H. erectus. Middle Pleistocene Archaic H. sapiens kya. H. sapiens, present

Transcription

1 H. erectus Middle Pleistocene Archaic H. sapiens kya H. sapiens, present

2 Atapuerca 5 Archaic H. sapiens 5 5 Modern Homo sapiens Middle Pleistocene and living humans compared

3 Archaic H. sapiens Modern H. sapiens 1. Cranium long and low 1. Cranium globular 2. Strong brow ridges divided at center 2. Reduced or absent brow ridges 3. Angled rear vault 3. Rounded rear vault 4. Facial projection 4. Reduced face 5. No chin 5. Pronounced chin

4 Archaic H. sapiens Modern H. sapiens Kabwe 1 Middle Pleistocene and living humans compared

5 The geographical range of Middle Pleistocene Archaic Homo extended across Africa, Europe, and Asia

6 Africa Bodo (Ethiopia) 600 kya

7 Extant Human Cranial Capacity (cm 3 ) Mean Range s.d. Males Females Combined Global Samples from Beal s et al. (1984). Combined range values differ due to combined sample composition differences. All values uncorrected for body size differences.

8 Bodo 1300 cc Mauricio Antón

9 Acheulian lithic industry Cleaver -hand axes -bifacial -targeted design -mental template - end result of flake removal Hand axe

10 - multi-step process - perimeter flaking - striking platform at one end - controls flake size and shape Levallois Technique

11 1280 cc 400? Kya 1280 cc Africa Kabwe (Broken Hill) Zambia

12 Kabwe (Broken Hill) Zambia Africa Note: large cavities (caries) severe anterior tooth wear Left molars buccal view Right molars buccal view

13 Kabwe (Broken Hill) Zambia John Gurche (2010)

14 Kabwe (Broken Hill) Zambia Alternative restoration

15 Europe in the Middle Pleistocene at the time of H. heidelbergensis Northern latitudes were icecovered during glacial phases

16 warmer Glacial-interglacial cycles Present kya

17 H. heidelbergensis sites including Atapuerca Atapuerca

18 Sima de los Huesos Atapuerca, Spain Over 6,700 hominin skeletal elements 430,00 years ago

19 1125 cc Europe Atapuerca 5 Spain

20 1125 cc Europe Atapuerca 5 Spain

21 Sima 5 craniofacial pathology / trauma

22 Sima de los Huesos (Atapuerca, Spain) (430 kya)

23 Artist s conjectural depiction of the hominins found in the Sima de los Huesos

24 H. heidelbergensis sites including Schöningen, Germany Schöningen

25 Thieme excavating wooden spears at Schöningen (400 kya) Fire hardening wooden spear tips

26 Middle Pleistocene Late Pleistocene Holocene cold warm 13,000 Composite stratigraphic sequence though the Schöningen site. 125, ,000 The wooden spears and other implements come from a level originally thought to be 400 kya. 400,000 Recent Thermoluminescence (TL) dating published in 2015, revises the date to kya (MIS 9) which was a warm period.

27 Flint artifacts from Schöningen: convex side scrapers with retouch around the edges.

28 Schöningen, Germany, kya years ago Flint Scraper Bone fragment Throwing Stick Excavation of a throwing stick at Schöningen in Metric analysis indicates similarity to contemporary javelins.

29 Excavation of a wooden spear, 2.5 meters long, at Schöningen in The spear is made from spruce selected for it s dense concentration of growth rings. These spears were used to hunt horses.

30 Homo heidelbergensis hunting at Schöningen: thrusting weapon, or thrown weapon?

31 H. heidelbergensis sites including Petralona Petralona

32 Discovery of H. heidelbergensis skeleton at Petralona, Greece in 1960 Though an entire skeleton was originally reported, only the skull remains today

33 1230 cc Europe Middle Pleistocene Petralona Greece

34 H. heidelbergensis? from China Jinniushan Dali Maba

35 1200 cc Asia Dali, China ~ kya

36 1200 cc Asia Dali, China

37 1260 cc Asia Jinniushan, China (ca. 260 kya)

38 H. neanderthalensis S H. heidelbergensis S H. sapiens S H. erectus H. ergaster? Rightmire s phylogeny showing the central position of Homo heidelbergensis as both the ancestor of modern H. sapiens and the ancestor of H. neanderthalensis. S S speciation event

39 H. antecessor? Gran Dolina, Atapuerca, Spain kya

40 Gran Dolina Alternative phylogeny with H. antecessor as ancestral group