganc Chemstry II MIT Department of Chemstry Lecture 3: Vbratonal Spectroscopy and the IR Vbratonal spectroscopy s confned to the 00-5000 cm - spectral regon. The absorpton of a photon
More informationRELIABILITY ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER Rsk Analyss n Engneerng and Economcs RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT A. J. Clark School of Engneerng Department of Cvl and Envronmental Engneerng 4a CHAPMAN HALL/CRC Rsk Analyss for Engneerng Department
More informationStatistical Evaluation of WATFLOOD
tatstcal Evaluaton of WATFLD By: Angela MacLean, Dept. of Cvl & Envronmental Engneerng, Unversty of Waterloo, n. ctober, 005 The statstcs program assocated wth WATFLD uses spl.csv fle that s produced wth
More informationLecture 7: Boltzmann distribution & Thermodynamics of mixing
Prof. Tbbtt Lecture 7 etworks & Gels Lecture 7: Boltzmann dstrbuton & Thermodynamcs of mxng 1 Suggested readng Prof. Mark W. Tbbtt ETH Zürch 13 März 018 Molecular Drvng Forces Dll and Bromberg: Chapters
More informationQuantum Particle Motion in Physical Space
Adv. Studes Theor. Phys., Vol. 8, 014, no. 1, 7-34 HIKARI Ltd, www.-hkar.co http://dx.do.org/10.1988/astp.014.311136 Quantu Partcle Moton n Physcal Space A. Yu. Saarn Dept. of Physcs, Saara State Techncal
More informationThe GW approximation in 90 minutes or so. F. Bruneval Service de Recherches de Métallurgie Physique CEA, DEN
The GW approxmaton n 90 mnutes or so Servce de Recherches de Métallurge Physque CEA, DEN DFT tutoral, Lyon december 2012 Outlne I. Standard DFT suffers from the band gap problem II. Introducton of the
More informationLagrangian Field Theory
Lagrangan Feld Theory Adam Lott PHY 391 Aprl 6, 017 1 Introducton Ths paper s a summary of Chapter of Mandl and Shaw s Quantum Feld Theory [1]. The frst thng to do s to fx the notaton. For the most part,
More informationNegative Binomial Regression
STATGRAPHICS Rev. 9/16/2013 Negatve Bnomal Regresson Summary... 1 Data Input... 3 Statstcal Model... 3 Analyss Summary... 4 Analyss Optons... 7 Plot of Ftted Model... 8 Observed Versus Predcted... 10 Predctons...
More informationInductance Calculation for Conductors of Arbitrary Shape
CRYO/02/028 Aprl 5, 2002 Inductance Calculaton for Conductors of Arbtrary Shape L. Bottura Dstrbuton: Internal Summary In ths note we descrbe a method for the numercal calculaton of nductances among conductors
More informationThe non-negativity of probabilities and the collapse of state
The non-negatvty of probabltes and the collapse of state Slobodan Prvanovć Insttute of Physcs, P.O. Box 57, 11080 Belgrade, Serba Abstract The dynamcal equaton, beng the combnaton of Schrödnger and Louvlle
More informationThis column is a continuation of our previous column
Comparson of Goodness of Ft Statstcs for Lnear Regresson, Part II The authors contnue ther dscusson of the correlaton coeffcent n developng a calbraton for quanttatve analyss. Jerome Workman Jr. and Howard
More informationStatistics for Economics & Business
Statstcs for Economcs & Busness Smple Lnear Regresson Learnng Objectves In ths chapter, you learn: How to use regresson analyss to predct the value of a dependent varable based on an ndependent varable
More informationComparison of Regression Lines
STATGRAPHICS Rev. 9/13/2013 Comparson of Regresson Lnes Summary... 1 Data Input... 3 Analyss Summary... 4 Plot of Ftted Model... 6 Condtonal Sums of Squares... 6 Analyss Optons... 7 Forecasts... 8 Confdence
More informationKernel Methods and SVMs Extension
Kernel Methods and SVMs Extenson The purpose of ths document s to revew materal covered n Machne Learnng 1 Supervsed Learnng regardng support vector machnes (SVMs). Ths document also provdes a general
More informationWorkshop: Approximating energies and wave functions Quantum aspects of physical chemistry
Workshop: Approxmatng energes and wave functons Quantum aspects of physcal chemstry http://quantum.bu.edu/pltl/6/6.pdf Last updated Thursday, November 7, 25 7:9:5-5: Copyrght 25 Dan Dll (dan@bu.edu) Department
More informationSupporting information.
Response to Comment on the paper "Restrcted Geometry Optmzaton: A Dfferent Way to Estmate Stablzaton Energes for Aromatc Molecules of Varous Types" Zhong-Heng Yu* and Peng Bao Supportng nformaton. Contents:
More informationChapter 9: Statistical Inference and the Relationship between Two Variables
Chapter 9: Statstcal Inference and the Relatonshp between Two Varables Key Words The Regresson Model The Sample Regresson Equaton The Pearson Correlaton Coeffcent Learnng Outcomes After studyng ths chapter,
More informationSTATISTICAL MECHANICS
STATISTICAL MECHANICS Thermal Energy Recall that KE can always be separated nto 2 terms: KE system = 1 2 M 2 total v CM KE nternal Rgd-body rotaton and elastc / sound waves Use smplfyng assumptons KE of
More informationTHEOREMS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS
THEOREMS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS In order to develop methods to treat many-electron systems (atoms & molecules), many of the theorems of quantum mechancs are useful. Useful Notaton The matrx element A mn
More informationSTATISTICAL MECHANICAL ENSEMBLES 1 MICROSCOPIC AND MACROSCOPIC VARIABLES PHASE SPACE ENSEMBLES. CHE 524 A. Panagiotopoulos 1
CHE 54 A. Panagotopoulos STATSTCAL MECHACAL ESEMBLES MCROSCOPC AD MACROSCOPC ARABLES The central queston n Statstcal Mechancs can be phrased as follows: f partcles (atoms, molecules, electrons, nucle,
More informationLaboratory 3: Method of Least Squares
Laboratory 3: Method of Least Squares Introducton Consder the graph of expermental data n Fgure 1. In ths experment x s the ndependent varable and y the dependent varable. Clearly they are correlated wth
More informationElectrical double layer: revisit based on boundary conditions
Electrcal double layer: revst based on boundary condtons Jong U. Km Department of Electrcal and Computer Engneerng, Texas A&M Unversty College Staton, TX 77843-318, USA Abstract The electrcal double layer
More informationPhysics 5153 Classical Mechanics. D Alembert s Principle and The Lagrangian-1
P. Guterrez Physcs 5153 Classcal Mechancs D Alembert s Prncple and The Lagrangan 1 Introducton The prncple of vrtual work provdes a method of solvng problems of statc equlbrum wthout havng to consder the
More informationDynamics of a Superconducting Qubit Coupled to an LC Resonator
Dynamcs of a Superconductng Qubt Coupled to an LC Resonator Y Yang Abstract: We nvestgate the dynamcs of a current-based Josephson juncton quantum bt or qubt coupled to an LC resonator. The Hamltonan of
More informationUncertainty in measurements of power and energy on power networks
Uncertanty n measurements of power and energy on power networks E. Manov, N. Kolev Department of Measurement and Instrumentaton, Techncal Unversty Sofa, bul. Klment Ohrdsk No8, bl., 000 Sofa, Bulgara Tel./fax:
More informationNotes on Frequency Estimation in Data Streams
Notes on Frequency Estmaton n Data Streams In (one of) the data streamng model(s), the data s a sequence of arrvals a 1, a 2,..., a m of the form a j = (, v) where s the dentty of the tem and belongs to
More informationChapter 5 Multilevel Models
Chapter 5 Multlevel Models 5.1 Cross-sectonal multlevel models 5.1.1 Two-level models 5.1.2 Multple level models 5.1.3 Multple level modelng n other felds 5.2 Longtudnal multlevel models 5.2.1 Two-level
More informationand Statistical Mechanics Material Properties
Statstcal Mechancs and Materal Propertes By Kuno TAKAHASHI Tokyo Insttute of Technology, Tokyo 15-855, JAPA Phone/Fax +81-3-5734-3915 takahak@de.ttech.ac.jp http://www.de.ttech.ac.jp/~kt-lab/ Only for
More informationχ x B E (c) Figure 2.1.1: (a) a material particle in a body, (b) a place in space, (c) a configuration of the body
Secton.. Moton.. The Materal Body and Moton hyscal materals n the real world are modeled usng an abstract mathematcal entty called a body. Ths body conssts of an nfnte number of materal partcles. Shown
More information