April 20, 2017 The Dharmawangsa Hotel, Jakarta. Understanding Indonesia s Regional Exploration Potential TOBIAS MAYA PT.

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1 April 20, 2017 The Dharmawangsa Hotel, Jakarta Understanding Indonesia s Regional Exploration Potential TOBIAS MAYA PT. GEO SEARCH

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58 China 0 India Laos Myanmar Malaysia Vietnam Thailand Cambodia Philippines Sumatra Kalimantan Sulawesi Java Papua Australia

59 INDONESIAN EARTHQUAKES FROM Source: Garwin 2013

60 Regional tectonic setting for South East Asia (Current day) Major influences from the subduction of the Australian plate (west) and Pacific Plate (east) under the Sunda plate where the Indonesia archipelago is situated Source: R.McCaffery (2009)

61 DISTRIBUTION OF COAL AND PEAT RESOURCES IN INDONESIA Coal deposits in Indonesia are in 2 basic sedimentary age groups; Neogene Paleogene 25myo present 65myo 25myo Source: Directorate of Mineral Resources (1990) Major sedimentary coal basins of Indonesia larger sedimentary accumulation in the Sumatran and Kalimantan basins due to a more stable subsidence rate. Younging in direction from major structural influences PT. GEO SEARCH Source: R.McCaffery (2009)

62 METALLIC MINERAL RESOURCES DISTRIBUTION IN INDONESIA Woyla Martabe Bauxite Kelian Mt Muro Timah Tembang Way linggo Manganese Toka Tindung Gorontalo Gosowong Weda bay Luwuk Gag Obi Sorako Pomalaa Kabeena Wagieo Cyclops Grasberg Pongkor Wonogiri Tujuh bukit Elang Batu Hijau Wetar Manganese PT. GEO SEARCH Source: Directorate of Mineral Resources (1990)

63 MAJOR COAL & MINERAL RESOURCES TRENDS IN INDONESIA Woyla Martabe Tembang Bauxite Timah Kelian Mt Muro Toka Tindung Gorontalo Luwuk Sorako Pomalaa Manganese Gosowong Weda bay Wagieo Gag Obi Grasberg Cyclops Way linggo Kabeena Pongkor Wonogiri Tujuh bukit Elang Batu Hijau Wetar Manganese PT. GEO SEARCH Source: Directorate of Mineral Resources (1990)

64 So.. How do we find the next major project in Indonesia, now that we have a simple understanding of how the geological / structural trends influence the formations of both coal & minerals? Typically best practice to optimize the cost and work schedule is to stage the exploration program from lowest cost/risk options to roll into larger commitments based on the favorable outcomes of the previous stage results. Stage 1 - GIS / desktop studies to understand the regional geology(1-2 weeks) Stage 2 Preliminary site visits to observe the site geology & logistics (1-2 weeks) Stage 3 - Detailed surface mapping to understand the local geology & structures( 3-6 weeks) Stage 4 Scout / Stratigraphic drilling & Geophysical survey s (4-8 weeks) Stage 5 Exploration target identification with reasonable geological theory (2-4weeks) Stage 6 Testing the theory with systematic exploration drilling (8-24 weeks) Stage 7 Development of a In-situ Resource (24-48 weeks) Stage 8???? PT. GEO SEARCH

65 GIS / DESKTOP STUDIES Ideally exploration for most deposits should begin with regional studies and other GIS techniques. Overlaying of regional geography, geology, forestry, Google earth, Lansat topography & research of previous studies Generally, in Indonesia the exploitation of these coal resources are very sensitive to the logistics of transportation and handling. so targeting places where these challenges can be minimized will give an immediate economic advantage to a mining project development. Close to potential ports and other transportation infrastructure such as roads, rail Power stations (Source for minerals smelting & mine mouth for low rank coals) PT. GEO SEARCH

66 SITE RECONNAISSANCE Once an area of interest has been identified a site visit with an experienced guide from the concession owner is advised to visually verify the occurrence of coal or areas of mineralization is evident Things to bring? Printed map to plan where you want to go GPS to make sure where you went Geologist to measure & sample what you see Engineer to assess the logistics & economic viability Plenty of water PT. GEO SEARCH

67 DETAILED SURFACE MAPPING Usually involving several teams of geologists walking the stream tributaries where recent erosion has exposed fresh outcrops of rocks which may contain coal or extractable minerals For Coal thickness & quality should be measured For minerals trace element found need to be correlated to the source rocks Identify major structural trends such as Strike & Dip of the deposits PT. GEO SEARCH

68 m td m SCOUT / STRATIGRAPHIC DRILLING 0,11 m 0,80 m 0,30 m 0,40 m /td m 0,61 m (0.04 m and 0.03 m parting) 0,40 m 0,72 m (0.06 m parting) td. 0, m m 0,85 m (0,11 parting) 0,30 m 0,60 m 0,11 m td 81,00 m 0,59 m 0,98 m (0,14 m parting) td 81,00 m 0,75 m 0,90 m 0,20 m td 81,00 m 0,25 m 0,30 m td 81,00 m 0.47 m (0.06m parting) 0.50 m (0.04m parting) td m 0.33 m td m td m td m 0,15 m td m 0,15 0,16 m td 81,00 m 0.43 m (parting 0,11 m) td 81,00 m 0,23 m td 81,00 m seam A 0.70 m Telp / Fax / Mobile website dmadre@attglobal.net To best test the surface observations a scout drilling program is used to test the depth continuity of the deposit & obtain fresh core samples For Coal a stratigraphic drill line is used for understanding of each seam that intersect the concession is valuable information to plan the next drilling plan to target the best coal seams (thickness & quality) For minerals to obtain a larger section of the mineralized zone from coring to observe structural influences & obtain representative samples of the source rocks Confirm major structural trends such as Strike & Dip of the deposits at depth PT. GEO SEARCH P4 P3 P2 P1 SL 001 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10SL 003 P11 P12 P13 P16 P14 P15 SL 007 P31 P32 SL 005 P22 P23 P21 P20 P24 P27 P28 P29 P30 P25 P26 P18 P19 P17 P33 P36 P37 SL 009 P34 OC 05 P38 P39 P41 P42 P43 P40 P44 SL 011 P45 P46 P47 P48 P49 P50 P59 P60 P61 SL 013 P63 P51 P52 P53 P54 P58 P62 P64 P65 P66 P55 P67 P57 P68 P69 P56 P73 P74 P77 P70 P75 P76 P71 P72 P86 P87 P88 P85 P89 SL 002 P84 P83 P91 P82 P92 P81 P93 P80 P94 P79 P95 P78 P96 P97 P100 SL 004 P99 P101 SL 006 P102 P103 P106 P105 P104 P116 P117 SL 008 P115 P114 P107 P108 P110 P112 P113 P109 P111 P118 P119 SL 010 P120 P121 P122 P123 P124 P125 P126 P127 P128 SL 012 P129 P130 P131 P132 P133 P134 P135 P136 P137 SL 014 P138 P139 P140 P141 P142 P143 P144 SL 016 P145 P146 P147 P148 P149 P150 P151 P152 P153 P154 P155 P156 P157 P158 P166 P161 P162 P165 P163 P164 P159 P PT DANMAR EXPLORINDO Jalan Danau Tamblingan, Gg Astasari No. 4, SANUR, BALI

69 GEOPHYSICS?? It is common to use various geophysical research methods during this stage to study the structure and composition near-surface parts of the Earth. Usually covering a larger area quicker. These methods of applied geophysics are often used to support ongoing geological investigations -2D shallow seismic -proton magnetometer -resistivity / IP -down hole geophysical logging -ground penetrating radar (Ultra GPR) Important Note: the use of geophysical surveys are considered as Supportive data (Not Observations) in the JORC 2012 code guidelines. Although they can be used to increase the confidence of geological interpretation between points of observation, they should not be used for resource estimation directly PT. GEO SEARCH

70 The ground magnetic survey method measures variation in the earth s magnetic field. Local anomalies that may be caused by subsurface geological formations, such as igneous rocks. Magnetic ore bodies can be identified where a surface expression is not obvious. Such magnetic anomalies can help interpret the shape and extent of the exploration target. Ground Magnetometer Survey Hand held magnetometers are a quick and cost effective exploration tool to measure the magnetic response and the distribution of rock magnetization to identify targets. PT. GEO SEARCH Main Applications Exploration for minerals hosted in igneous rock formations ( Iron Ore, Gold,) Coal Exploration associated with igneous intrusions or flows

71 2D Shallow Seismic Survey Seismic survey methods penetrate the subsurface using acoustic waves. The signals respond to the rock reflection, refraction and scattering of waves. The propagation of these refracted waves can identify stratigraphic units. Seismic surveys are useful for lateral interpretation of sedimentary deposits such as coal formations and understanding other geological subsurface complexities where conventional drilling methods are less effective. Main Applications Coal & other sedimentary exploration Geologically complex subsurface areas such as fault & fold structures PT. GEO SEARCH

72 EXPLORATION TARGET Final exploration target map Combining the preceding stages of GIS techniques, Geophysics, surface & scout drilling observations, development of an exploration target is usually possible Exploration targets can be reported using the JORC code 2012 at this stage Important Note: the reporting of such results is common in the early stages of exploration when the quantity of the data is generally insufficient to allow reasonable estimate of resources as they are considered conceptual in nature PT. GEO SEARCH Mapping GeoMag survey Topography

73 EXPLORATION DRILLING m m m 3.80 m m > 0.70 m m 39 >0.8 m m m m Using Systematic drilling is the key to defining coal & mineral deposits drilling should only take place when the geology is understood or a reasonable exploration target hypothesis is needed to be tested drilling in the optimum location can save significant time and costs Preferably drilling on regular spaced grids and lines perpendicular to the Strike direction to best capture the sectional interpretation of the dip direction UG 05 The drillhole spacing & depth is important for eventual resource estimation, but it is usually dependant on the geometry of the individual deposit characteristics UG 04 UG 11 UG 03 UG 10 UG 14 UG 02 UG 09 UG 13 B3_04 UG 17 UG 23 UG 01 UG 26 UG 08 B3_05 Full or Partial coring methods should be used to obtain fresh samples for lab analysis to establish quality grades Survey of the topography & drillhole collars are recommended at this stage to increase the accuracy of the shape & size of the deposit UG 07 UG 06 UG 16 UG 20 ND 10 B ND 11 UG 31 UG B2_13 88 B2_15 UG DEP UG UG 15 UG 19 UG 22 UG 25 UG 30 B B UG 43 B UG ND 17 B3_03 UG 18 UG 21 UG 48 UG 29 UG 34 UG 52 UG 42 B2-11 DEP B UG UG UG 28 B2-10 UG 33 UG 51 DEP DEP UG UG 55 DEP UG 46 ND 14 ND 08 DEP UG 27 UG UG B2-09 UG DEP 2021 UG GT2_ UG B2-08 UG 44 UG 49 UG 39 UG 54 ND 07 ND B2_01 ND 217 UG 60 B2_ DEP UG 59 UG 63 ND GT2_ ND UG UG 67 UG 71 B2_19 ND 219 B2_17 UG 53 B2_07 UG 58 B UG 62 UG 66 UG 70 PT. GEO SEARCH UG 56 B2_05 UG 57 UG 61 UG 65 UG 64 UG 68 UG 69

74 RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT At the end of the systematic exploration stage the development of the resource should be possible Important to note on things to remember to help increase confidence in the assessment; Down hole logging for increased confidence in coal thickness & seam correlation (size, shape & volumes) Sufficient core samples with high level of core recoveries (Product Quality = Market Value) Using appropriate software for geological modeling (relevant experience by competent person) Eventual economic extraction (Exploration is for mining) PT. GEO SEARCH

75 Future Exploration Targets??? Indonesia has excellent potential for the discovery of new coal & mineral resources, The majority of obvious deposits have already been found in areas that are accessible and near surface. The next generation project discoveries will consist of deposits that are not so obvious. These new discoveries will be made by companies willing to interpret the geology and to test their ideas in the field Although project logistics, infrastructure and land use conflict are challenges, huge opportunities exist to expand development of the Indonesian mining industry Overall the exploration possibilities are wide open GO EXPLORE!!! PT. GEO SEARCH

76 Thank You.