Geeddisocodka dhaqaalaha Soomaaliyeed
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- Crystal Baldwin
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1 Geeddisocodka dhaqaalaha Soomaaliyeed May 23, 2017 Odhaahda tifaftirka: Dad badan oo ku xeel dheer arimaha Soomaaliya, ayaa aaminsan in burburka iyo dhibaatooyinka ka dhacay Soomaaliya ay gundhig u aheyd ama u tahay maamul xumo ku timid dhinaca dhaqaalaha iyo hantida dalka (public financial mismanagemen). Haddaba war bixintan uu soo diyaariyay Md. Maxamed Dalmar, oo ka hor burburkii dowladdii dhexe ee Soomaalia ahaa Agaasimaha Guud ee Bangiga Dhexe, islamarkaana Barre Sare ka ahaa kuliyadii Dhaqaalaha ee Jaamacada Ummadda Soomaaliyeed, ayaa si qoto dheer u eegayaa ilaha dhaqaale ee Soomaaliya iyo marxaladihii kale gedisnaa ee uu soo maray. Waxaan filaynaa in akhristayaashu ay wax badan ka korodhsan doonaan daraasadan. Geedisocodka waxaan ula jeedaa waayihii iyo marxaladihii uu dhaqaalha Soomaaliya soo maray laga soo bilaabo markii aan xornimada qaadanay. Waa taariikh aan ugu talagalay inay akhristaan jiilasha cusub, siiba dhalinyarada dhaqaalaha barata. Sida lagu sheegay warbixino badan 70% dadka Soomaaliyeed waa soddon-jir ama kuwa ka yar oo micnaheedu yahay, ma arag waxaan dowlad la aan iyo dagaal sokeeye ahayn. Taariikhda waxaa la yiri, waa soo noqnoqotaa oo waxaa looga faa iideeystaa inaan khaladaadkii shalay la galay 1 Geeddisocodka dhaqaalaha Soomaaliyeed
2 dib loogu dhicin. Waxaa si gaar ah ii soo jiitay hadal uu yiri nin la oran jirey Ranshofen-Wetheimer oo xoghaye u ahaa Guddiga Qaramada Midoobay kala taliya Arrimaha Soomaaliya (United Nations Advisory Council of Somalia) oo ka koobnaa saddex dal: Masar, Kolombiya iyo Filibiin (saddex waddo oo Xamar ku yaal ayaa lagu sharfay saddexdaas dal). Xubnaha saddexdaas dal ayaa dawladda Talyaaniga kor ka ilaalinayey inuu si habboon u fuliyo ammaanadii loo dhiibay oo ahayd inuu toban sano xornimo ku gaarsiiyo gobolada koonfureed ee Soomaaliya (U.N. Trusteeship). Ka dib markuu soo maray gobolada iyo degmooyinka dalka, Ranshofen-Wetheimer wuxuu yiri: Soomaaliya waxay ku sugan tahay xaalad qabyaaladeed oo ka daran tii casrul jahiligii, nabi Ciise ka hor (naxariis korkiisa ha ahaatee); Talyaaniguna wuxuu xasiloonida ku ilaaliya odayaal madax-dhaqameedyo ah oo uu mushahar yar siiyo. Waan garan karaa mawqifka adag oo haysta Maamulaha Guud ee Soomaaliya Signor Forlani. Hadduu qabyaaladda ka takhaluso waxaa dhici karta xasiloonidarro iyo dagaal qabiilada dhexdooda ah intii muddo ah. Hadiise heerka qabyaaladdu weli sidaas u xoog badan yahay, markaas waa mustaxiil inay Soomaaliya xor noqoto.. Waddada keliya oo aniga ii muuqata waa in la jarjaro xargaha qabyaaladda; bal in la burburiyo oo miino lagu qarxiyo qaab-dhismeedkeeda ilaa uu ka soo haro qalfoof aan naf lahayn, iyadoo laga bilaabayo dadka Soomaaliyeed oo magaalooyinka ku nool, beddelka qabyaaladdana dadka loo soo bandhigayo mashaariic waxbarasho, dhaqaale iyo bulshadeed oo wax ka tara noloshooda, kana kaafiya qabyaaladda 1. Hadalkaas wuxuu yiri ninkaasi sanadkii Ma moodaa inuu la hadlayey madaxda Soomaaliyeed ee hadda joogta. Intanaan taariikhda fog u gelin, bal horta aan tilmaan kooban ka bixiyo muuqaalka dhaqaalaha Soomaaliyeed ee maanta. Heerka iyo xaddiga dhaqaale ee dal kasta waxaa lagu cabiraa tusaha loo yaqaan Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Waa qiimaha wax kasta oo dalkaas laga soo saaray sanad gudihiis ama muddo kale, ha ahaato shay badeeco ah ama adeeg la qabtay. Sida ku cad warbixinta Bankiga Adduunka, GDP-da Soomaaliya waxaa lagu qiyaasay US$ 5.7 bilyan sanadkii Waxaa la aaminsan yahay inay adag tahay in la qiyaaso GDP-da Soomaaliya sababahan awgood: 1) dalku ma laha xarumo tirakoob oo xogta si habsami ah u uruuriya, 2) wixii kayd ahaa oo horey loo hayey oo ku burburay dagaalkii sokeeye. 3) dabaceedda dhaqaalaha Sooomaaliya, oo xolaha iyo reer guuraaga ku xiran ayaan sahlayn in xog sugan la helo. Waad garan 1 Strangio D., Decolonizzazione e Sviluppo Economico, FrancoAngeli, Milano IMF, July Geeddisocodka dhaqaalaha Soomaaliyeed
3 kartaa siday u adagtahay in la qiyaaso, oo GDP-da lagu daro xoolaha miyiga ee sandka dhashay, caanaha laga maalay iyo hilibka laga cunay oo weliba lacag loo rogo. Dadka dhaqaalah Soomaaliya darsa waxay isu keeni waayeen xogta buugaagta lagu qoro oo leh Soomaaliya waxay ku jirta shanta dal oo ugu saboolsan dunida iyo dhaldhalaalka, dhaqdhaqaaqa ganacsiga iyo nolosha ka muuqata magaaloyinka Soomaaliyeed. Markii kor laga fiiriyo dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya waxaa si cad uga muuqdaa laba qaybood. Waa labada tiir oo dhaqaalaha haya: Mid waa xoolaha nool oo 50% ay dadweeynaha Soomaaliyeed ku tiirsan yihiin, kana helaan nolol-maalmeedkooda. 40% waxsoosaarka dalka (GDP) wuxuu ka yimaadaa xoolaha nool. 80% lacagta qalaad waxaa laga helaa dhoofinta xoolaha. Intaas keliya ma ahee, ganacsiga xoolaha waxaa ka xoogsada dad badan oo danyar ah: mid qala, mid kariya, mid dulaala, mid gaadiid ku gura, mid dhoofiya iyo dawladaha oo dakhli canshuureed ka hela. Kan labaad, waaa lacagta qurbajoogtu u soo diraan eheladooda iyo asxaabtooda oo gaareeysa ilaa 1.6 bilyan doollar. Waa lacag aad u badan markii loo fiiriyo baaxadda dhaqaalaha Soomaaliyeed. Lacagtaas waxaa ku nool 40% qoysaska soomaaliyeed oo la aanteed macaluul u dhiman lahaa. Waa lacag kaalin mugweeyn kaga jirta dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya. Mar waxay nafaqo u tahay dadweeynaha malaayiinta gaaraya oo masruufta. Mar waxy daboosha misaaniyadda ganacsiga dibedda, waxayna dalka ka haqabtirtaa lacagaha qalaad oo loogu baahan yahay in dibedda wax looga soo gato. Tusaale ahaan, sanadkii 2013, Soomaaliya qiimaha waxay soo dejisay (imports) wuxuu ahaa US$ 3.3 bilyan, qiimaha waxay dhoofisayna (exports) wuxuu ahaa US$ 779 milyan keliya 3. Farqiga u dhwexeeya labadaas oo gaaraya US$2.5 bilyan waxaa daboolay lacagta qurbajoogtu soo diraan iyo in yar oo deeq dibadeed ah. Mar kalena waa isha uu ka soo galo dakhliga dawladda dhexe iyo tan gobolada, kuwaasoo ku tiirsan canshuurta soo dejinta. Bal male iyadoo aan la helin lahayn lacagtaas. Soo Ganacsigu ma istaageen? soo dakhliga dawladdu ma marten, soo noloshu ciriiri ma gasheen? Ugu dambeeyntii, Lacagta qurbajoogtu waxay kobcisey qayb dhaqaale oo kale oo iyana aad u muuqata. Waa ganacsiga xawaaladaha, isgaarsiinta iyo bankiyada gaarka loo leeyahay oo maamula lacagaha qurbajoogtu soo xawilaan. 3 World Bank Geeddisocodka dhaqaalaha Soomaaliyeed
4 Waxaa jira walwal. Labadaas qaybood ee sidaas muhimka ugu ah dhaqaalaha ma sii jiridoonaan ayaa la is weeydiinayaa. Xoolaha waxaa weerar ku haya nabaadguur iyo abaaro isdaba joog ah, reer miyigiina waxay soo degeyaan magaalooyinka iyo tuulooyinka iyagoo camal la aan ah. Sideedana habka reer miyigu xoolaha u dhaqaan ma aha mid keenaya horumar dhaqaale ee waa mid la dagaalamaya nolol-maalmedka, haddiiba la helo (subsistence economy). Sidaan qaybaha dambe ee maqaalka ku xusi doono, lama siin xoolaha mudnaantay lahaayeen. Dhanka kale, lacagta qurbajoogtana waxaa weerar ku haya ololaha Maraykanka ee la dagaalanka argagixisada oo waa tan haatan laga xiray xisaabaadkii bankiyada. Muddo ayaa hadda la joogaa qurbaha, dadkii waayeelka ahaana waa si dhammaanayaan; caruurta qurbaha ku dhalatay iyo kuway sii dhalaanna waxaa ku yar dareenka qaraabanimo iyo xiriirka ay la leeyihiin Soomaaliya, waxaana shaki ku jiraa inay mustaqbalka lacag soo diri doonaan in kale. Waxaa jira laba qaybood oo kale oo la rabay inay u muuqdaan sida labada kor ku xusan ama ka dheeraadaanba. Waa beeraha iyo kalluumeysiga. Kalluunkii waxaa lagu dhammeystay sharcidarro iyo xaaraan, beerihii iyo dhulkii barwaaqada ahaana waxaa loogu geliwaayey argagixiso. Waxaa la xaqiijinayaa oo weliba la raajicinayaa in batrool iyo macaadiin kale oo badani ku duugan yihiin badda iyo barriga Soomaaliya. Soo saaridda khayraadkaas waxaa hortaagan muran ka dhexeeya dawladda dhexe iyo dawlad-goboleedyadaa iyo tartan dullaaleey raba inay dullaalan shirkadaha saliida qoda. Kor waxaan ku soo sheegay in GDP-da Soomaaliya lagu qiyaasay US$5.7 bilyan sanadkii Barbardhig deynta dibedda Soomaaliya laga leeyahayna oo dhan US$5.3 bilyan. Waxaa markaas kuu soo baxaysa inaan rahmannahay. Waxaan soo saarnay sanadkii oo idil iyo qaanta la inaku leeyahay waa isu dhigmaan. Waxaan la yaabanahay, sanadkii 1989 deynta dibedda ee Soomaaliya waxay ahayd US$ bilyan haddana waxay mareysaa US$ 5.3 bilyan (saddexjibbaar). Intaas waxa gaarsiiyey waa korsaar fuulay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, u maleynayo inay maanta jirto cid sugeeysa inay Soomaaliya deyn bixiso, 4 source: 1990 CIA world factbook 4 Geeddisocodka dhaqaalaha Soomaaliyeed
5 Soomaaliyana meel ay deyn ku bixiso ma joogto. Waxaa loo baahan yahay inaan diyaarinno qorshihii aan ku codsan lahayn deyn-cafis. Wasiirka Maaliyadda Md. Bayle, oo ka soo shaqeeyey Bankiga Horumarinta Afrika waxaan filayaa inuu dejin karo qorshe noocaas oo kale. Arrimaha ugu weeyn oo sugaya in mas uuliyiintu wax ka qabtaan waa sidii shaqo loogu abuuri lahaa dhalinyarada Soomaliyeed oo 67% camal la aan ah; shaqo kaliya ma ahee, sidii loo tababari lahaa oo xirfado (skills) lo bari lahaa. Haddii kale waxay ku biirayaan safafka argagixisada, burcad-badeeda, iyo tahriibka siday horeyba ugu biireen. Dhibaatooyinka dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya haysta waxaa ka mid ah: dhanna waxaa ka jira shaqola aan baahday oo heer aad u xun gaartay; dhanka kalena, haddii shaqo la helo waxaan la heleyn shaqaalihii farsamoyaqaanka ahaa oo shaqadaas qaban lahaa, oo waxay noqoneysa in shaqaale ajnabi dibedda laga keeno. Dawlad wada siyaasi ah dunidaba ma joogtee! Dawladihii Rayadka ahaa Xorriyaddii ka dib, dawladdii Soomaaliyeed ee dhalatay waxay dhaxashay dal sabool ah, dhaqaale aad u hooseeya oo nolol-maalmeedka ku kooban (subsistence economy), misaaniyad dawladeed oo naaqus ah (budget deficit), misaaniyadda ganacsiga dibedda (trade balance) oo iyana naaqus ah iyo laba hab oo kala duwan oo mid Ingiriis yahay midna Talyaani yahay. Waxaa sugayey shacab 70 sano isticmaar ku jiray oo u ooman horumar dhaqaale oo deg deg ah oo hoo mooyee aan hadal maqlayn. Intaas waxaa ka sii darn, waxaa sugeysay qadiyadda Soomaaliweeyn oo dadku u jidbeysanaayeen, oo dalbeysey in la xoreeyso lana mideeyso shanta Soomaaliyeed oo hal calan la hoos keeno. Baadigoobka Soomaaliweyn waxay sababtay in hantidii yareyd ee la heli karey badideeda loo leexiyo dhanka Gaashaandhigga iyo taageeridda dhaqdhaqaaqyada gobanimadoonka ah (38% miisaaniyadda dawladda). Waxaa dagaal lala galay Itoobiya sanadkii Waxaa la taageeray dagaalo jabhadeed oo ka soo horjeeda Keenya iyo Faransiska (Jabuuti). Heerka dhaqaaluhu marayey waxaa laga qiyaas qaadan karaa tirooyinka aan halkaan ku muujinayo: Disembar 1961, lacagta suuqa ku jirta waxay ahay So.Sh. 80 million oo u dhiganta $11.4 milyan; dakhliga dawladdu wuxuu ahaa So.Sh. 164 milyan oo u dhigma $23 milyan, waxdhoofintu (exports) waxay ahayd 176 milyan oo u dhiganta $25 milyan 5. Maanta $20 milyan waxaa haysta ganacsadayaasha jeeblaha ah qaarkood. Lacag yaraan keliya mashkiladu ma ahayn ee waxaa ka darnaa aqoon yaraan. Waxaa dhif iyo naadir ahaa qof qori kara warqad dhowr sadar ah oo Ingiriis ah ama Talyaani ah. Markaas ayaad qorista af Soomaaliga mahadineysaa. Sidaan kor ku xusay, miisaniyadda dawladdu ma dheellitirnayn. Farqigaga (defict) waxaa kabi jirey labadii quwadood ee gumeeystayaasha ahaa. Talyaanigu wuxuu bixinayey sanadkii SoSh. 5 World Bank, The Economy of Somalia, May 28, Geeddisocodka dhaqaalaha Soomaaliyeed
6 SoSh malyan ($3 milyan). Ingiriiskuna wuxuu wax bixiyey laba sanoo keliya; 1961 oo uu bixiyey SoSh malyan ($2.3 malyan) iyo 1962 oo uu bixiyey SoSh.15 malyan ($2.1 malyan). Deeqdii Ingiriisku waxay istaagtey sanadkii 1963 markii Somaaliya xiriirkii dibolomaasiga ka goosatay Ingiriiska, iyadoo ka carootay sida Ingiriisku u duudsiyey xaqa Soomaalida reer NFD. Isdhinka miisaaniyadda waxaa sabab u ahaa dakhliga oo yar oo in ka badan 80% ka imaanayey canshuuraha furdooyinka iyo dawladda oo karti u weydey inay abuurto ilo dakhli oo kale. Weli kartidarradaasi waa jrtaa. Sanadkii 1963, dawladda Soomaaliyeed waxay daah-furtay qorshe horumarin dhaale oo shan sano ah Qorshaas waxaa loo qoondeeyey lacag dhan So.Sh. 1, 400 malyan oo u dhiganta US$ 200 milyan, oo lagu maalgelinayo deeq iyo deeyn shisheeye 6. Qorshaha waxaa diyaariyey khubaro Jarmal ah, wuxuuna ku dhisnaa fikrad ah in xoogga la saaro warshado farsameeya badeecadaha dalka iyo kaabiyaal isugu jira waddooyin iyo dekedo sahla dhoofinta mooska iyo xoolaha. Mooska iyo xoolaha ayaa ahaa labada ilood oo lacag qalaad ka soo gasho dalka markii xorriyadda la qaatay, mooska ayaa ku jirey kaalinta kowaad oo laga heli jirey 45% lacagta qalaad, xoolahana 25%. Markii wadanku isu furmay, dhoofinta xoolaha ayaa korodhay oo dhaaftay mooska xoolaha nool ayaa galay kaalinta koowaad oo soo xereeyey 45% lacagta qalaad, mooskuna 32% intii ka dambeeysana kaalinta xooluhu waa sii kordheeysey sanadba sanadka ka dambeeya. Xoolahaas waxaa laga dhoofin jirey 80% dekedda Berbera, waxaana ka ganacsan jirey ganacastao reer waqooyi ah oo waay-aragnimo u leh hawlahaas. Kala bar maalgelinta qorshaha waxaa bixiyey dawladda Ruushka oo dhistay Warshadda Caanaha Xamar, Warshadda Hilibka Kismaayo, Warshadda Kalluunka Las-Qorey, dekedda Berbera iyo beero dawladeed oo tijaabo ah (state farms) oo laga hirgelinayo Togwajaale iyo Jilib. Dadka Soomaaliyeed waxay xusaan Turkiga oo mashaariic dhowr ah ka hirgeliyey Xamar. Ruushku wuxuu ka dhignaa wagaas Turkiga oo la boqol jibbaaray. Mashaariicda waxaa ka mid ahaa dekedda iyo biyogelinta Kismaayo oo Maraykanku sameeyeen, Warshadda Dharka Baalcad iyo Dugsiga Farsama Burco oo Jarmalku dhiseen, Jaamacadda Lafoole oo Maraykanku dhiseen, Warshadda Sonkorta Jowhar oo dawladdu kula shirkoowday (50%) shirkaddii Talyaaniga ee mulkiilaha ahayd; lacagta dawladdu kaga qaybgashayna waxaa amaahiyey dawladda Talyaaniga. Warshadda Jowhar waxaa dhisay Talyaanigii fashiistada ahaa sanadkii Waxaa yaab leh, xoolaha iyo xoola-dhaqatada lama xusin sida caadada u noqotay qorshayaasha horumarinata Soomaaliyeed. Waxaa moodaa in la iska indhatirayo in dadkenna inta badani miyi ku nool yihii, waxsoosaarka ugu badanna miyiga laga helo. 6 The Economic Weekly, Somalia's First Five Year, Plan Krishna Ahooja, July 11, Geeddisocodka dhaqaalaha Soomaaliyeed
7 Qorshihii horumaritu sidii loogu talagalay uma fulin. Waana cillad ay wadaageen qorshayaashoo idil. Mashaariicdi ama waqtigii loogu talagaly kuma dhammaan, ama hadday ku dhammaadeen sidii la rabay uma hawlgelin. Guudahaan 36% keliya ayaa ka hirgalay qorshihii 7. Sababtuna ma ahayn maalgelin la aan. Waxay ahayd waagii dagaalka qaboow socday, Soomaaliyana waxay si sahal ah kaalmo uga heleeysey bari iyo galbeedba iyadoo maaleysa goobta istaratejigga ah ooy ku taal. Waagaas ayaan barannay inaan wax walba dibedda ka sugno;.deeqda dibedduna waxay inoo noqotay doroogo aan la iska goyn karin, waana ina fasahaadisey, iskuna keen dirtey. Hadda, meeshii Ruushka iyo Maraykanka waxaa inoo galay Imaaraadka iyo Turkiga. Sababaha qorshuhu u hirgeli waayey waxaa ka mid ahaa: waxaa la waayey shaqaale farsamo yaqaan ah oo shaqada teknikada ah qabta, mareeyeyaal hoggaamiya mashaariicda iyo alaabtii ceerin ee warshadda lagu socodsiin lahaa (raw material). Tusaale ahaan, warshadda caanaha waxaa loo waayey caano lagu socodsiiyo. Caano dhiil ku jira oo reer guuraa ku xiran warshad laguma socodsiin karo. Akhirkii waxay dani tiri in caana boore lagu socodsiiyo warshadda. Warshadihii waxaa ka darnaa beerihii tijaabada ahaa oo iyanaa fashilmay. Ruushku wuxuu keenay cagafcagafyo tira badan. Cagafyadii maalmo ayey shaqeeyeen ka dibna waxaa loo waayey kharashk hoosaadkii lagu dhaqaajin lahaa oo dawladda Soomaaliya ballan qaaday. Siday meesha u yaalayeen waxaa ka dul baxay dhir, dhirtiina waxaa galay shinni. Waa marka Soomaaliya loo bixinayo naaneeysta Qabrigii deeqda dibedda (the graveyard of foreign aid). 1968dii waxaa lagu dhawaaqay qorshe laba sano ah oo lagu dhammeystirayo mashaariicdii baaqatay iyo kuwa kale oo lagu daray ooy ku baxeyso lacag dhan $100 malyan. Sidii qorshihii hore waxaa xoogga la sii saaray kaabiyaasha. Xoolahana waxaa la siiyey 5% keliya. Kaabiyaasha dhaqaalaha in la dhiso waa mudnayn, waana kuwa manta loo aayey; laakiinse waxaa Iyana mudnayd in xoog la saaro waxsoosaarka oo beeraha iyo xooluhu ugu horreeyaan si loo abuuro kaydkii lagu dayactiri lahaa kaabiyaasha. 1968dii waa soo dhowaa doorashadii Maarso 1969, madaxda dawladduna qorshe kale ayaa u darnaa oo ahaa inay doorashada ku soo noqdaan. Qorshe horumarin adaaba sheegaya. Maarso 1969 waxaa dhacday doorashadii loo bixiyey wood (vote) khasaaro. Waxaa ka qaybgalay in ka badan 60 xisbi oo qabaa il/jilibyo matalaya, waxaa ka dhacday ku shubashadii ugu foolxumayd. Degmooyinka qaar waxaa ka dhacay dagaal dad ku dhinteen. Shacbigii oo awalba niyad jabsanaa, ayaa sii quustay. Masiibo waxay dhacday markii la dilay, Allaha u naxariiste, madaxweeynihii Dr. Abdirashid Cali Shermarke. Ka dibna, Xogga Dalka, oo awalba fursad sugayey, ayaa inqilabb xukunkii kula wareegey. 7 Donatella Strangio, The Reasons for Underdevelopment, The Case of Decolonisation in Somaliland, Physica- Verlog Geeddisocodka dhaqaalaha Soomaaliyeed
8 Waxaa jirey hab musuqmaasuq ah oo Talyaanigii laga dhaxlay. Wasiirka Arrimaha Gudaha ayaa miisaaniyadda ku lahaa lacag gaareysa, intaan xusuusto, ilaa SoSh. 1.5 malyan, Ra iisulwasaaruhuna ilaa ShSo. 2.0 malyan oo wagaas lacag badan ahayd oo la oran jirey spesa politica/slash fund. Lacagtaas waxaa loogu talagalay in madaxdaasi siday rabaan u bxiyaan, siyaasad, laaluush, ku takrifal, jeebkooda, iwm. Xisaab celinna lagama rabin. Giddi, lacagtaas ayaa saf loogu jirey; xildhibaan, madax-dhaqameed, afmiinshaar, dullaaleey. Marka lacagtaas la qaybsanayo, ardadii fasalka kooowaad bilaabi lahayd waxaa loo waayey dugsiyo-hoose ooy wax ku bartaan. Dhaqankaasi weli waa socdaa oo hadda loo yaqaan FADLAN. Tii hore xad bayba lahayd, tan manta xad celiyaba ma leh. Dawladdii rayidka ahayd oo loo bixiyey Dawladdii Musuqmaasuqa waxay rabto ha ahaate waxay ka tagtay lacag shilin Soomaali adag oo wax gooysa, hay ado dhowr ah oo dhisan ooy ka mid ahaayeen Bankiga Dhexe, Xoogga Dalka, Ciidanka Booliska. Waxay mideysey labadii hab isticmaar ee kala duwanaa. Ma jirin cadaadis iyo cid u xiran siyaasad. Kala go na maankaba ma soo marayn. Dawladda ayaa la nacaye, dadku isma nicin. Dawladdii Kacaanka, tobankii sano ee hantiwadaagga kii Octoobar 1969 taladii dalka waxaa la wareegay Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed oo uu hogaaminayo Jeneral Maxamad Siyaad Barre, Allaha u naxariiste. Aad iyo aad ayaa dadweynuhu u soo dhaweeyey isbeddelka ciidamadu curiyeen. Waxaa loo sii riyaaqay markay dhiseen gole wasiiro oo loo bixiyey xoghayayaal oo dhammaan ka kooban dhalinyaro aqoonyahan ah. Waxay kiciyeen dadweeynaha iyagoo adeegsanaya Raadiyaha, oo ku baaqeen in musuqmaasuqii iyo qabyaaladdii dhammaadeen, haddana loo dhaqaaqay isku-filaansho iyo horumar dhaqaale. Waxaa lagu heesay: Turunturooto Kuftay ayaa taqaan, talaabsan weeydo dhacday ayaa taqaan, taladii seegto luntay ayaa taqaan ee maxaad taqaan? Si shaqo loogu abuuro dhalinyarada shaqo l aanta ah oo miyiga ka soo galay, waxay durbadiiba abaabuleen masruuc loo bixiyey Crash Programme. Dhalinyaradaas waxaa loo abaabulayey qaab military, waxaana la siinayey cunnadooda iyo xaqal jeeb (poket money). Hawsha ugu badan ooy qabanayeenna waxay ahayd dayactirka waddooyinga. Waxay kalo dadka u 8 Geeddisocodka dhaqaalaha Soomaaliyeed
9 horseedeen mashaariic lagu fulinayo iskaa wax-u-qabso oo lagu dhisayo dugsiyo, xafiisyo, xarumo bulsho, nadaafadda magaalooyinka, bacaadcelin iwm. Dawladdu iyadoo ka dhabeeyneysa siyaasaddeda Isku-filaanshaha waxay ogeeysiisay dawladda Talyaaniga inayan u baahnayn in laga kabo miisaaniyadda caadiga ah ooy iyagu isaga filan yihii, wixii kaalmo ahna ay uga baahan yihiin xagga horumarinta dhaqaalaha. Waxay qaadeen tillaabooyin arrintaas lagaga dhabeynayo. Waxay dardar geliyeen soo xereynta canshuuraha, Waxay 4% jareen mushaharka shaqalaha dawladda. shaqaalaha gaarka ah (private) waxay ku soo rogeen canshhurta hormarinta (development levy). Badeecooinka qaar (sigaarka, khamriga, batroolka) waxay ku siyaadiyeen canshuurta. Tillaabooyinkaasina waxay mirodhaleen sanadkii 1971 oo ah markii ugu horreeysey tariikhda dhaqaalaha Soomaaliyeed ooy miisaaniyadda dawladdu muujisey dheeri (surplus) dhan SoSh. 38 malyan. Arrintaasi waxay dawladda u soo jiiday magac iyo maamuus. Dheeriga (surplus) miisaaniyaddu wuxuu sii kordhayey ilaa hoos ugu dhacay sanadkii 1974 abaartii dabadheer awgeed oo kharash badani ku baxay iyo ololihii farbarashada ee reer miyiga ooy ka qaybgaleen 12,000 oo arday iyo macallin 8. Taariikhda, waxay ahayd markii ugu horreeysey, uguna dambeeysey oo reer miyiga loogu tago deegaananooda, la wareysto waxay qabaan, loona fidiyo adeeg bulsho. 21kii October 1970, oo ah sanadguuradii koowaad ee Kacaanka, dawladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday Hantiwdaagga Cilmiga ku dhisan oo saameeyn weyn ku yeeshay dhaqaalaha sidaan hoos ku xusi doono. Dawladdu iyadoo ka duulaysa fasafaddaas dhaqaale ee cusub waxay qarameeysey bankiyadii, shirkadihii shisheeye iyo ganacsiga dibedda waxay dawladdu daah-furtay qorshe saddex sano ee horumarinta dhaqaalaha oo loo qoondeeyey maal dhan $ 140 malyan. Qorshahaan wuxuu kaga duwan yahay kuwii hore, waxaa dejiyey khubaro Soomaali ah oo uu hoggaaminayo Mudane Ahmed Mohamed Silaanyo, madaxweeynaha Soomaaliland oo wagaas ahaa Wasiirka Qorsheeynta Qaranka; 20% kharashka ku baxaya waxaa dabooleeysa dawladda Soomaaliyeed, oo ku daboolaysey dheeriga ay miisaaniyadda ka sameeysey; kii hore 100% waxaa bixinayey deeq-bixiyaal shisheeye. Sidii qorsheyaashi hore waxaa xoogga la saaray kaabiyaasha ooy ka mid yihiin mashaariicda: waddada Beledweeyne-Burco oo Shiinuhu maalgeliyeen; Dekedda Xamar ooy maalgeliyeen 8 World Bank Geeddisocodka dhaqaalaha Soomaaliyeed
10 Bankiga Aduunka iyo Beesha Yurub, Biyogelinta Xamar oo Maraykanku bixiyeen; biyogelinta Hargeysa oo Shiinuhu ku deeqeen, waddada Hargeysa Berbera oo Bankiga Adduunku maalgelinayo iyo mashaariic kale. Waxaa kaloo la maalgeliyey warshado yaryar (small scale) ooy ka mid yihiin Warshadda ITOP ee yaanyada ee Afgooye, dhowr warshadood oo saliidda iyo galeyda shiida. Dawladdu waxay kaloo la wareegtay Warshadda Sonkorta Jowhar oo awal ay 50% lahayd oo loo bixiyey magaca (societa Nazionale Agricola Industriale SNAI ), af Soomaaliga waa : Shirkadda Qaranka ee Beeraha iyo Sancada. Mar kale xoolaha waa la baal maray oo waxaa loo qoondeeyey 5% keliya. Qorshahaan waxaa mashaariicdii loogu talagalay ka fulay 60%. Si loo dhammeystiro wixii mashaariic baaqday, kuwa kalena loogu daro, waxaa la abaabulay qorshe laba sano ah ooy ku baxayso lacag dhan $541 malyan. Qorshahaan dambe wuxuu dib xoogga saaray warshadaha, inkastoo markii hore lagu talagalay in beeraha xoogga la saaro si loo gaaro iskufilaansho xagga cuntada ah. Mashaariicdana waxaa ka mid ahaa Warshadda Sifeeynta oo Ciraaq dhistey, Warshadda Shamiintada Berbera oo Kuuriyada Waqooyi dhistey, Warshadda Daawada oo Talyanigu dhisay, Warshadda Baastada oo Bankiga Horumarintu maalgeliyey, warshadda birta oo Yugoslavia dhistey. Mashaariicda waxaa ugu weeynaa Warshadda Sonkorta Mareerey oo lacagta inta badan ay bixisey dawladda Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta; qaar yarna ay bixiyeen dawladda Sacuudiga iyo Sanduuqa OPEC. Mashaariicda waxaa ka mid ahaa waddaooyinka Hargeysa - Borame iyo Muqdishi-Baydhabo oo Bankiga Adduunku maalgeliyey. Waxaa kaloo ka mid ahaa mashruuca biyoxireenka Fanoole oo aan weli maalgelin loo hayn markaas. Mashruucu wuxuu hiigsanayey in dhul 34,000 kektar ah cunno lagu beero, korontana laga dhaliyo. Bankiga Adduunku markii hore waa ka deyriyey. Haseyeeshe markii dawladda Soomaaliya ku adkeysatay wuxuu oggolaaday inuu maalgeliyo daraasadda (feasibility Study); laakiin daraasaddii oo aan dhammaan ayaa dawlddii dhacday. Hadalheeynta mashruuca Fanoole muddo ayey socotey ilaa ay soo baxday maahmaahdaan, sidey ku baxday ma aqaane, Fanoole fari ka qodna. Waxaa arrintaas aad isugu taxallujiyey, isagoo qiimeynaya waxtarka mashruucaan, Xabiib Axmad Xabiib, wasiirkii hore ee Dooxada Jubba oo dhowaan geeriyooday. Allaha u naxariisto, jannatul Firdoowsana Allaha ka waraabiyo. Horey waxaan ku xusay in dawladdu la wareegtay ganacsiga dibedda. Dawladdu waxay aasaastay wakaalado hawshaas fuliya. Wakaaladahaas waxaa ugu weeynaa wakaaladda ENCE. Xuruufaha ENCE waa af Talyaani, waxayna u taagan yihiin Ente Nazionale per il Commercio Estero``, oo af Soomaali ku ah: Wakaaladda Qaranka ee Ganacsiga Dibedda. Horeyna ayey u jirtey hay`addaani oo waxay gadi jirtey cuntooyinka macaawinada ah. Hadda waxaa loo xilsaaray inay dibedda ka keento cuntada daruuriga ah sida bariis, baasto, saliid, sonkor, bur 10 Geeddisocodka dhaqaalaha Soomaaliyeed
11 iwm.; ka dibna qaybiso. Waxaa kalo jirey wakaaladda dharka iyo macuunka, tan qalabka dhismaha iyo dhowr kale. Ganacsigii dawladdu faraha la gashay waxaa ka dhashay khasaaro lixaad ah. Waxaa ku dhumay lacag qalaad oo aan yareyn oo keentay in miisaniyadda ganacsiga dibeddu naaqus noqoto (trade deficit). Wakaalado aan khibrad ganacsi lahayn, hab xisaabed toosan lahayn, hab bakhaar maamulid lahayn (inventory system), aan xog-ogaal u ahayn suuqa ayaa maalin qura la yiri keena cunnada iyo qalabka dalku u baahan yahay. Waxaa markaas dhacday in cunnadiina la waayo oo saf loo galo, lacagtiina dhammaato. Maamulxumada wakaaladaha ganacsiga waxaa tusaale loogu soo qaadin jirtay mar ay wakaaladda ENCEi hal baabuur oo buuxa oo kabo dacas ah oo hal lambar oo keliya ah u dirtay hal magaalo. Faarax Golooley, Alla u naxariistee, oo ahaa nin murti badan wuxuu yiri: Haddii la rabo in bacaadka la waayo, maa loo dhiibo ENCE. Wagaas dawladda iyo dadkoo dhammi waxay la dagaalamayeen bacaadka ku fidayey dhulka u dhexeeya Xamar iyo Marka. Markii Wakaaladuhu ku fashilmeen ganacsiga dibedda, miisaaniyaddii ganacsiga dibedduna naaqus noqotay (SoSh. 45 milyan sanadkii 1972 iyo SoSh. 66 milyan sanadkii 1973), waxay dawladdu ciriiri iyo xakamayn ku soo rogtay waxyaabaha dibedda laga keeno (imports) iyo maamulka lacagaha qalaad. Taasina waxay keentay inuu suuq madow ee lacagaha qalaadi abuurmo. Arrimahaasi waxay ku soo aadeen iyadoo shaqaale badan oo Soomaali ah, oo lagu qiyaasay ilaa 150,000, u haajireen Khaliijka siiba Sacuudiga, halkaaso shaqo ka furantay ka dib markii saliiddu qaaliyoowday sanadkii Waxaa bilowday in ganacsato iyo dad kaleba qarsoodi ku la baxaan lacag shilin soomali ah oo sarrifka suuqa madow kaga gadaan shaqaalaha, dabadeedna badeeco galiyaan, badeecadaasna ku gadaan qiimo sarreeya iyagoo kaa faa iideysanaya baahida weeyn ee ka jirta suuqa badeecadaha. Dawladdu markii hore si adag ayeey arritaan uga hortagtey. Haseyeeshe markay xakameyn weydey waxay oggolaatay hab la oran jirey Franco Valuta oo fasaxaya in ganacsatada iyo dadka kaleba oo haysta ama heli kara lacag qalaad ay ruqsad u leeyihiin inay badeeco ku keenaan dalka. Taasi waxay ka dhigan tahay iyadoo dawladdu oggolaatay Suuqa Madoow ee Doollarka ama suuqa xorta qofba siduu u yaqaan. Waxaa kaloo halkaas ka bilowday xawaaladda lacagta. Iyadoo xaaladda dhaqaaluhu sidaas u cakiran tahay ayaa waxaa dhacay dagaalkii Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya ee Dagaalkii Itoobiya ka dib Dagaalkii Itoobiya waxaa ku baxay naf iyo maal aan qiyaas lahayn. Waxaa ka sii daran, nidaamkii dawladda u dhisnaa ayaa khalkhal galay oo salka ka guurey. Waxaa meesha ka baxay dawladdii Ruushka oo taageero weyn u fidin jirtey Soomaaliya. Qalabka militariga ka so kow, waxay dawladda Ruushku- na siin jirtey shidaal aan lacag qalaad nooga baxayn ooy ku beddelen jireen badeecooyin sida hilibka warshadda Kismaayo iwm. Beddelkii Ruushka, Soomaaliya waxay u wareegtay dhanka Maraykanka oo ka cagajiidayey kaalmeynteeda siiba xagga hubka. 11 Geeddisocodka dhaqaalaha Soomaaliyeed
12 Bishii February 1981, Soomaaliya waxay heshiis la gashay Hay adda Lacagaha Adduunka IMF si ay uga kaalmeeyso xagga miisaaniyadda dibedda iyo lacagaha qalaad oo Soomaaliya dhibaato weyni ka haysatay. Sidii caadada u ahayd, IMFtu waxay amaahda ay bixinayso ku xirtay shuruudo ay ka mid yihiin, in heerka sarrifka la jabiyo oo lala simo ama loo dhoweeyo kan suuqa madow, in dhaqaalaha la furfuro, in wakaaladaha dawladda la xiro, in ganacsiga gaarka ah la fasaxo lana dhiirigeliyo, in kharashka dawladda iyo shaqaalaha la dhimo iwm. Xarig jiid ayaa ka dhexeeyey IMF-ta iyo dawladda Soomaaliya. Dawladdu lacagtaa u darnayd ee kuma qanacsaneyn in wada fuliso awaamirta IMF-ta, xogtana qaar waa ka qarin jirtey (bankiga dhexe); IMF-tuna waxay rabtay inay dawladda casharkay dhigi jirtey u dhigto, cabsiisana. Marar badan ayaa la kala booday haddana la isku soo noqday. Qorshayaal horumarin dhaqaale ayaa lagu dhawaaqay: qorshe saddex sano ah ; qorshe shan sano ah Mashaariicda waayahaan dambe waxaa laga xusi karaa dhawr mashruuc oo dawladda Talyaanigu ku deeqday sida waddada Garoowe Boosaaso, Dekedda Boosaaso, Mashruuca naaxinta lo da, Warshadda Bacrinta, saddex Markab kalluumeysi. Talyaanigu wuxuu horey u maalgeliyey Jaamacadda Ummadda oo kharashkeedoo dhan la wareegay; waxaa kaloo ka mid ahaa waddada Burco-Berbera. Sanooyinkii 80kii, dawladda waxaa ku furnaa dagaalo jabhadeed iyo xasiloonidarro siyaasadeed. Xukunka haysta mooyee, horumarin dhaqaale uma soo jeedin. Tusaale ahaan, qorshaha waxaa ku jiray 340 mashruuc, waxaa la bilaabay 209, kuwii la bilaabayna waxaa ka hirgalay 52 mashruuc oo keliya. 9 Waxaa kalo dawladda soo foodsaaray dhibaatooyin dhaqaale oo culus; hal malyan oo Soomaali Galbeed ah ayaa u soo qaxay Soomaaliya, Sacuudiguna waxay xayireen dhoofinta xoolaha ooy ku sheegeen inay jiran yihiin. Laga bilaabo 1985 waxaa la oran karaa dawladda talo faraheeda wey ka haaday. Waxaa joogsaday dhoofintii xoolaha colaaddii dalka ka socotey awgeed iyo xayiraadii Sacuudiga. Warshadihii dawladdu waxay noqdeen qaar xirmay iyo kuwa waxsoosaarkodu liito oo waxay soosaaraan naas nuujin lagu bixiyo (rent seeking economy). Deeynta Soomaaliya dibedda laga leeyahay oo 1970 ahayd US$105 milyan waxay 1989 gaartey US$1,774 milyan. Lacagta iyo 9 Donatella Strangio, The Reasons for Underdevelopment, The Case of Decolonisation in Somaliland, Physica- Verlog Geeddisocodka dhaqaalaha Soomaaliyeed
13 jeegagga suuqa ku jira oo 1981 ahaa SoSh. 4.4 bilyan waxay sanadkii 1989 gaareen SoSh bilyan oo la mid ah kororsiimo dhan 3,474%. Kororsiimadaas xad-dhaafka ahna waxaa sabab u ahaa deyn farabadan oo sharcidarro ah oo Bankiga Ganacsigu bixiyey. Halkaasna waxaa ka dhashay sicirbarar waalan oo heerkiisu gaaray 101.6% sanadkii 1989 iyo 200% sanadkii Sicirbararkiina wuxuu saameeyey sarrifka lacagaha qalaad. Doollarka suuqa madow oo 1980 ahaa S0.Sh wuxuu gaaray SoSh. 4,500 sanadkii 1990 dabayaaqadiidsii. Haddii si kale loo dhigo wuxuu shilinku qiimadhacay 3,204%. Waxaa kolkaas adkaatay maciishaddii. Shaqaalihii iyo ciidankii dawladda markii mushaharkii shaah ugu fillaan waayey waxay noqdeen mid xafiiska si gaar ah ugu ganacsada iyo mid suuqa ka xammaasha. Tusaale ahaan, shaqaalaha hoose oo askartu u badan tahay waxay qaadan jireen isku celcelis SoSh oo la mid $0.80-1:00 markii heerka rasmiga ah lagu sarrifo (maaha kan suuqa madoow). Musuqmaasuqu wuxuu gaaray heerkii ugu sareeysey. Wixii dawladdu lahayd iyo wixii dadka gaarka ahi lahaayeen ayaa lakala garan waayey. Waxaa u sii dheeraa, waxaa la goostay deeqdii dibedda markii lagu eedeeyey ku xadgud xuquuqul insaanka. Xaalad fawdo iyo jahawareer ayaa la galay. Waxaa sidaas ku jabtay dawladnimadii; intii ka hartayna waxa israaciyey jabhadihii. Dawladdii kacaanka waxay rabtaba ha ahaatee, waxay ka tagtay far Soomaaliga oo ah dhaxal ma guraan ah ooy wadaagaan dadka ku hadla af Soomaaliga meel kastay joogaan. Burburkii ka dib Wixii ka dhacay Soomaaliya ma ahayn bubur qaran keliya ee wuxuu ahaa halaag banii adminimo. Sida la wariyey, waxaaa dagaalka sokeeye ku dhintay ilaa 300,000 oo ama xabbad lagu dilay ama macaluul loo dilay markii hantidoodii laga dhacay. 2 milyan oo qof ayaa ka qaxay dalka. Waxaa la qiyaasay in 25% carruurtii Soomaaliyeed ay dhinteen labadii sanoo hore 1991 iyo Waxaa la furfurtay wixii warashado ahaa, qalab beereed ahaa, fiilo nal ahaa, qasab biyo ahaa, haamo batrool ahaa, taallo taariikheed ahaa. Waxaa la bililiqeeystey xafiisyadii dawladda. Waxaa qashinka lagu daray wixii xog iyo xisaab ahaa oo la kaydinayey boqollaal sano. Waxaa lala yaabay sida axmaqnimada ah oo Soomalidu u burburiyeen dalkooda. Waxaa qaamuuska siyaasadda ku soo siyaaday tilmaan (adjective) oo la yiraahdo Soomaaliyen. Waxaad maqleeysa yaan Siiriya la Soomaaliyen, waa yaan qaran ahaan la burburin si axmaqnimo ah. Yaasir Carafaat (AUN) ayaa dadkiisa ku yiri markii xukuumadda Falastiin la dhisay: Ma waxaad rabtaan inaan Soomaaliya noqonno mise inaan Singapore noqonno. Waxay ka dhigan tahay ma kor iyo samada inaad u kacdaan baad rabtaan, mise inaad haadaan ku dhacdaan? 10 Ronald Marchal, A Survey of Mogadishu Economy, European Commission. Nairobi Geeddisocodka dhaqaalaha Soomaaliyeed
14 Somaalidu, inkastoo xagga dawlad wanaagga ay ku saaqideen, waxaa lagu ammaanaa inay yihiin dad adkeysi badan, halabuurna leh. Dagaalkii sokeeye markuu qaboobay, waxaa soo baxay qayb dhaqaale gaarahaaneed (private sector) firfircoon oo meelo qaarkood ka fiican dawladdii dhacday. Waxaa garangarta dhaqaajiyey Soomaalidii badnayd oo u qaxday Ameerikada Waqooyi iyo Yurub oo bilaabay inay eheladooda lacag u diraan, waxaa sameysmay shirkadaha xawaaladaha, waxaa ku xigay shirkadaha isgaarsiinta, kuwa diyaaradaha, kuwa nalka iyo biyaha, kuwa dugsiyada iyo xarumaha caafimaadka, huteelada, warshadaha yaryar, beeraha, ganacsiga, caanateelka, dhismaha, soodejinta iyo dhoofinta (import/export) iwm. Maanta waxaa la oran karaa dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya waa soo kabtay oo wuxuu u baahan yahay dawlad danta guud ilaalisa. Sida heeska SNTV yiri SOOMAALIDU KUFTAY, KACDAY, KABATAY. Gabagabo Soomaaliya markay xoroowday waxay hiigsaneysey laba himilo: in dadka Soomaaliyeed la gaarsiiyo horumar dhaqaale iyo nolol heer sare ah iyo in shanta Soomaaliyeed la mideeyo, la isuguna keeno hal calan hoostiis. Labadii maanta midna ma hayno ee maxaa talo ah? Maxamed Dalmar mdalmar@sympatico.ca Maxamed Dalmar waxa uu xilal kala duwan ka soo qabtay Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, isaga oo ahaa Agaasimaha Guud ee Bangiga Dhexe, islamarkaana barre ka ahaa kuliyadii Dhaqaalaha ee Jaamacada Ummadda Soomaaliyeed. Dalmar waxa uuu degelkan WardheerNews kaga faaloodaa arimaha dhaqaalaha. 14 Geeddisocodka dhaqaalaha Soomaaliyeed
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