Appendix. SCIENCE CONCEPT 1 No appendix material for Science Concept 1.

Transcription

1 Appendix SCIENCE CONCEPT 1 No appendix material for Science Concept 1. SCIENCE CONCEPT 2 Table A2.1 Pertaining to Science Goal 2a, lists all of the craters and basins which may contain in calculated uplifted peaks/rings. Where d m is the maximum depth of melting, P m is the proximity of melt to the upper crust boundary, and P e is the proximity of excavation to the upper crust boundary. Peaks/Rings Calc means those craters or basins identified to contain material in melt and central uplifts from calculations only. Preserved p/r identifies the peaks and rings which are well preserved as shown through verification with LROC Quickmap. The red color indicates those craters/basins which potentially contain material in ejecta. Name Lat Long Diameter (km) dm Pm Pe Peak/ ring calc Preserved p/r Chaffee F Warner Haldane Runge Crommelin C p p Numerov Z Stoney p p Cabannes M Cabannes Q p p Chaffee Borman p p Karrer Boyle Z Eijkman p p Baldet Boyle p p Bel'kovich A Dawson V p p Lyman T Fizeau S Bellinsgauzen Bhabha p p Cori Nishina Abbe Alekhin Cajori Finsen p p Hess Z Oresme Alder p p 607

2 Cabannes p p Birkeland p p Maksutov p p Lyman p p Davisson p p Chretien Hess Hopmann Bose p p Lemaitre p p Berlage Crommelin p p Rumford T p p Fizeau p p Numerov p p Minkowski p p Leeuwenhoek E Thomson Thomson M Leeuwenhoek p p Minnaert Repsold C Neper Babbage Antoniadi p p W. Bond Compton p p Riemann Struve J. Herschel Hecataeus Gauss Von Karman Fabry p p Vertregt Petavius p p Humboldt p p Zeeman p p Maginus Einstein Janssen Schickard Oppenheimer Schwarzschild Bel'kovich Von Karman M Van de Graaff Harkhebi

3 Leibnitz Clavius d'alembert Deslandres Gagarin Milne Bailly PingreHausen r Sikorsky r Rittenhouse Lorentz r Schrodinger r r Mendeleev r r Planck r Poincare r r Amundsen r r Ganswindt Schiller r Zucchius Birkhoff r Humorum r Korolev r r CoulombSarton r Moscoviense r r BalmerKapteyn r Keeler r Heaviside WernerAiry Apollo r r Ingenii r r FlamsteedBilly Marginis AlKhwarizmi King Hertzsprung r r Freundlich r Sharonov GrissomWhite Insularum Lomonosov Fleming MendelRydberg r Humboldtianum r Fecunditatis Nubium MutusVlacq Tranquillitatis Tsiolkovsky Stark Smythii r 609

4 Crisium r Nectaris r r Australe r Serenitatis r Orientale r r Imbrium r Table A2.2 An updated lunar pyroclastic database used in Science Goal 2b. Name Latitude ( N) Longitude ( E) Area (km2) Reference Aestatis Alphonsus (C) Alphonsus (E) Alphonsus (E) Alphonsus (E) Alphonsus (E) Alphonsus (E) Alphonsus (E) Alphonsus (S) Alphonsus (W) Alphonsus (W) Alphonsus (W) Anderson E Anderson F Apollo Basin (E) Apollo Basin (W) Archimedes Aristarchus ,5 Atlas (N) Atlas (S) Autumni Birt E BuysBallot Cavalerius Compton (SC) Compton (SE) Compton (SW) Cruger (N) Cruger (S) Cruger (W1) Cruger (W2) Daguerre ,8 610

5 E. Mare Frigoris (E) E. Mare Frigoris (W) Franklin Gambart Gassendi NE Gaudibert ,8 Gaudibert B ,8 Gauss GayLussac N GayLussac NE Grimaldi Grimaldi F Haldane ,11 Hedin (N) Hedin (NW) Hedin (W) Hevelius J. Herschel (C) J. Herschel (N) J. Herschel (S) Kiess ,11 Kopff Lagrange C Lavoisier Lavoisier Lavoisier Lavoisier Lavoisier Lavoisier Lavoisier Lavoisier F Lavoisier H LomonosovFleming LomonosovFleming LomonosovFleming LomonosovFleming Mare Humorum Mare Smythii (NNW) Mare Smythii (SW)

6 Mare Smythii (W) Mare Smythii (WSW) Mare Vaporum McAdie Mersenius (NW) Mersenius (SW) Mersenius (W) Mersenius (WNW) Messala Montes Carpatus Montes Harbinger Moscoviense Moscoviense NE Lavoisier (N) NE Lavoisier (NW) NE Lavoisier (W) Oppenheimer Oppenheimer Oppenheimer Oppenheimer Oppenheimer Oppenheimer Oppenheimer Orientale Pacificus Riccioli (N) Riccioli (NW) Riccioli (SE) Riccioli (SW) Riccioli (W) Riccioli (WSW) Rima Bode Rima Fresnel Schluter A Schluter Schrodinger SE of Nectaris Sinus Aestuum Sinus Aestuum

7 Sulpicius Gallus ,8 Taruntius Taruntius Tasso S TaurusLittrow Tobias Mayer Tobais Mayer N Tobias Mayer Walther A Database compiled from the following sources: [1] Coombs and Hawke (1992), [2] Head and Wilson (1979), [3] Hawke et al. [1989], [4] Gaddis et al. (1985), [5] Lucey et al. (1986), [6] Lucchitta (1978), [7] Coombs et al. (1990), [8] Hawke et al. (1997), [9] Hawke et al. (1991), [10] Yingst and Head (1998), [11] Spudis (1990), [12] McCord et al. (1981), [13] USGS Moon Pyroclastic Volcanism Project, [14] Craddock et al. (1997), [15] Rosanova et al. (1998), [16] Bussey and Spudis (1997), [17] Shoemaker et al. (1994), [18] Gustafson et al. (2012), [19] Giguere et al. (2003), [20] Sunshine et al. (2010), [21] Gaddis et al. (2003) and [22] Giguere et al. (2007). 613

8 Table A2.3 Well identified and described lunar cryptomare deposits. Cryptomare deposit Latitude ( N) Longitude ( E) Reference Australe (interior) BalmerKapteyn ,2,3,4,5 Copernicus Gassendi ,3,6 Hercules Humboldtianum Humboldtianum Korolev Langemak LomonosovFleming ,3,4,6 Marginis (East margin) ,6 Maurolycus Mendeleev MendelRydberg ,3,4 Milne Moscoviense Orientale (East)/ Procellarum (South ,7 West margin) SchillerSchickard ,2,3,4,10 Smythii ,4 South PoleAitken ,8,9 South PoleAitken ,8,9 Taruntius Tsiolkovskiy The data sources for this table are as follows: [1] Antonenko et al. (1999), [2] Bell and Hawke (1984), [3] Hawke et al. (2003), [4] Hawke et al. (2005a), [5] Hawke et al. (2005b), [6] Giguere et al. (2007), [7] Campbell and Hawke (2005), [8] Pieters and Head (2001), [9] Pieters et al. (2001), [10] Blewett et al. (1995). 614

9 Table A2.4 Pertaining to Science Goal 2b, lists all of the craters and basins which may contain mantle material in calculated uplifted peaks/rings. Where d m is the maximum depth of melting, P m is the proximity of melt to the crustmantle boundary, and P e is the proximity of excavation to the crustmantle boundary. Uplifted Rings Calc means those craters or basins identified to contain mantle material in melt and central uplifts from calculations only. Preserved ring identifies the uplifted rings which are well preserved as shown through verification with LROC Quickmap. The red color indicates the two basins which potentially contain mantle material in ejecta, note that SPA basin also may excavate mantle. Name Lat Long Diameter (km) dm Pm Pe Uplifted Rings Calc Preserved ring Von Karman Sikorsky r Rittenhouse Oppenheimer Amundsen r r Ganswindt Schrodinger r r Moscoviense r r CoulombSarton r Von Karman M Planck r Leibnitz Poincare r r Hertzsprung r r Humorum r KeelerHeaviside r Freundlich r Sharonov Apollo r r BalmerKapteyn r WernerAiry AlKhwarizmi King GrissomWhite FlamsteedBilly Lomonosov Fleming Marginis Ingenii r MendelRydberg r Insularum Humboldtianum r TsiolkovskyStark Nubium Fecunditatis MutusVlacq Tranquillitatis Smythii r Crisium r Australe r 615

10 616 Nectaris r r Orientale r r Serenitatis r Imbrium r

11 Table A2.5 Olivine detections by KayugaSELENE as described by Yamamoto et al. (2010). Lat Long Region Mare Moscoviense Mare Moscoviense Mare Moscoviense Mare Moscoviense Mare Moscoviense Mare Moscoviense Mare Moscoviense Mare Crisium Mare Crisium Mare Crisium Mare Crisium Mare Crisium Mare Crisium Mare Crisium Mare Imbrium Mare Imbrium Mare Imbrium Mare Imbrium Mare Imbrium Mare Humorum Schrodinger Schrodinger Schrodinger Mare Frigoris Mare Nectaris Mare Nectaris Mare Serenitatis Mare Humboldtianum Mare Australe Mare Australe Western side of Ocean Procellarum Geminus Zeeman 617

12 Table A2.6 Ranked mare flow intersections as used by Science Goal 2b (in optimization 1). Lat Long Rank Lat Long Rank number number a b c d a b c a d b a b c a b a b a b a b c a a b b c c d d e e f f g h i j k a b 618

13 c d e a f b a c b c a d b e f g h a a a a b b The purpose of using mare flow intersections was to select locations where multiple mare basalts of a variety of ages could be sampled from one landing site. The ranking was done based on the number of flows which intersected at one place (e.g. sites where 2 flows intersected was given a score of 4, 3 flows a score of 3, 4 flows a score of 2 etc). The ages of the flows were then scored such that if the age range of all of the flows was >2.0 Ga the point was given score of 3, if the ages were between 1.5 to 2.0 Ga the point was given a score of 4, between 1.0 to 1.5 Ga a score of 5 etc etc The scores were combined and then ranked with points sampling younger flows given higher priority than older flows. Notice that there are multiples of some ranks e.g. 52a and 52b this is because the two sites scored exactly the same scores and could not be separated by relative age. 619

14 Table A2.7 Data used to determine which Copernican craters would expose melt sheet in the Birkhoff and MendelRydberg basins. Superscript notes are as follows: (a) Ages are based on Wilhelms (1987); (b) Basin diameters are from Spudis (1993); (c) Transient cavity diameter was calculated using Equation 5 from Kring (1995); (d) Regolith thickness was calculated using McGetchin et al. (1973) and Equation 1 from Kring (1995). Age a Basin Name Center Latitude Center Longitude Diameter b (km) Transient Cavity Diameter c (km) Max. Impact Regolith Thickness d (m) Nom. Impact Regolith Thickness d (m) Min. Impact Regolith Thickness d (m) Pre Nectarian Birchoff Nectarian Mendel Rydberg

15 Figure A2.1 Pertaining to Science Goal 2b this map shows the locations of ranked mare intersections for optimization

16 SCIENCE CONCEPT 3 Table A3.1List of PAN detections by SP onboard Kaguya (Ohtake et al., 2009), from Earthbased observations (Hawke et al., 2003) and with Clementine (Tompkins and Pieters, 1999). PAN detections from Ohtake (2010), realized with MI onboard Kayuga, were not available as a list of precise locations, and are therefore not detailed in the following Table. Name Lat ( N) Long ( E) Diam. (km) Alphonsus Nectarian PKT x Anaxagoras x x Appleton Nectarian FHTA x Aristarchus Copernican PKT x Atlas Up. Imb. x Belyaer FHTA x Berkner x Bernouilli Up. Imb. x Bettinus x Bohnenberger F x Bridgman x Byrgius A x Cantor Up. Imb. x Carpenter Copernican x Cyrillus Nectarian x Daedalus Low. Imb. FHTA x Damoiseau C PKT x Damoiseau D PKT x Delporte FHTA x Doppel Mayer Nectarian x Eichstadt x Einstein PKT x Fechner T x Gassendi E PKT x x Gassendi K PKT x Geminus Eratosth. x Giordano Bruno Copernican x Goldschmidt Nectarian? x Goltsyn x Grimaldi (inner rim) PKT x Hahn Low. Imb. x Helmholtz x Hubble (Plutarch A) Nectarian x Jackson Copernican FHTA x Janssen K x JoliotCurie Pre x 622 Age Geological province Ohtake 2009 Hawke 2003 Tompkins 1999

17 Name Lat ( N) Long ( E) Diam. (km) Age Geological province Ohtake 2009 Hawke 2003 Tompkins 1999 Kant x x Keeler Low. Imb. FHTA x King Copernican FHTA x Kirkwood Eratosth. x Korolev Nectarian FHTA x Leibnitz S SPA x Leuschner FHTA x Liebig A x Liebig B x Lodygin FHTA x Mach FHTA x Manilius Eratosth. PKT x Maurolycus x Mendell x Mersenius C x Miller x Millikan Nectarian x Milne N x Morse Eratosth. FHTA x Nansen Nectarian x O'Day SPA x x Orientale (In. Rook massif) x x Orientale (In. Rook North) Low. Imb. x x Paracelsus SPA x Petavius x x Philolaus Copernican x Piccolomini Up. Imb. x Pitatus Nectarian PKT x Plana PKT x Plinius Eratosth. x Plutarch Eratosth. x Posidonius Up. Imb. x Proclus x Pythagoras Eratosth. x Robertson Copernican x Rydberg Eratosth. x Ryder x Schjellerup Up. Imb. x Schorr Up. Imb. x Schrodinger Low. Imb. x Slipher Up. Imb. FHTA x South Ray x Stiborius x 623

18 Name Lat ( N) Long ( E) Diam. (km) Age Geological province Ohtake 2009 Hawke 2003 Tompkins 1999 Theophilus Eratosth. x Tsiolkovsky Up. Imb. FHTA x x Tycho x Vavilov Copernican FHTA x x Virtanen FHTA x Vitello Low. Imb. x Vlacq x Wiener Nectarian FHTA x 624

19 Table A3.2 List of all the craters that should have excavated (LCE) or mantle (ME) in the ejecta, or that should have (LCM) or mantle (MM) in their preserved central peak or uplifted rings. Name Latitude ( N) Longitude ( E) Diameter (km) Age LCE LCM ME MM Abbe Nectarian x x Alder Low. Imb. x AlKhwarizmi King Pre x Amundsen Ganswindt Pre x x Antoniadi Up. Imb. x x Apollo Pre x x Australe Pre x x x BalmerKapteyn Pre x x x Berlage x Bhabha Nectarian x Birkeland Eratosth. x Birkhoff Pre x Borman Low. Imb. x Bose Nectarian x Boyle Nectarian x Cabannes x Cabannes Q Nectarian x Compton Low. Imb. x CoulombSarton Pre x x Crisium Nectarian x x x Crommelin x Crommelin C Nectarian x Davisson x Dawson V x Eijkman Nectarian x Fabry Pre x Fecunditatis Pre x Finsen Eratosth. x Fizeau Up. Imb. x FlamsteedBilly Pre x Freundlich Sharonov Pre x x GrissomWhite Pre x Hertzsprung Nectarian x x Hess x Humboldt Up. Imb. x Humboldtianum Nectarian x x x Humorum Nectarian x x Imbrium Low. Imb. x x x x Ingenii Pre x x x Insularum Pre x 625

20 Name Latitude ( N) Longitude ( E) Diameter (km) Age LCE LCM ME MM KeelerHeaviside Pre x x Korolev Nectarian x Leeuwenhoek Nectarian x Leibnitz Pre x Lemaitre Nectarian x x Lomonosov Fleming Pre x Lorentz Pre x Lyman Up. Imb. x Maksutov Up. Imb. x Marginis Pre x Mendeleev Nectarian x MendelRydberg Nectarian x x x Minkowski x x Minnaert x Moscoviense Nectarian x x MutusVlacq Pre x Nectaris Nectarian x x x Nubium Pre x Numerov Nectarian x Oppenheimer Nectarian x Orientale Low. Imb. x x x Petavius Low. Imb. x PingreHausen Pre x Planck Pre x x Poincare Pre x x x Rumford T x SchillerZucchius Pre x Schrodinger Low. Imb. x x Serenitatis Nectarian x x x x Sikorsky Rittenhouse Nectarian x x Smythii Pre x x x Stoney x Tranquillitatis Pre x Tsiolkovsky Stark Pre x Von Karman Pre x Von Karman M Pre x WernerAiry Pre x Zeeman Nectarian x 626

21 Table A3.3 Final list of potential landing sites for Science Goal 3a. Highlighted ones correspond to prioritized sites, where at least 3 of the 4 requirements could be addressed. Note that for this Table, the requirement R2 was considered achieved only when sites were sampling H1 and H2 types, which are the high priority targets. Requirements: R1: sample the planetary differentiation products; R2: sample the variety of highland types; R3: sample the 3 main geochemical terranes (FHT, PKT, SPAT); R4: determine the origin and extent of the KREEP layer. Name Lat ( N) Long ( E) Diameter (km) Age Geological province R1 R2 R3 R4 Abbe Nectarian SPAT x x Airy M PKT H3 x Alder Low. Imb. SPAT x x AlKhwarizmi King Pre FHTa x x Low Alpetragius H PKT H3 x Alphonsus Nectarian PKT x x Amundsen Ganswindt Pre SPAT x x low Anaxagoras x Antoniadi Up. Imb. SPAT x x high Apollo Pre SPAT x x low Appleton Nectarian FHTa x x Aratus PKT H3 x Archimedes E Copernican PKT H5 x Archimedes L Copernican PKT H5 x Archimedes R Copernican PKT H5 x Aristarchus Copernican PKT x H5 x Atlas Up. Imb. x Australe Pre x low Autolycus Copernican PKT H5 x Autolycus A Copernican PKT H5 x BalmerKapteyn Pre x Belyaer FHTa x x Berkner x Berlage SPAT x x Bernouilli Up. Imb. x Bettinus x Bhabha Nectarian SPAT x x Birkeland Eratosth. SPAT x x Birkhoff Pre FHTa x x Birkhoff Z Copernican FHTa x x Birkhoff Z Copernican FHTa H1 x Bode G PKT H4 x Bohnenberger F x 627

22 Name Lat ( N) Long ( E) Diameter (km) Age Geological province R1 R2 R3 R4 Bonpland C PKT H4 x Borman Low. Imb. SPAT x x Bose Nectarian SPAT x x Boyle Nectarian SPAT x x Bridgman x Byrgius A x Cabannes SPAT x x Cabannes Q Nectarian SPAT x x Cantor Up. Imb. x Carpenter Copernican x Cassini K PKT H4 x Compton Low. Imb. x high Condorcet T H2 Conon Copernican PKT H3 x Copernicus Copernican PKT H4 x CoulombSarton Pre x low Crisium Nectarian x Crommelin SPAT x x Crommelin C Nectarian SPAT x x Crookes Copernican FHTa x x Crookes Copernican FHTa H1 x Cyrillus Nectarian x Daedalus Low. Imb. FHTa x x Damoiseau C PKT x x Damoiseau D PKT x x Darwin C H2 Das Copernican FHTa x x Davisson SPAT x x Dawson V SPAT x x Delporte FHTa x x DoppelMayer Nectarian x Eichstadt x Eijkman Nectarian SPAT x x Einstein PKT x x Eudoxus Copernican PKT H3 x Fabry Pre x Fechner T x Fecunditatis Pre x Finsen Eratosth. SPAT x x Fizeau Up. Imb. SPAT x x Flammarion A PKT H4 x FlamsteedBilly Pre PKT x x high Fra Mauro F Copernican PKT H5 x Fra Mauro H Copernican PKT H5 x 628

23 Name Lat ( N) Long ( E) Diameter (km) Age Geological province R1 R2 R3 R4 Fra Mauro J Copernican PKT H5 x Fra Mauro K Copernican PKT H5 x Fra Mauro R Copernican PKT H5 x Fra Mauro W Copernican PKT H5 x Freundlich Sharonov Pre FHTa x x low Gambart A Copernican PKT H5 x Gartner D PKT H3 x Gassendi A Copernican PKT H3 x Gassendi E PKT x x Gassendi K PKT x x Geminus Eratosth. x Giordano Bruno Copernican x Glazenap F FHTa x x Glazenap F FHTa H1 x Godin Copernican PKT H3 x Goldschmidt Nectarian? x Goltsyn x Green M FHTa x x Grimaldi (inner rim) PKT x x GrissomWhite Pre SPAT x x Hahn Low. Imb. x Harpalus Copernican PKT H4 x Helmholtz x Hertzsprung Nectarian FHTa x x low Hess SPAT x x Hubble (Plutarch A) Nectarian x Humboldt Up. Imb. x Humboldtianum Nectarian x Humorum Nectarian x high Imbrium Low. Imb. PKT x x high Ingenii Pre SPAT x x high Insularum Pre PKT x x high Jackson Copernican FHTa x x Janssen K x H2 JoliotCurie Pre x Kant x Keeler Low. Imb. FHTa x x KeelerHeaviside Pre FHTa x x Kepler Copernican PKT H5 x Kepler A Copernican PKT H5 x King Copernican FHTa x x Kirkwood Eratosth. x 629

24 Name Lat ( N) Long ( E) Diameter (km) Age Geological province R1 R2 R3 R4 Klute W Eratosthenian FHTa x H1 x Korolev Nectarian FHTa x x Larmor Q FHTa x H1 x Leeuwenhoek Nectarian SPAT x x Legendre H H2 Leibnitz Pre SPAT x x Leibnitz S SPAT x x Lemaitre Nectarian SPAT x x Leuschner FHTa x x Liebig A x Liebig B x Lodygin FHTa x x Lomonosov Fleming Pre x low Lorentz Pre x Lowell W FHTa x x Lyman Up. Imb. SPAT x x Mach FHTa x x Maksutov Up. Imb. SPAT x x Mandel'shtam F FHTa x H1 x Manilius Eratosth. PKT x x Marco Polo F PKT H4 x Marginis Pre x low Maurolycus x Mendeleev Nectarian FHTa x x Mendell x MendelRydberg Nectarian SPAT x x low Mersenius C x Michelson H FHTa x x Miller x Millikan Nectarian x Milne N x Minkowski SPAT x x Minnaert SPAT x x Moore F FHTa x x Morse Eratosth. FHTa x x Moscoviense Nectarian FHTa x x low Mosting Copernican PKT H4 x Mosting C PKT H5 x MutusVlacq Pre x low Nansen Nectarian x Necho Copernican FHTa x x Nectaris Nectarian x Nubium Pre PKT x x high 630

25 Name Lat ( N) Long ( E) Diameter (km) Age Geological province R1 R2 R3 R4 Numerov Nectarian SPAT x x high O'Day SPAT x x Ohm Copernican FHTa x x Oppenheimer Nectarian SPAT x x Orientale Low. Imb. x low Orientale (Inner Rook massif) x Orientale (Inner Rook North) Low. Imb. x Paracelsus SPAT x x Parry M Copernican PKT H5 x Petavius x Philolaus Copernican x Piccolomini Up. Imb. x PingreHausen Pre x Pitatus Nectarian PKT x x Plana PKT x x Planck Pre SPAT x x low Plato J PKT H4 x Plato M PKT H4 x Plinius Eratosth. x Plutarch Eratosth. x Poincare Pre SPAT x x high Posidonius Up. Imb. x Proclus x Pythagoras Eratosth. x Robertson Copernican x Rumford T SPAT x x Rutherford Copernican FHTa x H1 x Rydberg Eratosth. x Ryder x Saha E FHTa x x Saunder T PKT H3 x Schiller Zucchius Pre x Schjellerup Up. Imb. x Schorr Up. Imb. x Schrodinger Low. Imb. SPAT x x low Serenitatis Nectarian PKT x x high Sikorsky Rittenhouse Nectarian x low Sirsalis F PKT H3 x Sita FHTa x x Slipher Up. Imb. FHTa x x Smythii Pre x 631

26 Name Lat ( N) Long ( E) Diameter (km) Age Geological province R1 R2 R3 R4 South Ray x Stiborius x Stoney SPAT x x T. Mayer H PKT H5 x Thebit A Copernican PKT H3 x Theophilus Eratosth. x Tranquillitatis Pre x Triesnecker Copernican PKT H4 x Tsiolkovsky Up. Imb. FHTa x x Tsiolkovsky Stark Pre FHTa x x low Turner M Copernican PKT H5 Tycho x Vavilov Copernican FHTa x H1 x Ventris M FHTa x x Virtanen Copernican FHTa x x Vitello Low. Imb. x Vlacq x Von Karman Pre SPAT x x Von Karman M Pre SPAT x x Wallace C PKT H4 x WernerAiry Pre x Wiener Nectarian FHTa x x Wiener F Copernican FHTa x H2 x Zeeman Nectarian SPAT x x 632

27 Table A3.4 Detection of gabbro (G), norite (N), troctolite (T), gabbronorite (GN), anorthositic troctolite (AT), anorthositic gabbro (AG), and anorthositic gabbronorite (AGN) in central peaks (Tompkins and Pieters, 1999). They might correspond to Mgsuite, or mantle rocks. Name Latitude ( N) Longitude ( E) Diameter (km) Age Setting Peak lithologies Bhabha ? basin GN, G Birkeland E basin AN, GN Bose ? basin AGN Bullialdus UI basin N Eratosthenes E basin AGN Finsen E basin AGN, GN, N Jackson C highlands AGN Keeler LI highlands AT King C highlands AGN Langmuir ? highlands AGN Langrenus E basin T Lansberg UI basin AGN Lowell C basin AG Lyman UI highlands N Maunder E basin AG Ohm C highlands AG Orlov ? highlands AGN Scaliger UI highlands AG Stevinus C highlands AG, AGN Theophilus E basin AT Tsiolkovsky UI highlands AT Tycho C highlands AG, AGN, G Vavilov C highlands AGN White ? highlands AG, GN Zucchius C basin AG, G 633

28 Table A3.5 Pyroclastic deposits, from the USGS Lunar Pyroclastic Volcanism Project (Lisa R. Gaddis et al., 2008, and references therein) and additional sources (Giguere et al. 2003, 2007; Sunshine et al. 2010). 634 Name Latitude ( N) Longitude ( E) Area (km 2 ) Aestatis Alphonsus (C) Alphonsus (E) Alphonsus (E) Alphonsus (E) Alphonsus (E) Alphonsus (E) Alphonsus (E) Alphonsus (S) Alphonsus (W) Alphonsus (W) Alphonsus (W) Apollo Basin (E) Apollo Basin (W) Archimedes Aristarchus Atlas (N) Atlas (S) Autumni Cavalerius Compton (SC) Compton (SE) Compton (SW) Cruger (N) Cruger (S) Cruger (W1) Cruger (W2) Daguerre E. Mare Frigoris (E) E. Mare Frigoris (W) Franklin Gambart Gassendi NE Gaudibert Gaudibert B Gauss Grimaldi Grimaldi F Haldane Hedin (N) Hedin (NW) Hedin (W) Hevelius J. Herschel (C)

29 Name Latitude ( N) Longitude ( E) Area (km 2 ) J. Herschel (N) J. Herschel (S) Kiess Lagrange C Lavoisier Lavoisier Lavoisier Lavoisier Lavoisier Lavoisier Lavoisier Lavoisier F Lavoisier H LomonosovFleming LomonosovFleming LomonosovFleming LomonosovFleming Mare Humorum Mare Smythii (NNW) Mare Smythii (SW) Mare Smythii (W) Mare Smythii (WSW) Mare Vaporum McAdie Mersenius (NW) Mersenius (SW) Mersenius (W) Mersenius (WNW) Messala Montes Carpatus Montes Harbinger Moscoviense Moscoviense NE Lavoisier (N) NE Lavoisier (NW) NE Lavoisier (W) Oppenheimer Oppenheimer Oppenheimer Oppenheimer Oppenheimer Oppenheimer Oppenheimer Orientale Pacificus Riccioli (N)

30 636 Name Latitude ( N) Longitude ( E) Area (km 2 ) Riccioli (NW) Riccioli (SE) Riccioli (SW) Riccioli (W) Riccioli (WSW) Rima Bode Rima Fresnel Schluter A Schrodinger SE of Nectaris Sinus Aestuum Sinus Aestuum Sulpicius Gallus Taruntius Taruntius Tasso S TaurusLittrow

31 Table A3.6 Studied cryptomare locations. Highlighted in grey are regions that have been studied and mapped precisely in the literature. Cryptomare deposit Latitude Longitude ( N) ( E) Source Australe (interior) Antonenko et al., 1999 BalmerKapteyn Bell and Hawke, 1984; Antonenko et al., 1999; Hawke et al., 2003, 2005a, 2005b Copernicus Bell and Hawke, 1984 Gassendi Antonenko et al., 1999; Hawke et al., 2005a; Giguere et al., 2007 Hercules Antonenko et al., 1999 Humboldtianum Antonenko et al., 1999 Humboldtianum Antonenko et al., 1999 Korolev Antonenko et al., 1999 Langemak Antonenko et al., 1999 LomonosovFleming Antonenko et al., 1999; Giguere et al., 2003; Hawke et al., 2003, 2005a Marginis (East margin) Antonenko et al., 1999; Giguere et al., 2003 Maurolycus Antonenko et al., 1999 Mendeleev Antonenko et al., 1999 MendelRydberg Antonenko et al., 1999; Hawke et al., 2003, 2005a Milne Antonenko et al., 1999 Moscoviense Hawke et al., 2005a Orientale (East)/ Procellarum Antonenko et al., 1999; Campbell and (SouthWest margin) Hawke, 2005 Bell and Hawke, 1984; Blewett et al., 1995; SchillerSchickard Antonenko et al., 1999; Hawke et al., 2003, 2005a Smythii Antonenko et al., 1999; Hawke et al., 2005a South PoleAitken Antonenko et al., 1999; Pieters et al., 2001a, 2001b South PoleAitken Antonenko et al., 1999; Pieters et al., 2001a, 2001b Taruntius Antonenko et al., 1999 Tsiolkovskiy Antonenko et al.,

32 Table A3.7 List of all the craters and basins that are thought to contain material in their melt or central peak/uplifted rings, based on calculations only. Pm Proximity for melt (used to infer the depth from where the central peak material comes from), Pe proximity for excavation, M melt depth (include the crust thickness). IDs refer to their number on Fig Only those highlighted in gray have some central peaks (P) or uplifted rings (R) and are therefore considered as final landing sites. ID Name Lat Long 638 Diameter (km) Pm Pe M Age 0 Chaffee F Warner Haldane Runge Crommelin C Nectaria n Nectaria n Peak? Rings? 5 Numerov Z Stoney P 7 Cabannes M Cabannes Q Chaffee Borman Karrer Boyle Z Eijkman Baldet Nectaria n Nectaria n Low. Imb. Nectaria n Nectaria n Nectaria n 15 Boyle Nectaria n P 16 Bel'kovich A Nectaria n 17 Dawson V P 18 Lyman T Fizeau S Bellinsgauzen Bhabha Nectaria n P 22 Cori Nectaria n 23 Nishina Abbe Nectaria n 25 Alekhin Cajori Finsen Eratosth. P 28 Hess Z Oresme Alder Low. Imb. P P P P P

33 ID Name Lat Long Diameter (km) Pm Pe M Age Peak? Rings? 31 Cabannes P 32 Birkeland Eratosth. P 33 Maksutov Up. Imb. P 34 Lyman Up. Imb. P 35 Davisson P 36 Chretien Hess Hopmann Bose Lemaitre Nectaria n Nectaria n 41 Berlage Crommelin P 43 Rumford T P 44 Fizeau Up. Imb. P 45 Numerov Nectaria n P 46 Minkowski P 47 Leeuwenhoek E Thomson Thomson M Leeuwenhoek Nectaria n 51 Minnaert Repsold C Pre 53 Neper Nectaria n 54 Babbage Pre 55 Antoniadi Up. Imb. P 56 W. Bond Pre 57 Compton Low. Imb. P 58 Riemann Struve Pre 60 J. Herschel Pre 61 Hecataeus Nectaria n 62 Gauss Nectaria n 63 Von Karman Pre 64 Fabry Pre 65 Vertregt Pre P P P P 639

34 ID Name Lat Long Diameter (km) Pm Pe M Age Peak? Rings? 66 Petavius Low. Imb. P 67 Humboldt Up. Imb. P 68 Zeeman Nectaria n P 69 Maginus Pre 70 Einstein Pre 71 Janssen Pre 72 Schickard Pre 73 Oppenheimer Nectaria n 74 Schwarzschild Nectaria n 75 Bel'kovich Nectaria n 76 Von Karman M Pre 77 Van de Graaff Nectaria n 78 Harkhebi Pre 79 Leibnitz Pre 80 Clavius Nectaria n 81 d'alembert Nectaria n 82 Deslandres Pre 83 Gagarin Pre 84 Milne Pre 85 Bailly Nectaria n 86 PingreHausen Pre R 87 Sikorsky Nectaria Rittenhouse n R 88 Lorentz Pre R 89 Schrodinger Low. Imb. R 90 Mendeleev Nectaria n R 91 Planck Pre R 640

35 ID Name Lat Long Diameter (km) Pm Pe M Age 92 Poincare Pre Pre Pre Pre Nectaria n Nectaria n Pre Nectaria n Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Nectaria n Pre Pre Pre Pre Nectaria n Nectaria n Pre Pre Amundsen Ganswindt Schiller Zucchius Birkhoff Humorum Korolev Coulomb Sarton Moscoviense Balmer Kapteyn Keeler Heaviside WernerAiry Apollo Ingenii FlamsteedBilly Marginis AlKhwarizmi King Hertzsprung Freundlich Sharonov GrissomWhite Insularum Lomonosov Fleming Mendel Rydberg Humboldtianu m Fecunditatis Nubium Peak? Rings? R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R 641

36 ID Name Lat Long Diameter (km) 117 MutusVlacq Tranquillitatis Pre Pre Pre Pre Nectaria n Nectaria n Pre Nectaria n Low. Imb. Low. Imb. Tsiolkovsky Stark Smythii Crisium Nectaris Australe Serenitatis Orientale Imbrium Pm Pe M Age Peak? Rings? R R R R R R R 642

37 Table A3.8 List of all the craters and basins that are thought to have mantle in their melt or central peak/uplifted rings, based on calculations only. Pm Proximity for melt (used to infer the depth from where the central peak material comes from), Pe proximity for excavation, M melt depth (include the crust thickness). Blue values indicate negative proximity for mantle excavation, corresponding to the two basins that are excavating mantle. IDs refer to their number on Fig Only those highlighted in gray have some uplifted rings (R) and are therefore considered as final landing sites. ID Name Latitude Longitude Diameter (km) Pm Pe M Age Uplifted rings? 0 Von Karman Pre 4 Sikorsky Rittenhouse Nectarian R 1 Oppenheimer Nectarian 8 Amundsen Ganswindt Pre R 5 Schrodinger Low. Imb. R 11 Moscoviense Nectarian R 10 Coulomb Sarton Pre R 2 Von Karman M Pre 6 Planck Pre R 3 Leibnitz Pre 7 Poincare Pre R 20 Hertzsprung Nectarian R 9 Humorum Nectarian R 13 Keeler Heaviside Pre R 21 Freundlich Sharonov Pre R 15 Apollo Pre R 12 Balmer Kapteyn Pre R 14 WernerAiry Pre 19 AlKhwarizmi King Pre 22 GrissomWhite Pre 17 FlamsteedBilly Pre 24 Lomonosov Fleming Pre 18 Marginis Pre 16 Ingenii Pre R 25 Mendel Rydberg Nectarian R 23 Insularum Pre 26 Humboldtianum Nectarian R 31 Tsiolkovsky Stark Pre 28 Nubium Pre 27 Fecunditatis Pre 29 MutusVlacq Pre 643

38 ID Name Latitude Longitude Diameter (km) Pm Pe M Age Uplifted rings? 30 Tranquillitatis Pre 32 Smythii Pre R 33 Crisium Nectarian R 35 Australe Pre R 34 Nectaris Nectarian R 37 Orientale Serenitatis Imbrium Low. Imb. R Nectarian R Low. Imb. R 644

39 Table A3.9 List of all the craters and basins that are thought to contain and/or mantle material in their ejecta or central peak/uplifted rings, based on calculations only. LCE = excavate material in its ejecta, ME= excavate mantle material in its ejecta, LCM = should contain material in its preserved central peak or uplifted rings, MM = should contain mantle material in its preserved uplifted rings. Craters and basins highlighted in gray should contain both and mantle material and are considered as best final landing sites to assess Science Goal 3c in general. Name Lat Long Diameter (km) Abbe Nectarian x x Alder Low. Imb. x AlKhwarizmiKing Pre x AmundsenGanswindt Pre x x Antoniadi Up. Imb. x x Apollo Pre x x Australe Pre x x x BalmerKapteyn Pre x x x Berlage x Bhabha Nectarian x Birkeland Eratosth. x Birkhoff Pre x Borman Low. Imb. x Bose Nectarian x Boyle Nectarian x Cabannes x Cabannes Q Nectarian x Compton Low. Imb. x CoulombSarton Pre x x Crisium Nectarian x x x Crommelin x Crommelin C Nectarian x Davisson x Dawson V x Eijkman Nectarian x Fabry Pre x Fecunditatis Pre x Finsen Eratosth. x Fizeau Up. Imb. x FlamsteedBilly Pre x FreundlichSharonov Pre x x GrissomWhite Pre x Hertzsprung Nectarian x x Hess x Humboldt Up. Imb. x Humboldtianum Nectarian x x x Humorum Nectarian x x Age LCE LC M ME MM 645

40 Name Lat Long Diameter (km) Imbrium Low. Imb. x x x x Ingenii Pre x x x Insularum Pre x KeelerHeaviside Pre x x Korolev Nectarian x Leeuwenhoek Nectarian x Leibnitz Pre x Lemaitre Nectarian x x LomonosovFleming Pre x Lorentz Pre x Lyman Up. Imb. x Maksutov Up. Imb. x Marginis Pre x Mendeleev Nectarian x MendelRydberg Nectarian x x x Minkowski x x Minnaert x Moscoviense Nectarian x x MutusVlacq Pre x Nectaris Nectarian x x x Nubium Pre x Numerov Nectarian x Oppenheimer Nectarian x Orientale Low. Imb. x x x Petavius Low. Imb. x PingreHausen Pre x Planck Pre x x Poincare Pre x x x Rumford T x SchillerZucchius Pre x Schrodinger Low. Imb. x x Serenitatis Nectarian x x x x SikorskyRittenhouse Nectarian x x Smythii Pre x x x Stoney x Tranquillitatis Pre x TsiolkovskyStark Pre x Von Karman Pre x Von Karman M Pre x WernerAiry Pre x Zeeman Nectarian x Age LCE LC M ME MM 646

41 Table A3.10 List of all the suggested landing sites to address Science Goal 3d and their associated feature: intrusive feature (IF), massif (M), plateau (P), red spot (RS), gravity anomaly type (GA), crustal thickness extreme (TE). Also mentioned is the presence of a central peak (CP) if the feature is a crater, and whether it is of Copernican age (CC). Sinuous rilles are not mentioned for they are not punctual features. Feature name Lat Long IF M P R G T C C S A E P C Anaxagoras x Apollo II Archytas intrusive dome Archytas intrusive dome Aristarchus pluton x x x Aristillus x x intrusive Aristillus dome Autolycus x Balboa A x Bel'kovich K x x Birkeland x Birkhoff Z Bok x Bulliadus pluton x Burg x Carpenter x x Central Mare Tranquillitatis plains intrusive dome Conon x Copernicus pluton x x CoulombSarton Crisium Crookes Darney Chi x Darney Tau x Das DirichletJackson I x Eratosthenes x Eudoxus x Fabricius x II P M x x x 647

42 Feature name Lat Long IF M P R G T C C S A E P C Faraday C x Finsen x FreundlichSharanov II Gambart intrusive dome Gassendi A x Giordano Bruno x Glushko (Earlier Olbers A) x Godin x Grimaldi intrusive dome Guthnick x Harpalus x Hausen x Hayn x x Helmet x Helmholtz D x Hertzsprung II Humboldtianum II Humorum P M Imbrium P M Ingenii I Jackson pluton x x Kant plateau x Kepler x King pluton x x Korolev 4.50 I Langmuir pluton Langrenus x Lassell x Leuschner Lorentz I Malapert Massif x Marius Hills plateau x Mendeleev I x 648

43 Feature name Lat Long IF M P R G T C C S A E P C MendelRydberg II Milichius intrusive dome Milne N x Mons Agnes x Mons Ampère x Mons André x Mons Ardeshir x Mons Argaeus x Mons Bradley x Mons Delisle x Mons Dieter x Mons Dilip x Mons Esam x Mons Ganau x Mons Gruithuisen Delta x x Mons Gruithuisen Gamma x x Mons Hadley x Mons Hadley Delta x Mons Hansteen Alpha x x Mons Herodotus x Mons Huygens x Mons La Hire x x Mons Maraldi x Mons Moro x Mons Penck x Mons Pico x Mons Piton x Mons Rümker x Mons Usov x Mons Vinogradov x Mons Vitruvius x Mons Wolff x Mont Blanc x Montes Agricola x Montes Alpes x Montes Apenninus x Montes Archimedes x Montes Carpatus x 649

44 650 Feature name Lat Long IF M P Montes Caucasus x Montes Cordillera x Montes Haemus x Montes Harbinger x Montes Jura x Montes Pyrenaeus x Montes Recti x Montes Riphaeus x x Montes Rook x Montes Secchi x Montes Spitzbergen x Montes Taurus x Montes Teneriffe x Moretus x Moscoviense II x Mosting x Necho x P Nectaris M O'Day x x Ohm pluton x Olcott x Orientale II Orlov pluton Palitzsch B x Palmieri intrusive dome Pasteur D x Perrine E x Petavius B x Philolaus x x Planck I Plutarch x Proclus x intrusive Promontorium Laplace dome Pythagoras x Ricco x intrusive Rima Cauchy dome R S G A T E C P C C

45 Feature name Lat Long IF M P Robertson Rowland J intrusive Rupes Cauchy dome Rutherfurd x x Rydberg x Schomberger A x Schrodinger I Scoresby x P Serenitatis M Sharonov x P Smythii M Stevinus pluton x x Taruntius laccolith x x Thales x Theophilus x Triesnecker x Tycho pluton x x Valentine dome intrusive dome Valentine dome intrusive dome Vavilov x x Virtanen x Zucchius x x R S G A T E C P x x C C x 651

46 Table A3.11 List of all craters shown in Fig The lunar region in which each crater belongs is also indicated (nearside mare, highlands, SPA). The shadowed lines represent the craters in Fig which are not labeled. The central peaks of those craters could potentially show the limiting extent of the, but they are less likely to, as they lie within the +5 km limit. 652 Name Lat ( ) Long ( ) Diam. (km) Age Stratigraphic Uplift (km) Mare Highlands SPA Aristillus Copernican 7.34 X Taruntius Copernican 7.54 X Eratosthenes Eratosthenia n 7.93 X Bullialdus Eratosthenia n 8.33 X Copernicus Copernican X Langrenus Eratosthenia n X Theophilus Eratosthenia n X X Vavilov Copernican X Tycho Copernican X Plaskett Upper Imbrian X Moretus Eratosthenia n X Kovalevskay a Upper Imbrian X Pythagoras Eratosthenia n X Tsiolkovskiy Upper Imbrian X Humboldt Upper Imbrian X Eratosthenia Hausen n X X Bok Eratosthenia n 5.49 X Oresme V Upper Imbrian 6.58 X de Vries Upper Imbrian 8.13 X O'Day Copernican X Finsen Eratosthenia n X Birkeland Eratosthenia n X Maksutov Upper Imbrian X Lyman Upper Imbrian X Fizeau Upper Imbrian X Antoniadi Upper Imbrian X

47 Name Lat ( ) Long ( ) Diam. (km) Age Stratigraphic Uplift (km) Mare Highlands SPA Stormer Upper Imbrian X Philolaus Copernican X Jackson Copernican X Jenner Upper Imbrian X Stevinus Copernican X King Copernican X la Perouse Upper Imbrian X Fabricius Eratosthenia n X von Neumann Upper Imbrian X Olcott Eratosthenia n X Schomberger Upper Imbrian X Hayn Copernican X Piccolomini Upper Imbrian X Robertson Copernican X Schluter Upper Imbrian X 653

48 Table A3.12 List of all craters showed in Fig The lunar region in which each crater belongs is also indicated (nearside mare, highlands, SPA) Name Lat ( ) Long ( ) Diam. (km) Age Stratigraphic Uplift (km) Mare Highlands SPA Taruntius Copernican 2.57 X Kepler Copernican 3.09 X Conon Copernican 3.44 X Petavius B Copernican 3.55 X Burg Copernican 3.59 X Harpalus Copernican 3.67 X Aristarchus Copernican 3.76 X Aristillus Copernican 3.93 X Gassendi A Copernican 3.94 X Autolycus Copernican 4.02 X Copernicus Copernican 4.24 X Virtanen Copernican 5.00 X Crookes Copernican 5.01 X Robertson Copernican 5.04 X Philolaus Copernican 5.04 X Eudoxus Copernican 5.12 X Rutherfurd Copernican 5.15 X Carpenter Copernican 5.17 X Stevinus Copernican 5.19 X Tycho Copernican 5.37 X Bel'kovich K Copernican 5.41 X Zucchius Copernican 5.45 X Ohm Copernican 5.50 X Sharonov Copernican 5.70 X Jackson Copernican 5.80 X King Copernican 5.81 X Hayn Copernican 6.18 X O Day Copernican 6.67 X 654

49 Table A3.13 List of all suggested landing sites that fulfill at least two of the Science Concept 3 Science Goals. The fourth column indicates how many of the Science Goals they address, followed by a description of how they each address it. Sites were selected as possible locations to address Science Goal 3a if they are within one of the 5 highland types (H1 to H5), or within the primordial highland material, or have PAN detections, or contain or mantle material (cf. Comments 3C for the detail of what can exactly be sampled and where), or are good sites to assess the extent of the urkreep layer. Specific sites were selected to address Science Goal 3b if they contain pyroclastic deposits or cryptomare, but Science Goal 3b could actually be assessed almost everywhere on the Moon. Sites were selected for Science Goal 3c if they have central peaks or peak rings and contain (lcm) or mantle (mm) in their central peaks/rings, or (lce) or mantle (me) in their ejecta. If the proximity value is between 0 and 5 km, there is an uncertainty on the possible excavation of lower/crust or mantle, and the comment will precise mm in EB, where EB means error bar. Sites were selected for Science Goal 3d if they correspond to any gravity anomalies, massif, plateau, identified plutonic feature, red spot or young features. Sites were selected for Science Goal 3e if they are young and deep enough to show the transition from to upper crust in their central peaks or walls. Feature Name Lat Long # Orientale Schrödinger Apollo Aristarchus Australe Birkeland Copernicus Comments 3A mantle, low KREEP, PAN (Inner Rook massif & Inner Rook North) mantle, low KREEP, PAN detection mantle, low KREEP h5, KREEP, PAN detection mantle, low KREEP mantle high KREEP, h4 Comments 3B Pyroclastics, cryptomare Pyroclastics Pyroclastics Pyroclastics Cryptomare Cryptomare Comment 3C peak rings, lce, lcm, mm peak rings, lcm, mm peak rings, lcm, mm peak rings, lce, lcm, mm central peak, lcm Comment 3D Type II gravity anomaly Type I gravity anomaly Type II gravity anomaly Pluton, young crater walls and central peak Type NM gravity anomaly central peak Pluton, young crater Comments 3E Walls or peak rings should show contacts between and underlying fractured crust Walls or peak rings should show contacts between and underlying fractured crust craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. Central peak should show the contact between the and the underlying fractured crust Central peak should show 655

50 Feature Name Lat Long # Finsen Humboldtianum Humorum Korolev Mendeleev MendelRydberg Moscoviense Nectaris Smythii Antoniadi Comments 3A mantle mantle, med KREEP mantle, high KREEP mantle, PAN detection mantle mantle, low KREEP mantle, low KREEP mantle, med KREEP, mantle, med KREEP mantle, high KREEP Comments 3B Cryptomare Pyroclastics(Lat: 30, Lon:40) Cryptomare Cryptomare Cryptomare, pyroclastics Cryptomare, pyroclastics Pyroclastics Cryptomare, pyroclastics (lat:2, lon:83) Comment 3C central peak, lcm peak rings, lce, lcm, mm peak rings, lce, lcm, mm peak rings, lcm, (mm in EB), peak rings, lcm peak rings, lce, lcm, mm peak rings, lcm, mm peak rings, lce, lcm, (me in error bar), mm peak rings, lce, lcm, mm central peak, lce, lcm, (mm within EB Comment 3D walls and central peak crater central peak Type II gravity anomaly Type PM gravity anomaly Type I gravity anomaly Type I gravity anomaly Type II gravity anomaly Type II gravity anomaly Type PM gravity anomaly Type PM gravity anomaly Comments 3E the contact between the and the underlying fractured crust. craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. Central peak should show the contact between the and the underlying fractured crust Central peak should show the contact between the and the underlying 656

51 Feature Name Lat Long # Comments 3A Autolycus h5 Balmer Kapteyn Carpenter Compton Conon CoulombSarton Crisium Crookes mantle, med KREEP PAN detection mantle, high KREEP KREEP, h3. mantle, low KREEP mantle, med KREEP primordial feldspathic crust sample, h1 Eudoxus h3 Comments 3B Cryptomare Pyroclastics Comment 3C peak rings, lce, lcm, mm central peak, lcm peak rings, lcm, mm peak rings, lce, lcm, (me in EB), mm Comment 3D crater walls central peak and crater walls Massif: Mons Bradley, young crater walls Type II gravity anomaly Type PM gravity anomaly crater walls crater walls Comments 3E fractured crust craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. Fizeau central Central peak 657

52 Feature Name Lat Long # Comments 3A mantle Freundlich Sharonov mantle, low KREEP Gassendi A h3 Grimaldi PAN detection Harpalus h4 Hertzsprung Humboldt Imbrium Ingenii Jackson KeelerHeaviside mantle, low KREEP mantle mantle, high KREEP mantle, high KREEP PAN detection, primordial feldspathic crust sample mantle, Comments 3B Pyroclastics (36x24km) Comment 3C peak, lcm peak rings, lcm, mm peak rings, lcm, mm central peak, lcm peak rings, lce, lcm, me, mm peak rings, lce, lcm, mm peak rings, lcm, mm Comment 3D Type II gravity anomaly crater walls intrusive dome crater walls Type II gravity anomaly Type PM gravity anomaly Type I gravity anomaly Pluton, young crater central peak and walls Type NM gravity anomaly Comments 3E should show the contact between the and the underlying fractured crust craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. Central peak should show the contact between the and the underlying fractured crust craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. 658

53 Feature Name Lat Long # Comments 3A med KREEP Kepler h5 King Lomonosov Fleming Lorentz Lyman Maksutov Marginis O'Day PAN detection mantle, low KREEP mantle mantle mantle mantle, low KREEP PAN detection Comments 3B Cryptomare, pyroclastics Cryptomare (east margin) Comment 3C lce peak rings, lcm, (mm in EB) central peak, lcm central peak, lcm lce Comment 3D crater walls Pluton, young crater central peak and walls Type I gravity anomaly crater central peak and walls Comments 3E craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. Central peak should show the contact between the and the underlying fractured crust Central peak should show the contact between the and the underlying fractured crust Central peak should show the contact between the and the underlying fractured crust. craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. Ohm primordial Pluton, 659

54 Feature Name Lat Long # Comments 3A feldspathic crust sample Oppenheimer Philolaus Planck Poincare Pythagoras Robertson Serenitatis Taruntius mantle, med KREEP PAN detection mantle, low KREEP mantle, high KREEP KREEP, PAN detection PAN detection mantle, high KREEP Comments 3B Pyroclastics Pyroclastics, cryptomare Comment 3C lce peak rings, lce, lcm, mm peak rings, lce, lcm, mm (central peak, lcm in error bar) peak rings, lce, lcm, me, mm Comment 3D young crater walls crater central peak and walls Type I gravity anomaly Type NM gravity anomaly crater central peak crater central peak and walls Type PM gravity anomaly Laccolith, young crater central peak and walls Comments 3E craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. Central peak should show the contact between the and the underlying fractured crust craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. Central peak should show the contact between the and the underlying fractured crust. craters deeper than the estimated 660

55 Feature Name Lat Long # Theophilus Tsiolkovsky Tycho Vavilov Virtanen Abbe Alder 48.6 AlKhwarizmi King Comments 3A PAN detection PAN detection PAN detection primordial feldspathic crust sample, h1, PAN detection primordial feldspathic crust sample, PAN detection mantle mantle mantle, low KREEP Comments 3B Cryptomare Comment 3C (central peak with lcm in the EB) lce central peak, lcm lce Comment 3D crater central peak, possible pluton Pluton, young crater central peak and walls crater central peak and walls crater central peak and walls Comments 3E thickness. Walls might show contact. Central peak should show the contact between the and the underlying fractured crust Central peak should show the contact between the and the underlying fractured crust Central peak should show the contact between the and the underlying fractured crust. craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. Central peak should show the contact between the and the underlying fractured crust craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. 661

56 662 Feature Name Lat Long # Alphonsus Amundsen Ganswindt Anaxagoras Comments 3A PAN detection mantle, low KREEP PAN detection Archimedes R h5 Aristillus Atlas Bel'kovich K Berlage 63.2 Bhabha 55.1 Birkhoff 58.7 Birkhoff Z 61.3 Bok 20.2 Borman 38.8 Bose PAN detection mantle mantle mantle primordial feldspathic crust sample, h1 mantle mantle Comments 3B Pyroclastics Pyroclastics Comment 3C central ring, lcm, mm lce central peak, lcm peak rings, lcm central peak, lcm central peak, lcm Boyle central Comment 3D crater walls Massif: Montes Archimedes crater central peak and walls crater central peak and walls crater walls crater central peak Comments 3E Central peak should show the contact between the and the underlying fractured crust craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. Central peak should show the contact between the and the underlying fractured crust

57 Feature Name Lat Long # Bullialdus Burg Cabannes 60.9 Cabannes Q 63.3 Crommelin 68.1 Crommelin C 66.4 Das 26.8 Davisson 37.5 Dawson V 66.6 Eijkman Eratosthenes Fabry Fecunditatis FlamsteedBilly Comments 3A mantle mantle mantle mantle mantle primordial feldspathic crust sample mantle mantle mantle mantle mantle, med KREEP mantle, high KREEP Comments 3B Comment 3C peak, lcm central peak, lcm central peak, lcm central peak, lcm central peak, lcm central peak, lcm central peak, lce, lcm central peak, lcm central peak, lcm lce lce Comment 3D Pluton, young central peak crater walls crater walls crater central peak Comments 3E Central peak should show the contact between the and the underlying fractured crust craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. Central peak should show the contact between the and the underlying fractured crust 663

58 664 Feature Name Lat Long # Comments 3A Comments 3B Gambart Pyroclastics Giordano Bruno PAN detection Godin h3 GrissomWhite Hausen Hayn Hess Insularum Langrenus Leeuwenhoek Leibnitz Lemaitre Leuschner Maurolycus Milne N Minkowski mantle, med KREEP mantle mantle, high KREEP mantle mantle, med KREEP mantle PAN detection PAN detection PAN detection mantle Cryptomare Comment 3C lce lce lce central peak, lcm lce central peak, lce, lcm central peak, lce, lcm Comment 3D Intrusive dome crater walls crater walls crater central peak crater central peak and walls crater central peak crater central peak crater walls Comments 3E Central peak should show the contact between the and the underlying fractured crust craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. Central peak should show the contact between the and the underlying fractured crust

59 Feature Name Lat Long # Minnaert Moretus Comments 3A mantle Mosting h4 MutusVlacq Necho Nubium Numerov Petavius Petavius B Plutarch Proclus Rumford T Rutherfurd Rydberg mantle, low KREEP primordial feldspathic crust sample mantle, high KREEP mantle, high KREEP mantle, PAN detection PAN detection PAN detection mantle PAN detection Comments 3B Comment 3C lce lce lce central peak, lcm central peak, lcm central peak, lcm SchillerZucchius peak rings, Comment 3D crater central peak crater walls crater walls crater walls crater central peak crater walls crater central peak and walls crater central peak Comments 3E Central peak should show the contact between the and the underlying fractured crust craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. 665

60 Feature Name Lat Long # Sharonov Sikorsky Rittenhouse Stevinus Stoney Tranquillitatis Comments 3A mantle mantle, low KREEP mantle mantle, med KREEP Triesnecker h4 TsiolkovskyStark Von Karman Von Karman M mantle, low KREEP mantle, med KREEP mantle, med KREEP Wallace C h4 WernerAiry Zeeman Zucchius mantle, med KREEP mantle Comments 3B Comment 3C lcm, (mm in EB) peak rings, lcm, mm central peak, lcm lce lce lce lce lce central peak, lcm Comment 3D crater walls Pluton, young crater central peak and walls crater walls Massif: Mons Wolff crater central peak and walls Comments 3E craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. craters deeper than the estimated thickness. Walls might show contact. 666

61 SCIENCE CONCEPT 4 Figure A4.1 Result of classification process for Science Goal 4a. Figure A4.2 Result of classification process for Science Goal 4c. 667

62 Figure A4.3 Result of classification process for Science Goal 4d. Figure A4.4 Result of classification process for Science Goal 4e. 668

63 Figure A4.5 Result of classification process for all Science Goals of Science Concept

64 SCIENCE CONCEPT 5 No appendix material for Science Concept 5. SCIENCE CONCEPT 6 TABLE A6.1 Fresh, complex craters ideal for studying impact lithology. Name Diameter (km) Terrane Age Morphology LAT LONG 670 Dionysius 18 Highlands Copernican Flat Floored Giordano Bruno 22 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Proclus 28 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Necho 30 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Faraday C 30 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Schomberger A 31 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Thales 31 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Petavius B 33 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Gassendi A 33 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Godin 34 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Guthnick 36 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Pasteur D 36 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Milne N 37 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Das 38 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Harpalus 39 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Palitzsch B 39 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Perrine E 40 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Glushko (Earlier Olbers A) 43 Highlands Copernican Central Peak 8 78 Virtanen 44 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Rutherfurd 48 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Crookes 49 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Anaxagoras 50 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Taruntius 56 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Carpenter 59 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Ohm 64 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Zucchius 64 Highlands Copernican Transitional Eudoxus 67 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Philolaus 70 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Jackson 71 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Sharonov 74 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Stevinus 74 Highlands Copernican Central Peak

65 King 76 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Hayn 87 Highlands Copernican Central Peak RoberFlat Flooredon 88 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Tycho* 102 Highlands Copernican Central Peak Klute W 13 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Steno Q 29 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Horrocks 30 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Tedinger Y 31 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Coulomb N 32 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Hommel B 33 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Petrie 33 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Wilsing C 33 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Reichenbach A 34 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Zhukovskiy Z 34 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Grachev 35 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Pogson F 35 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak von der Pahlen H 35 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Chebyshev U 36 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Foster P 36 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Stearns 36 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Grotrian 37 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Plante 37 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Zeno B 37 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Nicholson 38 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Harriot W 39 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Wright 39 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Cepheus 39 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Cichus 40 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Herschel 40 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Newcomb 41 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Hayn E 42 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Innes 42 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Rothmann 42 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Rozhdestvenskiy K 42 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Sirsalis 42 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Amici T 43 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Dante E 43 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Agrippa 44 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak

66 Leuschner 49 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Rowland J 49 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Rydberg 49 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Hainzel A 53 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Scoresby 55 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Cavalerius 57 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Hamilton 57 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Moiseev 59 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Ricco 65 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Kirkwood 67 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Plutarch 68 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Werner 70 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Morse 77 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Fabricius 78 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Olcott 81 Highlands Eratosthenian Transitional Geminus 85 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Aristoteles 87 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Theophilus 110 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Moretus 111 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Langrenus 127 Highlands Eratosthenian Central Peak Pythagoras 142 Highlands Eratosthenian Transitional Hausen 167 Highlands Eratosthenian Transitional Petavius 188 Highlands Eratosthenian Transitional Compton 162 Highlands Lower Imbrian Peak Ring Hilbert 151 Highlands Nectarian Central Peak Sommerfeld 169 Highlands Nectarian Central Peak Schiller* 180 Highlands Nectarian Central Peak Drygalski 149 Highlands PreNectarian Central Peak Longomontanus 157 Highlands PreNectarian Central Peak Keeler 160 Highlands PreNectarian Transitional Joliot 164 Highlands PreNectarian Central Peak Gauss 177 Highlands PreNectarian Transitional Mach 180 Highlands PreNectarian Central Peak d'alembert 248 Highlands PreNectarian Peak Ring Milne 272 Highlands PreNectarian Peak Ring Bailly 287 Highlands PreNectarian Peak Ring Mandel'shtam F 17 Highlands unknown Flat Floored Ryder 17 Highlands unknown Flat Floored

67 Byrgius A 19 Highlands unknown Flat Floored Poincare X 19 Highlands unknown Flat Floored Cleostratus J 20 Highlands unknown Flat Floored Bouguer 22 Highlands unknown Flat Floored Lalande 24 Highlands unknown Central Peak Moore F 24 Highlands unknown Central Peak Unnamed 25 Highlands unknown Central Peak Stefan L 26 Highlands unknown Central Peak Unnamed 28 Highlands unknown Central Peak Saha E 28 Highlands unknown Central Peak Unnamed 31 Highlands unknown Central Peak Laue G 36 Highlands unknown Central Peak Tsiolkovsky 180 Highlands unknown Central Peak Fabry 184 Highlands unknown Central Peak Schwarzschild 212 Highlands unknown Peak Ring Dawes 18 Mare Copernican Flat Floored Pytheas 20 Mare Copernican Central Peak Triesnecker 26 Mare Copernican Central Peak Kepler 31 Mare Copernican Central Peak Marius A 15 Mare Eratosthenian Flat Floored Bessel 15 Mare Eratosthenian Flat Floored Diophantus 17 Mare Eratosthenian Central Peak Peirce 18 Mare Eratosthenian Flat Floored Flamsteed 20 Mare Eratosthenian Central Peak Delisle 25 Mare Eratosthenian Central Peak Arago 26 Mare Eratosthenian Central Peak Reiner 29 Mare Eratosthenian Central Peak Delmotte 32 Mare Eratosthenian Central Peak Reinhold 42 Mare Eratosthenian Central Peak Maunder 55 Mare Eratosthenian Central Peak Harding 22 Mare unknown Central Peak Briggs B 25 Mare unknown Central Peak Unnamed 27 Mare Unknown Central Peak Lichtenberg 20 Mixed Copernican Central Peak Mosting 24 Mixed Copernican Central Peak Burg 39 Mixed Copernican Central Peak Aristarchus 40 Mixed Copernican Central Peak Aristillus 55 Mixed Copernican Central Peak Copernicus 93 Mixed Copernican Central Peak

68 Picard 22 Mixed Eratosthenian Central Peak Euler 27 Mixed Eratosthenian Central Peak Lambert 30 Mixed Eratosthenian Central Peak Archytas 31 Mixed Eratosthenian Central Peak Timocharis 33 Mixed Eratosthenian Central Peak Manilius 38 Mixed Eratosthenian Central Peak Plinius 43 Mixed Eratosthenian Central Peak Eratosthenes 58 Mixed Eratosthenian Central Peak Bullialdus 60 Mixed Eratosthenian Central Peak Harding 24 Mixed Unknown Central Peak Menelaus 26 Mixed unknown Central Peak O'Day 71 SPA Copernican Central Peak Wiechert J 34 SPA Eratosthenian Central Peak Finsen 72 SPA Eratosthenian Central Peak Birkeland 82 SPA Eratosthenian Central Peak Zeeman 190 SPA Nectarian Central Peak Von Karman 180 SPA PreNectarian Central Peak Antoniadi 143 SPA Upper Imbrian Peak Ring

69 SCIENCE CONCEPT 7 No appendix material for Science Concept 7. SCIENCE CONCEPT 8 No appendix material for Science Concept 8. SOUTH POLEAITKEN BASIN Table A9.1 The locations of basins greater than 140 kilometers in diameter found inside the 2500 km diameter of SPA and their corresponding ages and distance from the lunar South Pole. Basin Radius (km) LAT LONG Distance from South Pole (km) Estimated Age AmundsenGanswindt PreNectarian Antoniadi Upper Imbrian Apollo PreNectarian Ashbrook PreNectarian Australe PreNectarian Brouwer Nectarian Chebyshev Nectarian Drygalski PreNectarian Gagarin PreNectarian GrissomWhite PreNectarian Hausen Eratosthenian Ingenii PreNectarian Jules Verne PreNectarian KeelerHeaviside PreNectarian Leibnitz PreNectarian Lippmann PreNectarian Oppenheimer Nectarian Pavlov Nectarian Planck PreNectarian Poincare PreNectarian Roche Nectarian Schrödinger Lower Imbrian SikorskyRittenhouse Nectarian Van de Graaff Nectarian Vertregt PreNectarian Von Karman PreNectarian Von Karman M PreNectarian Zeeman Nectarian Zwicky PreNectarian 675

70 Table A9.2 Named craters within SPA Basin given an estimated age in the Crater Database (Losiak et al., 2009). C.f., Figs and Crater Name Radius Distance from LAT LONG (km) South Pole (km) Estimated Age AmundsenGanswindt PreNectarian Apollo PreNectarian Australe PreNectarian Barbier PreNectarian Blackett PreNectarian Boguslawsky PreNectarian Boussingault PreNectarian Daedalus R PreNectarian Drygalski PreNectarian Gagarin PreNectarian Galois PreNectarian Galois Q PreNectarian GrissomWhite PreNectarian Heaviside PreNectarian Helmholtz PreNectarian Ingenii PreNectarian Jules Verne PreNectarian KeelerHeaviside PreNectarian Leibnitz PreNectarian Lippmann PreNectarian Orlov Y PreNectarian Planck PreNectarian Poincare PreNectarian Vertregt PreNectarian Von Karman PreNectarian Von Karman M PreNectarian Zwicky PreNectarian Abbe Nectarian Aitken Y Nectarian Amici N Nectarian Amici R Nectarian Amundsen Nectarian Anders Nectarian Anuchin Nectarian Bailly Nectarian Bailly A Nectarian Bailly B Nectarian Barbier U Nectarian Barringer Nectarian Bergstrand Nectarian Bhabha Nectarian Bose Nectarian Boussingault A Nectarian Boyle Nectarian 676

71 Boyle Z Nectarian Brouwer Nectarian Buffon Nectarian Cabannes Q Nectarian Cabeus B Nectarian Carver Nectarian Cassegrain Nectarian Cassegrain B Nectarian Chaffee Nectarian Chaffee F Nectarian Chamberlin Nectarian Chebyshev Nectarian Clark F Nectarian Coblentz Nectarian Cori Nectarian Crocco Nectarian Crommelin C Nectarian Crookes D Nectarian Cyrano Nectarian Daedalus G Nectarian Demonax Nectarian Denning Nectarian Dryden T Nectarian Dryden W Nectarian Eijkman Nectarian Fechner Nectarian Galois A Nectarian Galois L Nectarian Galois U Nectarian Ganswindt Nectarian Garavito Q Nectarian Garavito Y Nectarian Geiger R Nectarian Grave Nectarian Grissom Nectarian Hagen J Nectarian Haret C Nectarian Holetschek R Nectarian Icarus J Nectarian Idel'son Nectarian Jarvis Nectarian Jeans X Nectarian Jules Verne C Nectarian Jules Verne P Nectarian Karrer Nectarian Kugler N Nectarian Lampland K Nectarian Leavitt Nectarian 677

72 678 Lebedev K Nectarian Leeuwenhoek Nectarian Lemaitre Nectarian Lemaitre F Nectarian Lemaitre S Nectarian LeviCivita S Nectarian Lodygin Nectarian Lyman V Nectarian Mariotte R Nectarian Mariotte U Nectarian McKellar Nectarian McKellar T Nectarian McKellar U Nectarian Mendel Nectarian Mendel V Nectarian Milne M Nectarian Mohorovicic Nectarian Moulton Nectarian Moulton H Nectarian Nassau Nectarian Neujmin Nectarian Neujmin P Nectarian Neumayer Nectarian Neumayer A Nectarian Newton Nectarian Numerov Nectarian Obruchev Nectarian Oppenheimer Nectarian Oppenheimer F Nectarian Oppenheimer H Nectarian Orlov Nectarian Pavlov Nectarian Petzval Nectarian Pikel'ner K Nectarian Pingre S Nectarian Pirquet Nectarian Pizzetti Nectarian Planck B Nectarian Plummer Nectarian Plummer N Nectarian Pogson Nectarian Poincare R Nectarian Poincare Z Nectarian Prandtl Nectarian Priestley Nectarian Priestley K Nectarian Racah Nectarian Ramsay Nectarian

73 Riedel Nectarian Roche Nectarian Scobee Nectarian Sierpinski Nectarian Sikorsky Nectarian SikorskyRittenhouse Nectarian Sniadecki Nectarian Stark Nectarian Stromgren Nectarian Subbotin Nectarian Tseraskiy Nectarian Tseraskiy K Nectarian Tseraskiy P Nectarian Van de Graaff Nectarian Vertregt L Nectarian von der Pahlen Nectarian Waterman Nectarian Wiechert Nectarian Wiechert P Nectarian Wilsing W Nectarian Wilsing Z Nectarian Zeeman Nectarian Alder Lower Imbrian Boguslawsky F Lower Imbrian Bolyai D Lower Imbrian Borman Lower Imbrian Crocco G Lower Imbrian Dawson Lower Imbrian Doppler Lower Imbrian Fenyi (Fanyi) Lower Imbrian Grissom M Lower Imbrian Keeler Lower Imbrian Mendel J Lower Imbrian Oppenheimer U Lower Imbrian Pauli Lower Imbrian Pavlov G Lower Imbrian Racah N Lower Imbrian Rumford Lower Imbrian Schrödinger Lower Imbrian van der Waals W Lower Imbrian Walker W Lower Imbrian Watson G Lower Imbrian Wexler Lower Imbrian Zeeman Y Lower Imbrian Aitken Upper Imbrian Aitken Z Upper Imbrian Antoniadi Upper Imbrian Bjerknes Upper Imbrian 679

74 680 Carver L Upper Imbrian Chant Upper Imbrian De Forest Upper Imbrian De Roy X Upper Imbrian de Vries Upper Imbrian Doerfel Upper Imbrian Doerfel S Upper Imbrian Dryden Upper Imbrian Drygalski P Upper Imbrian Fizeau Upper Imbrian Geiger Upper Imbrian Hale Upper Imbrian Holetschek Upper Imbrian le Gentil Upper Imbrian le Gentil A Upper Imbrian Leibnitz S Upper Imbrian Lundmark G Upper Imbrian Lyman Upper Imbrian Maksutov Upper Imbrian Mariotte Upper Imbrian Neumayer M Upper Imbrian Oresme V Upper Imbrian Pikel'ner Upper Imbrian Plummer M Upper Imbrian Schomberger Upper Imbrian Stetson E Upper Imbrian White Upper Imbrian Zelinskiy Upper Imbrian Amici T Eratosthenian Birkeland Eratosthenian Bok Eratosthenian Chebyshev U Eratosthenian Doppler B Eratosthenian Finsen Eratosthenian Grotrian Eratosthenian Hausen Eratosthenian Holetschek Z Eratosthenian Jules Verne G Eratosthenian Keeler S Eratosthenian Lovell Eratosthenian Oppenheimer V Eratosthenian Plante Eratosthenian Pogson F Eratosthenian von der Pahlen H Eratosthenian Wiechert J Eratosthenian Wilsing C Eratosthenian Crookes Copernican Das Copernican

75 O Day Copernican Schomberger A Copernican 681

76 TABLE A9.3 Locations and ages of complex craters within SPA, whose central peaks may be used to determine if the SPA melt sheet differentiated. The depth of origin values for the crater central peaks (CP) were extrapolated from Fig. 24 in Cintala and Grieve (1998a). An asterisk indicates craters with probable central peaks that are barely visible in highresolution (~100 m/pix) Clementine data. ID # Name Latitude Longitude Diameter Estimated Age CP min. depth of (km) (Wilhelms and Byrne, 2009) origin (km) 1 O'Day Copernican (Eratosthenian?) Birkeland Eratosthenian Finsen Eratosthenian Hausen Eratosthenian Antoniadi Upper Imbrian De Forest Upper Imbrian Dryden Upper Imbrian Hale Upper Imbrian Lyman Upper Imbrian Maksutov* Upper Imbrian Mariotte Upper Imbrian Oresme V Upper Imbrian White Upper Imbrian Doerfel S Upper Imbrian (Lower Imbrian?) Fizeau Upper Imbrian (Lower Imbrian?) Plummer M* Upper Imbrian (Lower Imbrian?) Alder Lower Imbrian Grissom M Lower Imbrian Oppenheimer U Lower Imbrian Pauli Lower Imbrian Rumford Lower Imbrian Wexler Lower Imbrian Carver Nectarian (Lower Imbrian?) Langmuir Nectarian (Lower Imbrian?) Leavitt Nectarian (possibly younger) Leavitt Z Nectarian (dual impact with Leavitt?) Amundsen Nectarian Barringer Nectarian Bhabha Nectarian Bose Nectarian Boyle Nectarian Buffon Nectarian Demonax Nectarian Eijkman Nectarian Hopmann* Nectarian Numerov Nectarian Orlov Nectarian Prandtl* Nectarian Sniadecki Nectarian Zeeman Nectarian Drygalski PreNectarian Von Karman* PreNectarian Davisson ~~~~~~~

77 44 Oresme Q ~~~~~~~ Stoney ~~~~~~~

78 TABLE A9.4 Complex craters within SPA, whose central peaks may be used to determine if the SPA melt sheet differentiated that fall within various estimates for the transient crater (TC) diameter as well as the 500 km and 1000 km traverse limits. ID # Name Lower TC Upper TC Petro and estimate estimate TC defined by 1000km 500km Pieters calculated from calculated from LROC Tier 2 site traverse traverse (2002) TC Spudis, 1993 Spudis, 1993 & SPA center limit limit estimate (1160km) (1470km) 1 O'Day 2 Birkeland 3 Finsen X X X 4 Hausen X 5 Antoniadi X X X X 6 De Forest X X X 7 Dryden 8 Hale X X 9 Lyman X X X X 10 Maksutov* X X (partial) 11 Mariotte 12 Oresme V X X X 13 White X X 14 Doerfel S X 15 Fizeau (partial) X 16 Plummer M* 17 Alder X X X 18 Grissom M X 19 Oppenheimer U X 20 Pauli 21 Rumford 22 Wexler X 23 Carver 24 Langmuir 25 Leavitt 26 Leavitt Z 27 Amundsen X X 28 Barringer 29 Bhabha X X X 30 Bose X X X X 31 Boyle X X X X 32 Buffon 33 Demonax X X 34 Eijkman X X 35 Hopmann* X X X 36 Numerov X X X X 37 Orlov 38 Prandtl* X X X 39 Sniadecki 40 Zeeman (partial) X X 41 Drygalski X X 42 Von Karman* X X X 43 Davisson X X (partial) 44 Oresme Q X X X 684

79 45 Stoney X X X 685

80 TABLE A9.5 Smaller basins (and craters within those basins) in SPA where the size limits of melt sheet differentiation can be tested. Basins are listed in bold while their interior craters are listed in plain text. Melt thickness values are extrapolated from Fig. 3 in Warren et al. (1996). Minimum depth of origin values for central peaks (CP) are extrapolated from Fig. 24 in Cintala and Grieve (1998a). Depth of crater excavations values are extrapolated from Fig. 22 in Cintala and Grieve (1998b). Name Estimated Age (Wilhelms and Byrne, 2009) Diam. (km) Lat Long Melt Thickness (km) Central Peak Depth of Origin (km) Transient Crater Diameter (km) Depth of Excavation (km) into Preexisting Melt Sheet 1000km traverse limit Antoniadi Upper Imbrian X unnamed crater ~~~~~ N/A X Apollo PreNectarian Borman Lower Imbrian Chaffee Nectarian Dryden Upper Imbrian Buffon Nectarian Buffon D ~~~~~ Leibnitz PreNectarian Leibnitz R ~~~~~ Leibnitz X ~~~~~ Lippmann PreNectarian (partial) Lippmann P Nectarian Oppenheimer Nectarian Oppenheimer U Lower Imbrian Planck PreNectarian (partial) Planck Z PreNectarian Prandtl Nectarian X 686

81 Figure A9.1 Crustal thickness profile of SPA (b), averaged over the northeast and southwest quarters of the basin (a). Solid line indicates topography; dashed line indicates moho depth. The Moho depth model used in this study [Wieczorek et al., 2006] attempts to account for suspected vertical compositional stratification in the lunar crust, by assuming a duallayered crust. The model calculates the depth of the interface between the crust and mantle (the Moho) from the global average height for the lunar crust. This value was then combined with topographic data obtained by Kaguya in order to obtain a map of crustal thickness. This data was projected using the USGS program ISIS (Version ), and then imported into ArcGIS (Version 9.3) for further analysis. Using this data, profiles were obtained of both the Moho depth and topography. These were taken at 5 intervals, from the approximate center of the basin (56 latitude; 180 longitude), to a distance of 1500 km. The resulting values were then exported to a spreadsheet, where they could first be combined into a single list of x (distance from the center of the basin in km) and y (elevation or Moho depth in km) values. These values were then sorted by x values, and averaged at 50 km intervals to generate a radially averaged profile generated (Fig. 8.18). In order to gain a better appreciation of the variation in crustal thickness at different points around the basin a second set of averaged profiles were generated for specific regions of the basin. The largest variations in topography and crustal thickness are observed in the north east quadrant of the basin which includes the large (538 km) multiring impact basin Apollo, and borders the farside highlands where the highest topographic values on the Moon can be found. The south west quadrant of the basin, by comparison, has less exaggerated variations in topography and crustal thickness on average. For this reason, these two areas were chosen to produce complimentary radially averaged profiles of the basin (Figure 70). The topography and Moho depth values were processed in the same way as is described above, however this time including only the values for the quadrant in question. 687