The SPE Foundation through member donations and a contribution from Offshore Europe

Transcription

1 Primary funding is provided by The SPE Foundation through member donations and a contribution from Offshore Europe The Society is grateful to those companies that allow their professionals to serve as lecturers Additional support provided by AIME Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program 1

2 Diamonds in the Noise Treasures Lurking in Acoustic Data Jennifer Market Senergy Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program 2

3 Diamonds in the Noise Waveform data recorded by modern sonic tools is full of hidden treasures, such as fracture characterisation, permeability, wellbore stability, hole size, production optimisation and much more. This presentation considers the gems that can be mined from taking a second look at sonic data. 3

4 Treasures Lurking in Acoustics Data Did you know that the LWD sonic data acquired for seismic correlation also contains a cement bond log and a calliper? Would you be surprised to learn that within the wireline crossed-dipole data obtained for wellbore stability analysis lurk images of fractures 20 ft from the wellbore? 4

5 Overview Applications Sonic Tool Flavours Are the Data Suitable? The Importance of the Right Deliverables 5

6 Classic Sonic Applications Pore Pressure Prediction Seismic Correlation Porosity Hydrocarbon Indicator Hole Size Indicator Cement Bond Indicator 6

7 Pore Pressure Prediction Bachrach, 2007 Compressional Velocities (Vp) can be used to predict pore pressure. These pressures can then be used to determine a safe hole size and mud weight. 7

8 Seismic Correlation Chiburis, 1993 Vp (& density) are used to compute synthetic seismograms for tying wellbore data to seismic. Adding shear velocities (Vs) allows for AVO analysis. Hashem,

9 Porosity Neutron Porosity (pu) Sonic Porosity (pu) McCalmont, 2008 Vp can be used to estimate porosity. Differences between neutron porosity and sonic porosity are often indicative of pore structure. 9

10 Hydrocarbon/Lithology Indicator Williams, 1990 The Vp/Vs ratio can be used as a lithology and hydrocarbon indicator. Williams, 1990 This method is particularly well suited for identifying gas. 10

11 Hole Size Indicator Market, 2011 Sonic waveform data can be used to estimate hole size particularly useful when a true calliper is impractical. 11

12 Cement Bond Logging (CBL) The amplitude of the signal reflected from casing can be used as an indicator of cement bond. Note it isn t the equivalent of a hi-res ultrasonic scanning tool! Top of Cement Market,

13 Digging a Little Deeper Permeability Fracture Detection Wellbore Stability Mud Selection Geosteering 13

14 Permeability Canady,

15 Measured Depth Fracture Detection N E S W N Time (us) Fogel,

16 Geosteering Azimuthal Vp & Vs data can be used for geosteering as a complement to more traditional methods. Top Bottom Top Top Bottom Top Market,

17 Wellbore Stability and Mud Selection Vp and Vs can be used to determine at which wellbore inclination and mud weight the wellbore will be stable, collapse, or break out

18 Hidden Gems Radial Profiling Deep Fracture Imaging Unconventional Reservoir Production Optimisation 18

19 Measured Depth Radial Profiling Wireline DTC Shallow DTC Deep DTC 240 us/ft 40 Depth of Investigation, ft. 19

20 Deep Imaging Tang,

21 Unconventional Reservoirs Production Enhancement Top Bottom Top Top Bottom Top Top Bottom Top Pitcher,

22 Wireline Tool Flavours Monopole Compressional, Shear (Fast Formations) Stoneley, CBL Short Spaced, High Frequency Crossed-Dipole Compressional, Shear (Fast and Slow Formations) Stoneley, CBL, Anisotropy Long Spaced, Broad Frequency X Y M 23

23 Unipole/Monopole LWD Tool Flavours Compressional, Shear (Fast Formations) Stoneley, CBL Dipole & Quadrupole Compressional, Shear (Fast and Slow Formations) Azimuthal Wellbore Images Anisotropy Mickael,SPE

24 What Can We Mine From Each Tool? Classic Monopole (WL/LWD) WL Crossed- Dipole LWD Multipole Azimuthal LWD Pore Pressure Prediction Seismic Correlation/AVO Hydrocarbon detection Lithology Indicator Porosity Top of Cement Permeability Fracture Characterisation Wellbore Stability Production Optimisation Hole Size Indicator Geosteering Invasion Profiling 25

25 Optimising Data Acquisition Is the Tool Healthy? Tool Set-up Source & Receiver Configuration Tool Position Centralisation Accurate Depth Tracking 26

26 Quality Control 27

27 Deliverables Archive everything! Raw waveforms Processed data Processing parameters Tool QC plots LWD: Include all data (Drilling & Non-drilling) Standardize QC plots and digital deliverables 28

28 Summary With the wealth of acoustic data acquired today, there are many opportunities to mine the data for additional applications. Optimising the data collection will maximise the amount of information that can be extracted from the waveforms. Archive the full dataset. Who knows what new applications will be developed tomorrow? 29

29 Thank You! 30

30 References Bachrach, R., Noeth, S., Banik, N., et al., 2007, From Pore Pressure Prediction to Reservoir Characterization: A Combined Geomechanics seismic Inversion Workflow Using Trend-kriging Techniques in a Deepwater Basin, The Leading Edge, May 2007, pp Buller, D., Hughes, S., Market, J., Petre, E., Spain, D., and Odumosu, T Petrophysical Evaluation for Enhancing Hydraulic Stimulation in Horizontal Shale Gas Wells. Paper SPE presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Florence, Italy, September. Canady, W., Spooner, P., Vasquez, R., Permeability Estimation From Stoneley Amplitude, Corrected for Borehole Geometry and Rugosity, SPE Chiburis, E., Leaney, S., Skidmore, C., Franck, C., McHugo, S., 1993, Hydrocarbon Detection with AVO, Oilfield Review, Jan Fogel, J., Kessler, C., Varsamis, G., Application of Shear Anisotropy from a New Generation Crossed Dipole Acoustic Tool, SPE Hashem, M., Ince, D., Hodenfield, K., and Hsu, K., 1999, Seismic tie using sonicwhile-drilling measurements, SPWLA 40 th Annual Logging Symposium. McCalmont, S., Chittick, S. Nurgaliev, R., Russo, J., Deady, R., Market, J., 2008, Optimal FE Acquisition in a Complex Carbonate Reservoir: a Case Study on the Karachaganak Field, Kazakhstan, SPWLA 49 th Annual Logging Symposium. Market, J., 2013, Choosing the Right Sonic Service, SPWLA 54 th Annual Symposium. 31

31 References Market, J., Bilby, C., Introducing the First LWD Crossed-Dipole Imaging Service, SPWLA 52nd Annual Symposium. Market, J., Canady, W., Multipole Sonic Logging in High Angle Wells, SPWLA 50th Annual Symposium. Market, J. And Parker, T., Reliable LWD Callipers, SPE Market, J. Schmitt, D.P., Deady, R., LWD Sonic Logging in Cased Holes, SPWLA 45 th Annual Symposium. Mickael, M., Barnett, C., Diab, M., Azimuthally Focused LWD Sonic Logging for Shear Wave Anisotropy Measurement and Borehole Imaging, SPE Pitcher, J., Market, J., Hinz, D., Geosteering with Sonic in Conventional and Unconventional Reservoirs, SPE Tang, X., Bolshakov, A., Patterson, D., Integrated Acoustic Evaluation of Reservoir Fractures: From Borehole Out into Formation, SPWLA 51 st Annual Logging Symposium. Williams, D.M., 1990, The Acoustic Log Hydrocarbon Indicator, SPWLA 31 st Annual Symposium. (BARS brochure) (CBL, BAT and Drillworks brochures) 32

32 Your Feedback is Important Enter your section in the DL Evaluation Contest by completing the evaluation form for this presentation : Click on: Section Evaluation Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program 33