List of works and ongoing publications

Transcription

1 Dr. Tea Jashashvili Georgian National Museum 3 Purtseladze Street 0105 Tbilisi Georgia. Tel.: ( ) ; Fax: ( ) tjashashvili@yahoo.fr S u m m e r y Curriculum vitae List of works and ongoing publications Research activity Resume of the Doctorate these ( ) 1

2 Curriculum vitae First name: Last name: Tea JASHASHVILI Date of birth and place: 27 November 1976 Tbilisi. Nationality: Georgian Work Mailing Address: Georgian National Museum 3 Purtseladze Street 0105 Tbilisi Georgia. Tel.: ( ) ; Fax: ( ) tjashashvili@yahoo.fr Home Mailing Address: 14 Kiphshidze Street. Tbilisi Georgia. Tel.: ( ) ( ) coklico@hotmail.com Filed of Research: Human Evolution Paleoanthropology: - Hominoid skeleton morphological and morphometrical variations during ontogeny and in the course of evolution. - How Body proportion change during evolution - Locomotor behavior of early hominins Scientific memberships Since 2001 Member of the International team of Dmanisi, Georgia Since 2004 Member of the International team of Upper Paleolithic Site of Kotia s Klde. Western Georgia. Education and degree Medical Doctor of General Practice Diploma, Tbilisi State Medical University DEA of Quaternary: Geology, Paleontology Human, Prehistory National Naturally History Museum, Paris European Ph.D. Thesis untitled A hominid upper limb remains from the Palaeolithic Site of Dmanisi, a morphometrical comparison to taxonomical units and functional interpretation supervisor: Prof. David Lordkipanidze; Prof. G. Philip Rightmire - 14 March 2005 Ferrara. 2

3 Others: 1999 DELF diploma (degree in the study of French language.) Language Georgian; Russian; French; English Research grants: - October- research project International project of French Ministry of foreign Affair between France Georgia and Azerbaijan. Resp. Dr. Sandrine Prat. - April- research project International project of CNRS (IMACJ28255) Dmanisi, first evidence of humans migrations out of Africa Resp. Dr. Christophe Falguere Research grants of fundacion duques de soria (FDS), for Georgian scientists within the scientific cooperation between Spain and Georgia under the supervision of Dr. David Lordkipanidze. - Library Residency program - Wenner-Gren Foundation for anthropological research inc. professional development international fellowship. Host sponsor: Prof. Erik Trinkaus, Department of Anthropology Washington University. - Dan David Prize Scholarship for young researchers. Field: Paleoanthropology (Dimension: Past) by Professor Michel Marc Brunet, Mr. Federick Wisseman, Mr. James Nachtwey and Professor John N. Bahcall. Laureates of the Dan David Prize for April and May - grant from L.Pigorini museum to study collection of the People of Portus Romae (Necropolis of Isola Sacra, 2 ed -3 rd Cent. A.D) Resp. Dr. Luca Bondioli academic years - financial support (living expenses in France) from the International Doctorate Dynamic Environment, humans and compartmental at the University of Ferrara, in Italy. Resp. Prof. Carlo Peretto. Teaching and seminar Since 2002 Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology of georgia.for height school students Dmanisi hominids morphological study of Georgian Academy of Science Les hominidés de Dmanissi apports de l'étude du membre supérieur - UPR 2147 du CNRS. 3

4 2005 les premiers Hommes de Kenya à la Georgie (Sandrine Prat et Tea Jashashvili) CCF de Tbilisi Scientific Meetings and Symposia Comparison of Dmanisi hominid pectoral girdle and upper limb morphology. (poster) The 75th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists March , Anchorage, Alaska. Archeological excavations and fieldwork Since Excavation of Paleolithic Site of Dmanisi 2001 (September) - Excavation of the Paleolithic site of Isernia La Pinetta, Italy 2002 (April) Excavation of Paleolithic site of Caune de l Arago, France 2004 Excavation of Upper Paleolithic Site of Kotia s Klde Excavation of Pleistocene Site of Tsalka Study of Human and Apes Collections Musée de l Homme Paris (France) (April and May) L.Pigorini museum Rome (Italy) collection of the People of Portus Romae (Necropolis of Isola Sacra, 2 ed -3 rd Cent. A.D) 2003 Laboratory of Anthropology, Institute of history, Tbilisi (Georgie) 2003 and 2005 (April and October) Musée Royal d Afrique Centrale of Tervuren, Belgium 2003 and 2005 Muséum National d'histoire Naturelle, Paris, France Ankara University (Turkey) collection of Karagundus List of publications Memoirs and thesis Jashashvili, T. (2002). Fossiles humains post-craniens de Dmanissi, Humerus et clavicule. DEA, Muséum National d Histoire Naturelle, 74p. Jashashvili, T. (2005). A hominid upper limb remains from the Paleolithic site of Dmanisi, a morphometrical comparison to taxonomical units and functional interpretation. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, of University of Ferrara and Georgian National Museum. Research papers 4

5 Jashashvili, T. (2003). Early Homo Dmanisi clavicle D2724. In: Dmanisi IV Kopaliani, D. (Ed.) pp Lordkipanidze D., Vekua, A., Jashashvili, T. et al., (in prep.) Preliminary analysis of Dmanisi hominids postcranial remains will be submitted in Nature. Under the responsibility T. Jashashvili (in prep.) A special case of the Dmanisi hominids medial cuneiform. Will be submitted in Journal of Anatomy. Under the responsibility T. Jashashvili (in prep.) Dmanisi hominids upper limbs morphology and functional interpretation will be submitted in Journal of Human Evolution. Under the responsibility T. Jashashvili (in prep) Dmanisi hominids lower limbs comparatives morphology will be submitted in Journal of Human Evolution. Under the responsibility T. Jashashvili (in prep) Functional morphology of the almost complete knee and foot bones from Lower Paleolithic Site of Dmanisi, will be submitted in Journal of Human Evolution. Under the responsibility T. Jashashvili (in prep) How body proportion is change during evolution, new confirmation from Dmanisi Plio-Pleistocen site. Under the responsibility T. Jashashvili (in prep) First evidence of the funerary practices in the Georgia upper Paleolithic Collaboration to Lordkipanidze et al., (in prep.) Catalogue of Georgian Paleolithic human fossil, will be published by Georgian National Museum. Abstracts of delivered papers Jashashvili, T., Vekua, A., Lordkipanidze, D. Comparison of Dmanisi hominid pectoral girdle and upper limb morphology. Abstract American. Journal. Phys. Anthropology. (accepted) 5

6 Research activity Resume of the Doctorate these (A hominid upper limb remains from the Palaeolithic site of Dmanisi, a morphometrical comparison to taxonomical units and functional interpretation) INTRODUCTION: The Early Pleistocene site of Dmanisi dates to ~1.77 million years and has yielded a large collection of hominid cranial remains (Gabumia and Vekua., 1993; Gabunia et al., 2000; Vekua et al., 2002; Lordkipanideze et al., (in prep.). In the last few years, the site has also produced postcranial fossils. The postcranial material could represent remains of three individuals (two adult and subadult). The Dmanisi hominid upper limb collection now includes one subadult individual: two humeri (left and right) and one left clavicle. The adult individual is represented by two clavicles (left and right) and one scapula. These fossils are the subject of the PhD thesis, they have not been investigated previously. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study is to provide metric and morphological descriptions of upper limb fossils from Dmanisi, in order to better understand the morphological variation in this material, to interpret the functional morphology of the hominids. A preliminary goal of this investigation is to present data describing the humerus, scapula and clavicle of extant humans and great apes, with several objectives in mind: 1. TO ESTABLISH THE PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS AND VARIATIONS OF THESE BONES, PERMITTING COMPARISON TO BE MADE WITH OTHER FOSSILS. 2. TO ASCERTAIN THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS (SUBADULT AND ADULT STAGES), BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE, AND WITHIN THE SEVERAL SPECIES STUDIED 3. TO ASSESS THE DEGREE OF SIMILARITY BETWEEN THE DMANISI UPPER LIMB AND THAT OF CONTEMPORARY (PLIO-PLEISTOCENE) FOSSIL HOMINIDS The results of these studies will permit me to interpret the Dmanisi upper limbs from a taxonomic perspective and to assess positional/locomotor behaviours as practiced by these ancient humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials The materials for this study consist of the shoulder and upper limbs specimens (three clavicles; one scapula; two humerus) from Dmanisi Site and for the comparison fossil hominid specimens from African Plio-pleistocene Sites; Modern Humans, and African Apes are used. The Dmanisi series in this study concentrates on the analysis of the almost complete lateral portion left scapula (D4166), three clavicles (D2724 is almost complete, while D4161 and D4162 consist of 1/3 of the clavicular diaphysis), two humerus (D2680 is almost complete and D2715 consists of the diaphysis). The extant comparative samples include Hominid fossil scapula, clavicle and humerus from Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene localities, attributed to different Hominid taxa (Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus anamensis, Australopithecus boisei, Australopithecus robustus, 6

7 Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, Homo erectus, Homo antecessor, Sinanthropus pakinensis, Homo Heiderbergensis) The extant comparative series includes on the one hand the modern human samples and on the other hand the African apes series. A total of 67 scapulas, 178 clavicles and 512 humeri represented by different age and sex from four species (Homo sapiens, Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla) were measured for this study. To have a large variation represented by the modern human samples, the human samples come from three different archeological sites: the Saint-Laurent de Grenoble Church (VIIIIIth XVth A.D.) France, now housed at the Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Paris. The People of Portus Romae (Necropolis of Isola Sacra, 2ed-3rd Cent. A.D) Italy, now housed at the Muso Nazionale Preistorico Etnografico L. Pigorini di Roma. The Karagunduze, now housed at the Ankara University in Turkay. The African apes species: Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi, Gorilla gorilla are at the Musée Royal d Afrique Centrale of Tervuren, Belgium and at the Muséum National d'histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Two age groups are studied: first subadult years old and second adult from 20 years. Sex and age of the modern human archaeological populations were taken from the skeleton determination catalogue and for the African apes the sex and dental eruption are availed from living individual. Age of the African apes material is estimated from the dental eruption. It corresponds in Pan to years and in Gorilla to years and in humans to years (Dean and Wood, 1981). Methods The metrical characters selected are concentrated on those, which could be taken on the Dmanisi fossil sample. The measurement definitions were obtained from literature. A total 10 angles (9 for scapula and one for humerus), 6 indexes (two for each presented bone), 27 linear measurement (6 for clavicle and 21 for humerus), and four values of clavicle curvatures was calculated. Descriptive statistics (Sokal and Rohlf 2000) for each species sex and age group of the comparative sample are calculated. Statistics in this study are calculated using the following software packages: NCSS 2001, PASS Trial and Microsoft Excel. The mean (X), The Range; The standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) are calculated for each character. The coefficient of variation expresses variability independent of mean size (Sokal and Rohlf, 2000) using here for intergroup (between sexes; species and age groups) comparisons of the comparative samples. For the small samples size, it is advisable to use the formula corrected of the coefficient of variation (Sokal and Braumann, 1980; Sokal and Rohlf, 2000): CVs =(1+1/4n) CV where n is the number of the samples. The standard error of the coefficient of variation is calculated in order to determine the reliability of the measurement of dispersion obtained from the corrected CV (Sokal and Rohlf, 2000) The objective of the two-tailed test statistical analysis was to compare the features, measurementd, between the juvenile (subadult) and adult and among the male and female samples within each species in order to assess statistical significances difference in the course of development; between the sex and between a different phylogeny. Non-parametric the Mann-Whitney U test was used instead of a two-tailed test for the small samples size of fossil and unequal size of comparatives series. For the 7

8 un-paired t test, the Mann-Whitney, analysis the null hypothesis (H0:μ1=μ2) will be accepted if these groups are not significantly different. Non-parametric Chi -squared was used for the qualitative variables; with some limitation was take account: no expected category should be less than 1 or 20% and no more than one fifth of expected categories should be less than 5. The test of Fisher could be applied when one or two variable are equal to zero. Then if the probability is less than 0.05 the variables are not independent. The calculation of the degree of sexual dimorphism in comparative samples defined by the following formula ISD = Ln(X male / X female) (Smith, 1999). Discriminant Functional Analysis wildly used in paleoanthropology (Patterson and Howells, 1976; Junger et al., 1995; Lagun and Jungers, 1996, Aiello et al., 1999) to assess the similarities and differences between measurementd variables and they are at least comparable in magnitude of variance (Sokal and Rohlf, 2000). The discriminant functional analysis is an a priori statistical technique that identifies variables, which best discriminate between groups. To answered the follow questions: (1) Where do the expected and observed classifications differ? and (2) What statistical significance lies in the deviation of observed from expected classification? Two procedures were carried out: the first procedure, discriminant predictive analysis, is used to optimize the predictive functions. The second procedure, discriminant classification analysis, uses the predictive functions derived in the first procedure to either classify fresh sets of data of known group membership (Smith, 2005). Two set of analysis were carried out, one on the raw data and one on sizecorrected data The variable used to express size is the ratio of the geometric mean of one specimen. The geometric mean is one of the mosimann family of size variables (Mosimann, 1970; Darroch and Mosimann, 1985), is calculated as the nth root of the product of n measurements. In case where one or two measurements could not be taken on a modern hominine samples, those values are replaced by the arithmetic mean for the sex and species concerned (Lockwood, 1999). RESULTS The following conclusions can be drawn from this research: 1. During the last 10 years Dmanisi excavation yielded numerous hominid remains, belonging to 7 individuals: 5 adults and 2 subadults. The upper limb remains belong to 2 individuals: individual IV (sub-adult) associated to D2700 skull and Individual V (adult) associated with D3444. The metrical variation in the extant groups processed by using the coefficient of variation (CV) and the index of sexual dimorphism (ISD) allows us to conclude that: 2. Gorilla gorilla is the most variable species and reveals substantial degree of ISD for scapula, humerus and clavicula among the studied taxa (the same important variability is revealed by the morphometrical analysis of skull carried out by Lockwood, 1999). Modern humen reveals considerable variation and degree of the 8

9 ISD values especially for clavicular dimensions, although less then Gorilla gorilla. ISD for humerus and clavicula of Pan paniscus (bonobo) and Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) have the smallest values, at the same time bonobo reveals considerable variation of scapula dimensions following gorilla. 3. The comparison of two age groups - subadult and adult, of modern humen, gorilla, bonobo and chimpanzee was carried out to identify the morpho-metrical age dependent changes as in Dmanisi both subadults and adults are present. This comparison revealed that shaft dimensions change during the last stage of growing process, although not in the same degree for each bone as well as for each studied taxon: Namely: in bonobo clavicule undergoes the most important metrical changes of the shaft dimensions (and not the curvature indexes), some significant change is not observable on human, gorilla and chimpanzee clavicule. This circumstance observed in bonobo could be explained by the change in locomotor behaviour during life-time. Morpho-metrical changes of humerus among the subadult and adult of Modern Human is the most important in comparison with African apes, among the Africal apes bonobo reveals the most important age dependent difference of humerus. Scapula was not studied during the PhD program as it was discovered just in the last season of excavations, Comparison of the modern and fossil samples (listed above) are based on existing humeral, clavicular and scapular measurements relevant to Dmanisi upper limb sample..this comparison revealed that Dmanisi fossils are more similar to genus Homo, in geneal, being the most similar to early Homo, with minor similarities with extant African apes. a. D4166 scapula shares characters both with extant and fossil humans and apes. The direction of glenoid cavity is more cranial than caudal, which is close to the african great apes and Australopithecines (Sts 7 and AL 288-1) morphology as well as the orientation, and the shape of the coracoid process. By the small glenoid index, narrow spino-trapezien, open axillspspine, and spino-glenoid angles is the most similar to the KNM-WT15000 scapula. b. The Dmanisi clavicle shaft dimensions fit the lower margin of the variation range of Modern Human, bonobos and chimpanzees and has the most comparable values with KNM-WT 15000, ATD6-50 and Chk-B-2-81; while by the curvature indexes it is similar to KNM-WT 15000, minor number of human, OH 48 and gorilla (listed from the most similar to the least similar). c. Humerus: o The ratio of the capitular length and width, height of the lateral epicondyle twoards the capitular height of the Dmanisi humeri does not fit the variation range of Modern Human, this indexes reveal more similarity with the African apes. o Articular dimensions of these humeri show a mix of similarities and differences with australopithecines. Several specimens of Australopithecus afarensis are available for comparison. In most dimensions A. afarensis specimens are smaller than D2680, although anterior-posterior diameter of lateral trochlear ridge, trochlea depth, olecranon fossa depth dimensions are similar. The articular widths in 9

10 o o small morphs are smaller then D2680, while large morphs are slightly bigger or similar to D2680. Australopithecus anamensis have large articular surface, biepicondilar width, olecranon fossa width, capitumun height, than D2680, while other measurements are similar. Australopithecus africanus has similar dimensions, with slightly larger articular suface, biepicondilar width and capitulum height than D2680. Comparison with early Homo specimens reveals similarity between Dmanisi and African material. Hominidae gen. et sp. Indet. has large articular surface, biepicondylar width and capitulum height than in D2680, other measurements are more or less comparable to D2680. Homo habilis have similar values of the distal end measurements of humerus, with the exception of wider biepicondilar dimensions then D2680. Homo erectus has similar dimension of humeral distal end compare to D2680, with slightly wider articular surface and greater biepicondilar width. Rather posteriorly directed humeral hand of Dmanisi fossils is of a particular interest, although due to the nature of Dmanisi sample (two humeri belong to the same subadult individual) it is difficult to generalise this character on a whole Dmanisi population. More sample is necessary to make a valid conclusion. Although it should be remarked that on the one hand due the fact that the same feature is present in Australopitecines (Larson, 1996) it could represent a plesiomorphe character. On the other hand the increased retroversal angle is also observable in sportsmen (basketball, volleyball, baseball), this circumstance indicates the ontogenetic changes of the remarked trait and thus it could be also hypothesized that this trait of Dmanisi humeri can be an individual character. Although these two options do not exclude each other. 5. As a result of the functional interpretation it is revealed that some of the characters of the Dmanisi scapular complex are related to (1) the upward rotation of the scapula and elevation of the arm, and (2) the external rotation at the shoulder joint. Namely (1) rather cranially orientated glenoid cavity, acute angle between the distal extremity of the coracoid process and the long axis of the glenoid cavity, curve on the superior view of clavicle; (2) increase in the degree of humeral retroversion. Basing on this functional interpretations we can suppose that the ability to throw stones accurately was a very important part of the behaviour of the Dmanisi hominids throughout their life-span. This idea is proposed as a working hypothesis for the future research. CITED REFERENCE AIELLO L.C., WOOD B., KEY C., LEWIS M. (1999).. Morphological And Taxonomic Affinities Of The Olduvai Ulna (OH 36).. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 109: DARROCH J.N. & MOSIMANN J.E. (1985) Canonical And Principal Components Of Shape Biometrika 72: DEAN M.C. & WOOD B.A. (1981). Developing Dentition And Its Use For Ageing Individual Crania In Comparative Cross-Sectional Growth Studies. Folia. Primatol., 36:

11 GABUNIA L.K. VEKUA A.K. (1993). Dmanisski Iskopaemi Chelovek I Soputstvuiuchaia Emu Fauna. Tbilisi, Metsniereba. GABUNIA L., VEKUA A., LORDKIPANIDZE D., C. SWISHER III, FERRING R., JUSTUS A., NIORADZE M., TVALCHRELIDZE M., ANTÓN S., BOSINSKI G., JORIS O., LUMLEY M-A.-DE, MAJSURADZE G., MOUSKHELISHVILI A. (2000) Early Pleistocene Hominid Cranial Remains From Dmanisi, Republic Of Georgia: Taxonomy, Geological Setting And Age. Science 288, JUNGER W. L., FALSETTI A.B., WALL C.E (1995). Shape, Relative Size, And Size- Adjustments In Morphometrics. Yearbook Of Physical Anthropology 38: LAGUE M. R., JUMGERS W. L Morphometric Variation In The Plio-Pleistocene Hominid Distal Humeri. American Journal Of Physical Anthropology 101: LARSON S.G.1996 Estimation Humeral Torsion On Incomplete Fossil Anthropoid Humeri. Journal Of Human Evolution 31 : LOCKWOOD C.A Sexual Dimorphism In The Face Of Australopithecus Africanus. American Journal Of Physical Anthropology 108: LORDKIPANIDZE, D., et al. (in prep.) A Fourth Hominin Skull From Dmanisi, Georgia. MOSIMANN J. E. (1970) Size Allometry : Size And Shape Variation With Characterizations Of The Lognormal And Generalized Gamma Distributions, J. Am. Stat. Ass., 65 : PATTERSON B AND HOWELLS W.W. (1967). Hominid Humeral Fragment From Early Pleistocene Of North-Western Kenya, Science 159:64-66 SMITH R. J. (1999) Statisics Of Sexual Size Dimorphism Journal Of Human Evolution 36: SMITH S. (2005) Discriminanat Analysis Tutorial. ( SOKAL R. R., BRAUMANN C.A. (1980) Significance Tests For Coefficients Of Variation And Variability Profiles. Syst. Zool., 29: SOKAL R.R., ROHLF F.J. (2000). Biometry, Thired Edition. W.H.Freeman And Company: New York VEKUA A., LORDKIPANIDZE D., RIGHTMIRE G. P., AGUSTI J., FERRING R., MAISURADZE G., MOUSKHELISHVILI A., NIORADZE N., PONCE DE LEON M., TAPPEN M., TVALCHRELIDZE M., ZOLLIKOFER C. (2002). A New Skull Of Early Homo From Dmanisi, Georgia Science 297,