Chemical Composition of the Lower Mantle: Constraints from Elasticity. Motohiko Murakami Tohoku University
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1 Chemical Composition of the Lower Mantle: Constraints from Elasticity Motohiko Murakami Tohoku University
2 Acknowledgements Jay D. Bass (University of Illinois) Stanislav V. Sinogeikin (University of Illinois) Holger Hellwig (University of Illinois) Jie Li (University of Illinois) Zhang Jing (University of Illinois) Nagayoshi Sata (JAMSTEC) Yuki Asahara (SPring-8) Yasuo Ohishi (SPring-8) Naohisa Hirao (SPring-8) Kei Hirose (Tokyo Tech)
3 Mineralogical model of upper mantle Peridotitic upper mantle Al2O3 4% CaO 3% FeO 8% SiO2 46% MgO 39% wt%
4 Is Earth s mantle chemically homogeneous? Homogeneous mantle (Pyrolitic) upper mantle lower mantle Heterogeneous mantle (Si-rich lower mantle?) upper mantle lower mantle core core??
5 Recent seismological views in Earth s deep interior Large Low-Shear-Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs) Ultra Low Velocity Zones (ULVZs) (Garnero & McNamara, 2008)
6 1D seismological model in Earth s interior PREM Mineralogical modeling of deep mantle
7 Challenges for sound velocity measurements
8 Previous work on MgSiO3 pv up to ~9 GPa by ultrasonic measurement (Li & Zhang, 2005)
9 Previous work on MgSiO3 pv dg/dp (G 0) =2.0 pyrolitic lower mantle (Li & Zhang, 2005)
10 High-Pressure sound velocity Diamond Anvil Cell (DAC) apparatus Probe laser (514.5 nm, 532 nm) 6-pass tandem Fabry-Perot interferometer High-pressure Brillouin scattering system
11 Shear velocity of MgSiO3 pv dg/dp (G 0) = 1.56 (Murakami et al., 2007)
12 High-Pressure sound velocity SiO2 MgSiO3 MgSiO3 & MgO MgSiO3 perovskite ppv to glasses 130 to 172 GPa to GPa 100 to 200 GPa GPa (Murakami (Murakami & et Bass, al., EPSL, PRL, 2010) 2007b) 2009) 2007) (Murakami & Bass, PNAS, 2011)
13 Challenges for sound velocity measurements
14 Effect of chemistry (Mg,Fe)O fp Crowhurst et al Marquardt et al., 2009 Al-MgSiO3 pv Jackson et al High-pressure data are still limited
15 Shear wave velocity measurements for fp and Al-pv (Mg 0.92 Fe 0.08 )O: 120 GPa, 300 K Al-MgSiO3 pv: 124 GPa, 300 K (4 wt% Al2O3) Brillouin System at SP8
16 Brillouin data (Mg 0.94 Fe 0.08 )O 86 GPa
17 Shear velocity of (Mg,Fe)O
18 Effect of spin transition on the elasticity
19 In-situ synthesis of Al-MgSiO3 pv XRD pattern image at at GPa
20 Brillouin data of aluminous MgSiO3 pv 95 GPa
21 Shear velocity of Al-MgSiO3 pv
22 Effect of Al on the elasticity of pv composition G0 (GPa) G 0 pressure reference Al-MgSiO3 (4 wt%) 166(1) 1.57(5) 124 GPa This study Al-MgSiO3 (5 wt %) 165(2) 1.7(2) 45 GPa Jackson et al MgSiO3 173(1) 1.56(4) 96 GPa Murakami et al. 2007
23 MgO-SiO2 -FeO-Al2O3 MgSiO3 pv, 96 GPa MgO, 130 GPa (Murakami et al. 2007) (Murakami et al. 2009) (Mg,Fe)O, 120 GPa (Murakami et al. 2012) Al-MgSiO3 pv, 124 GPa (Murakami et al )
24 Modeling of lower mantle mineralogy System (Mg,Fe)O, 120 GPa Al-MgSiO3 pv, 124 GPa Formalism (Murakami et al. under review) (Murakami et al. in prep.) Stixrude & Lithgow-Bertelloni, 2005 Geotherm
25 Lower mantle geotherms Two extreme models
26 Modeling of lower mantle mineralogy Whole mantle convection geothermal model
27 Modeling of lower mantle mineralogy Layered mantle convection geothermal model
28 Mineralogical Model of Lower Mantle Pyrolitic 0% lower 0% mantle Fp 20% Perovskititic 0% lower mantle Fp 5% Pv 80% Mineral proportion (vol%) Pv 95% Mineral proportion (vol%)
29 Perovskititic lower mantle Fp 5% 0% upper mantle lower mantle Pv 95% core Perovskitite Mineral proportion (vol%) SiO2-enriched lower mantle
30 Evolution history of the mantle Fractional crystallization Layered mantle convection Chemically stratified mantle upper mantle lower mantle core Early Earth Current Earth
31 Big question/problem How to maintain such chemical stratification? (Brandenburg et al., 2008)
32 Challenges for sound velocity measurements Effect of temperature
33 Technical development for sound velocity measurements under H-T
34 Simultaneous measurement system for Vs,p, V and T Brillouin scattering + XRD + Laser heating (Murakami et al. 2009)
35 Sound velocity under high P-T MgO at 50 GPa, 2500 K Brillouin Laser XRD heating spectrum
36 Toward better understanding.. *Effect of spin-transition of iron in Pv on the elasticity *Combined effect of Fe & Al on the elasticity of Pv *Data quality improvement of the high-t data
37 Summary We have determined the sound velocities of MgSiO 3 perovskite, MgO, (Mg,Fe)O and Al-MgSiO3 perovsktie under lower mantle pressure conditions Mineralogical modeling using obtained results strongly indicates the perovskitic lower mantle. Development of new Brillouin spectroscopy at high PT enables us to explore the sound velocities under lower mantle condition.
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