VARSHNEY, Deepika 1 and MUNIR, Abdul 1. Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India

Transcription

1 British Journal of Advance Academic Research Volume 2 Number 1 (2013) pp ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Current Impact Factor: SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF URBANIZATION IN WESTERN UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA ABSTRACT VARSHNEY, Deepika 1 and MUNIR, Abdul 1 1 Department Of Geography, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India The decentralizationn of industries and commercial activities has played an important role in the development of many cities in India. According to a report by Mckinsey Global Institute, by 2025 India will add 215 million peoplee to its cities, whose population will account for 38 per cent of the country s population. Urbanization of this magnitude will not only impact world economy but also the environment, with its ever growing need for resources. Western Uttar Pradesh has been selected for the study. Secondary sources of data have been used for the year of Population for the year 2010 has been projected. Besides, per cent of urban population to total population, other variables such as, work participation rate, literacy rate, road density, urban density etc., has also been incorporated to find out the spatial variations in urbanization in districts of Western Uttar Pradesh. In 1991, there was only 10.8 per cent urban population in India, whichh increased up to 27.3 per cent in Among all the states, Goa is the highly urbanized with per cent of its population living in the urban centers followed by Mizoram (49.5 per cent), Tamil Nadu (43.86 per cent), Maharashtra (42.40 per cent) and Gujarat (37.35 per cent). These states recorded higher proportion of urban population than the national average. Uttar Pradesh with per cent lies below the national average in urbanization. The study affirms prior findings that the concentration of population in cities and towns depends on several factors, for instance the ecological setting, initial population size, economic structure, functional characteristics, relationship with the hinterland, industrialization, employment opportunities, accessibility created by the new methods of transport and development in trade and commerce are some important factors which cause an overall urban growth of a region. Keywords: Urbanization, Driving Forces, Urban Infrastructure, Urban Base 1. INTRODUCTION Rapid Urbanization has been a worldwide phenomenon in the 20 th century. It has been rightly said that the level of urbanization reflects the development of a nation. It varies from region to region and from place to place in a country. During the last more than 50 years not only the oldest cities and towns expanded in terms of size of population, density and area, several hundred new towns have emerged and developed. There has been a steady growth in the size and proportion of the urban population as well as in the numbers of urban centers in 29

2 India since Independence. Between 1950 and 2005, India urbanized at the rate of 29 per cent, which was way behind China s 41 per cent. The pace of urbanization had increased in the present century particularly due to the industrialization and the emergence of new administrative and commercial centers, particularly after independence. Urbanization is a dynamic process in transforming the morphological and socioeconomic set-up of a region. The process is linked to urban development which represents the holistic development of urban areas. Besides, it transfers resources from rural, which are in the form of miss utilized, under-utilized and unutilized, to urban centers and simultaneously, brings resources, through rural-urban linkage, to the rural economy for its development. Migration and a high natural growth of the urban population have resulted in rapid growth of urban agglomerations. Percentage urban growth in urban areas was 31.2 per cent vis-à-vis 17.9 per cent in rural areas between 1991 and 2001 (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India). The urban population of India constitutes 285 million people and in some quarters, it is estimated to be doubled by In 2001, there were 35 million pluss cities and 393 cities above 100,000 population. It is estimated that the number of million plus cities in India will grow to 51 by 2011 and 75 by 2021 (United Nations, 2002). In addition there would be 500 large cities with populations above 100,000 by An important feature of urbanization in India is dualism urban growth at the macro level is decelerating but in class I cities it is growing. This is manifested in a high percentage of urban population being concentrated in class I cities, which has gone up systematically over the decades of the last century. It is basically due to both aerial expansion and in-migration. In the vicinity of these cities, a large number of satellite towns have emerged. Many of these have become a part of the city agglomeration over time. Further, there has been an expansion in the municipal boundaries of the class I cities, resulting in higher urban growth figures (Kundu, 2006). Since much of the industrial growth and consequent increase in employment are likely to be either with or around the existing urban centers, it is argued that the latter, would attract massive rural-urban migration and experience rapid demographic growth. Thus, cities are not all enjoying the same level of development. Their growth depends not only on their internal dynamics but also on the degree to which their activities are oriented towards global trade. The development of cities also depends on their relations with one another, with their own hinterlands and with the network of cities (Cavallier, 1996). The impetus would also come from the creation of new urban centres. As special emphasis has been given to the urbanization pattern at national level and no due attention has been paid towards healthy development of small towns, terrific growth of metropolises and large towns has resulted which are suffering from acute civic amenity problems. Pandy (1977), in his paper, highlighted that the level of agricultural development and the wage rate of agricultural labourers are higher in areas where the pressure of population on land is more. Further, he supported the fact that the development of the rural non-agricultural sector is likely to ease the pressure of urbanization in relatively over urbanized states. In this paper, an attempt has been made to measure the level of urbanization in western Uttar Pradesh with the help of twenty-two variables. The district has been chosen as a unit of analysis. The spatial analysis of these variables pertaining to various aspects of urbanization has successfully identified the role of individual variation in context with the on-going process of urbanization as a whole through the correlation matrix with all other variables. Since each variable, being an indicator of urbanization, is supposed to contribute equally in determining the degree of urbanization, there is a need to group the results into easily identifiable and interpretable sets of variables for causing variations in level of urbanization. With a view of the complex character of the problem, it is necessary to study the problem under the shadow of three broad categories: urban driving force, urban economic base and urban infrastructure and finally, to find out the relationship of all the variables with the urbanization. This pragmatic approach will be very fruitful for urban development and planning. 30

3 Kasarda and Crenshaw (1991) described that rapid urbanization holds long term advantages in terms of improved quality of life, accelerated human capital formation, the creation of the entrepreneurial spirit and integration into the world s social and economic order. Iimi (2005), while studying urban and infrastructure development in the East Asian Region, emphasized to develop street level transportation, infrastructure and information and telecommunication systems for promoting service orientation in urban economics. ONeill and Scherbov (2006) used a multi-state model in India and China for identifying the trends in future rural urban migration and changes in age structure and found out that the UN projection for China implied net rural-urban migration of just over 10 million per year for the next 20 years followed by a substantial decline over the 2020s. Bhagat and Mohanty (2009) have worked out a comprehensive study on urbanization and contribution of migration in the growth of urban centres. They mentioned slow growth rate of urban population during 1990 s despite the increased rate of rural to urban migration due to a significant decline in natural increase in urban area. It resulted in decelerating the level of urbanization. 1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The main objectives of the study are to find out the differential pattern of driving forces of urbanization in western Uttar Pradesh; To assess the urban economic characteristics of western Uttar Pradesh; To examine the development of urban infrastructure in western Uttar Pradesh; and to establish a relationship of driving urban force, economic base and infrastructure with urbanization. 2. TREND OF URBANIZATION IN UTTAR PRADESH Uttar Pradesh, the most populous and the fourth largest Indian state, despite the creation of the state Uttarakhand from within it, is home to 166 million people or one-sixth of the country s population. The process of urbanization has been very slow since the beginning of this century. According to the Census of India, 2001, the urban population in Uttar Pradesh was 5.22 million constituting per cent of the total population in In 2001, almost 34.5 million persons comprising 20.8 per cent of the population live in urban areas of the state spread over 704 towns and cities. The urban population in Uttar Pradesh grew by 33 per cent during the decade compared with 26 per cent of the overall population growth rate. By 2016, almost 30 percent of the state population would be residing in urban areas. The six million-plus cities of Uttar Pradesh (Kanpur, Lucknow, Agra, Varanasi, Meerut and Allahabad) comprises over one-fourth (28 per cent) of the urban population of the state. In the beginning of the 20th century, there were 548 towns in the state, which rose up to 704 towns in a span of 100 years. Accordingly, the cities/towns in a span of 100 years achieved the status of first class cities/towns, which are quite less in the early years of the 20th century, due to rapid urbanization in the recent years. The level of urbanization showed a decline in 1911 due to devastating plague in that year, mainly rooted in urban areas. From the urban growth rate increased consistently with slight variations. It reached up to per cent in In 1961, it experienced a sharp decline in decennial growth (9.23 per cent). It was a result of the change in the definition of the term urban in 1961 Census. In , the state s population suddenly achieved a boost in the decadal growth rate (60.89 per cent), the highest growth rate during the span of 100 years. After that, it reached up to per cent in 2001 (Figure 1). 31

4 3. METHODS AND MATERIALS 3.1 STUDY AREA Western Uttar Pradesh has been selected as an area for detailed study because the state has a rich history of urbanization. Western U.P. lies in the upper Ganga plain, which is endowed with fertile soil, level topography and suitable climatic conditions. Western U.P. lies between 26 o 20 to north latitudes and to east longitudes. It covers an area of about 80,076 sq. km and holds a population of about million (Census of India 2001). The study area includes twenty six districts namely, Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Baghpat, Bulandshahr, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Ghaziabad, Jyotiba Phule Nagar, Aligarh, Hathras, Mathura, Agra, Firozabad, Mainpuri, Etah, Bareilly, Budaun, Shahjahanpur, Pilibhit, Bijnor, Moradabad, Rampur, Kannauj, Farrukhabad, Auraiya and Etawah (Figure 2). The Census of India reveals highest urbanization in the Western region (28.25 per cent) followed by Central (25.11 percent) and Bundelkhand region (22.46 per cent). 3.2 DATA The study is primarily based on secondary sources of data obtained from the Statistical Census Handbook published by the Economics and Statistics Division, Planning Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh in the year of Data related to population has been collected from Census of India, 1991 and The study is based on twenty two variables selected for the analyses which are full representative of urban characteristics (Table 1). All the variables have been transformed into comparable units in standardizing them into Z scores. The formula for Z score is as follows: =( )/ Where, Z ij = standardized score of the indicators, X ij = value of X j variable in the i observation, Xi = mean value of X variable, = standard deviation of X j variable. The relationship between the variables have been revealed with the help of Pearson s Product- Moment Correlation Coefficient. SPSS software is used in order to apply correlation technique. A careful selection of class intervals to decide the categories drawn on the maps are based on the mean and standard deviation. Figures prepared with the help of GIS made it easy to understand the variations in the level of urbanization. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 DRIVING URBAN FORCE Among the most significant changes is the ever increasing level of urbanization as well as the number of urban centres. As it changes the sectoral composition of output, income and employment, it is the epitome of a society advancing towards industrial and technological enrichment. Total eight variables such as percentage of urban population, total literacy, spread of towns, percentage of households and student enrollment in higher studies have been incorporated for measuring driving urban force (Table 1). The value of a standardized Z score of driving urban force varies from 3.66 to with a maximum score in Ghaziabad and minimum in Kannauj (Table 2). Ghaziabad has scored high Z scores in all variables except in increase in urban population per 100 sq. km of urban area (X 3 ) and spread of towns in urban areas (X 5 ). Ghaziabad is known as the Gateway of Uttar Pradesh. It is the important industrial and trading centre in Delhi Metropolitan Area. The rapid growth of Ghaziabad city is mainly due to vivid and multifarious reasons. These are proximity to Delhi, establishment of planned industrial estates, discouragement of the establishment of large scale industries in NCT Delhi. During the last decade, a number of small 32

5 and big industrial units in the city were closed down and retail trade could not take off as expected. Consequently, the tertiary sector became the biggest source of employment, thereby city witnessed rapid growth. Besides, the district lying along the Grand Trunk Road received considerable economic attraction, especially industrial development. Meerut and Gautam Buddha Nagar obtained second and third positions in terms of urbanization lying in a high level of driving urban force (Figure 3[A]). Both the districts showed z-scores in variables X 3 and X 5. Student s enrollment in higher studies in urban areas is comparatively lower in Gautam Buddha Nagar as compared to Meerut percent district come under a medium level of driving urban force. Kannauj and Rampur recorded the negative scores in driving urban force. Except in total literacy, Kannauj achieved negative scores in almost all variables which cumulatively resulted in to lower rate of driving urban force. The negative growth of X 1 and X 2 indicate higher concentration of rural population in the district. It is also a new district created out of Farrukhabad in As a result, urban population of one district was divided into two leading low growth rate of urbanization in Farrukhabad as well as Kannauj. 4.2 URBAN ECONOMIC BASE Urban Economic development is closely linked to urbanization. In recent times, industrialization and economic development are found predominantly responsible for urbanization. As people move from subsistence farming to other non agricultural activities, the sign of urbanization can be easily seen. This process occurs in urban areas of developing countries undergoing structural economic changes as well as in exurban (or peri-urban) regions of developed areas that are impacted by economic growth of proximate urban areas. Urban centres are the engines of economic growth and development and hub of innovation and knowledge. For the analysis of urban economic characteristics, six variables have been taken into consideration (Table 1). As shown in the Table 3, the z score values range from 2.44, highest score obtained by Gautam Buddha Nagar to -2.23, the lowest z score value noticed by Mainpuri. Noida, a new industrial centre founded in 1976, comes entirely in Gautam Buddha Nagar. It has taken all the advantage of proximity to Delhi and linkages in terms of transportation and communication. It has immense industrial potential and grown in all respects, whether industrial and commercial establishment. Thus, Special Economic Zone and industrial establishment have made it possible for Gautam Buddha Nagar to become one of the leading districts in respect of the economic base. Mainpuri claimed the lowest z score due to low industrial potential. The district has a sound agricultural base and far behind in industrial development. Low literacy, poverty, high unemployment rate, lack of enterprises and technical training are the major constraints in the industrial development of the district. Figure depicted that total three districts including GBN, Ghaziabad and Firozabad come under the very high level of economic base with z scores of more than1.5. No district lies in the high level of development while districts with low and medium development are showing scattered distribution (Figure 3 [B]). Lowest Z score (>-1.5) is exhibited by Mainpuri, Shahjahanpur, Etah, Budaun, Kannauj, Farrukhabad and Auraiya making at least developed regions in the extreme eastern portion of Western Uttar Pradesh. 4.3 URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE Urbanization becomes the key to reconstructing the entire economy as it changes the sectoral composition of output, income and employment. Its progress depends upon the advancement of urban economy due to expansion of industries which ultimately relies on available resources and infrastructure in the district. Means of communications play an important role in stepping up industrialization by enabling quick movement of finished goods to 33

6 the markets and of the raw materials to the production units. Therefore, infrastructure provides a base for development whether social, economic and regional. Likewise, urban driving force, eight variables of urban infrastructure have been taken for the analysis (Table 1). Z score ranges from 2.76, the highest value to -1.02, the lowest in the whole series (Table 4). Availability of infrastructure is highest in Ghaziabad, Meerut and GBN. The infrastructure segment of Meerut is currently experiencing a boom phase with many new projects coming up in and around the city. An officially approved express way via Ghaziabad will provide further impetus to the development in Meerut as well as Ghaziabad. Being in the proximity of Delhi, all the three districts are ideal for industrial growth. Figure 3[C] unfolds the fact that in Western Uttar Pradesh, no district is a deficit in availability of infrastructure. But low infrastructural availability is seen in the districts of Baghpat, Mainpuri, Etah, Budaun, Shahjahanpur, Pilibhit, JPN, Farrukhabad and Auraiya. Among all the districts, worst performance is represented by JPN. It has negative z -scores in all the variables taken for the analysis which shows its poor condition in infrastructural development. Basically, most of the people of the district engage in agricultural activities resulting into low influx of urban amenities. 4.4 LEVEL OF URBANIZATION It is the composite result of Z scores of urban driving force, economic base and infrastructure. The Z score value ranges from to (Table 5). Ghaziabad captured the seat of top position while Mainpuri achieved the lowest negative value of Z score. According to the z score categories, Ghaziabad and Gautam Buddha Nagar maintained their position in composite level of development (Figure 1 [D]). As both the districts have revealed strong status either in economic base or infrastructure or urbanization, it is very easy to secure the top position in overall urban development. Meerut has achieved a Z score values better than the other districts. Agra is the single district which comes under the high category. About 54 per cent districts have a medium level of urban development. Of which, most of the districts occupied the extreme western portion of Western Uttar Pradesh. Bijnor, Rampur, Kannauj, Auraiya, Etah, Mainpuri, Budaun and Shahjahanpur are lagging behind in urban development It is interesting to note that no district has shown the sign of very low level of development in this respect. 4.5 CORRELATION OF THE VARIABLES The Pearson correlation technique has been applied to bring the more comprehensive relationship of urbanization with urban driving force, economic base and infrastructure. The correlation matrices of urban driving force indicate that percentage of urban population to the total population has a perfect positive relationship with an urban population to rural population, spread of towns and the number of households in cities. All the economic variables, except male participation rate and increase in tertiary workers to total urban population, are positively associated with percentage of urban population to total population. It supports the fact that a higher percentage of workers engaged in tertiary sector make progressive growth in urbanization level. The increasee in urban population per 100 sq.km of urban area, spread of towns per 100 sq. km. Of urban area, the percentage increase in tertiary workers to total urban population are negatively related to percentage of urban population. The negative relation indicates that urban area needs to increase in proportion to urban population in order to reduce pressure on the area. The increase in urban population per 100 sq km of urban area is significantly related to spread of towns per 100 sq. km of urban area while it shows comparatively weak relationship with the increase in tertiary workers to total urban population. Correlation matrix shows that higher percentages of total literacy contribute in increasing percentage of tertiary workers to total workers, urban workers to total workers, 34

7 tertiary workers to total urban workers and percentage of factory workers. Positive relationship of road density, banks per thousand of total population and areal spread of banks with all the variables of urbanization explain the fact that higher degree of urbanization shows the prosperity of cities in the concentration of all urban amenities. In other words, urbanization leads to concentration of urban amenities while urbanization occurs mainly because of the concentration of resources and facilities in towns and cities. 5. CONCLUSION From the above going discussion, it is clear that most of the districts which are in the proximity to Delhi are comparatively more developed in terms of urbanization. This is the prime reason thatthe western portionn of western Uttar Pradesh emerged as highly urbanized. In this way, the pattern of urbanization has divided whole western Uttar Pradesh in two parts. The eastern part of Uttar Pradesh comprising districts of Bijnor, Rampur, Kannauj, Auraiya, Etah, Mainpuri, Budaun and Shahjahanpur demonstrate unsatisfactory results. Among all the districts of Western Uttar Pradesh, Ghaziabad and Gautam Buddha Nagar is in the grip of faster urbanization while Mainpuri is at the bottom level of urbanization. This lopsided development unfolded the fact that the pressure is increasing in highly urbanized districts resulting in disproportionate availability of resources. For the proper development, it is necessary to identify the economic potential areas and economically lagging behind areas. It will be resulted in Selective Urban Development which would help in emphasizing on the development of the needed areas. Along with this approach the minimum required infrastructure support would be given to other not so economically potential urban area to serve an existing population. The pattern of urban growth should facilitate a fair distribution of resources both within the present generation and between the present and future generation. Proper attention should be given to trade, commerce, transport and communication, infrastructure of districts such as Kannauj, Mainpuri and many other low developed areas which would increase the power to hold down and further to promote the available degree of urbanization. REFERENCES Bhagat, R.B. and S. Mohanty, (2009) Emerging Pattern of Urbanization and the Contribution of Migration in Urban Growth in India, Asian Population Studies, vol. 5 (1), pp Cavallier, G. (1996) De la ville à ľ urbain, Urbanisme, p.8 Iimi, A. (2005) Urbanization and Development of Infrastructure in East Asian Region, Japan Bank for International Cooperation Institute, Review No. 10, pp Kasarda, J.D. and E.M. Crenshaw (1991) Third World Urbanization: Dimensions, Theories and Determinants, Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 17, pp Kundu, A., (2006) Trends and Pattern of Urbanization and their Economic Implications, India Infrastructure Growth, pp Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, State of Urban Health in Uttar Pradesh, Government of India, p. xii. Oneill, B.C. and S. Scherbov (2006) Urbanization in India and China: Interpreting the UN Projections, Submitted to Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, New York, USA. Pandey, S.M. (1977) Nature and Determinants of Urbanization in a Developing Economy: The Case of India, Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol. 26 (2), pp United Nations (2002) World Urbanization Prospects: The 2001 Revision, New York: United Nations 35

8 TABLES AND FIGURES Table:1 Variables of Urbanization (2010) Variable Set/ Variable Description Driving Urban Force X 1 Urban population to total Percentage of urban population to the total population population X 2 Urban population to rural Percentage of urban population of the rural population population X 3 Increase in urban population The percentage increase in urban population per 100 sq.km of the urban area X 4 Spread of towns (total area) Number of towns per 100 sq km of total area X 5 Spread of towns (urban area) Number of towns per 100 sq km of urban area X 6 Number of households Percentage household in cities in the region X 7 Total literacy Percentage of total literates to total population X 8 Students enrollment in higher Students enrollment in higher studies to total studies enrollment in the cities Urban Economic Base X 9 Male participation rate in cities Male workers to total urban population of cities/towns X 10 Tertiary workers Percentage of tertiary workers to total workers in towns X 11 Increase in tertiary workers Percentage increase in tertiary workers to total urban population X 12 Urban workers Percentage of urban workers to total workers X 13 Tertiary workers to total urban Percentage of tertiary workers to total urban workers workers X 14 Factory workers Percentage of factory workers to total workers Urban Infrastructure X 15 Road density Total road length per 100 sq. km of area X 16 Urban road density Total urban road length per 100 sq. km of urban area X 17 Areal Spread of banks Number of banks per 100 sq km of total area X 18 Banks/population Number of banks per 1000 of total population X 19 Areal Spread of hospitals Number of hospitals per 100 sq km of total area X 20 Hospitals/population Number of hospitals per 1000 of total population X 21 Hospitals Beds Number of hospital beds per 1000 total population X 22 Factories/population Number of factories per lakh population Source: Prepared by authors 70 Growth of Urbanization in Uttar Pradesh ( ) Percentage Decadal Growth Figure 1 36

9 Figure 2 Table:2 Spatial Variations in Driving Urban Force of Western Uttar Pradesh (2010) Source: Computed on the data obtained from Census of India, 1991, 2001 and District Statistical Bulletin, 2010; Note: Population for the year 2010 is projected upon the data of

10 Table:3 Urban Economic Base in Western Uttar Pradesh (2010) DISTRICT VARIABLE X 9 X 10 X 11 X 12 X 13 X 14 CZS Agra Aligarh Auraiya Baghpat Bareilly Bijnor Budaun Bulandshahr Etah Etawah Farrukhabad Firozabad GBN Ghaziabad Hathras JPN Kannauj Mainpuri Mathura Meerut Moradabad Muzaffarnagar Pilibhit Rampur Saharanpur Shahjahanpur Source: Computed on the data obtained from Census of India, 1991, 2001 and District Statistical Bulletin, 2010 Note: Population for the year 2010 is projected upon the data of

11 Source: Computed on the data obtained from District Statistical Bulletin, Note: Population for the year 2010 is projected upon the data of

12 Table: 5 Level of Urbanization in Western Uttar Pradesh (2010) VARIABLE SET DISTRICT Driving Urban Force Urban Economic Base Urban Infrastructure Composite Agra Aligarh Auraiya Baghpat Bareilly Bijnor Budaun Bulandshahr Etah Etawah Farrukhabad Firozabad GBN Ghaziabad Hathras JPN Kannauj Mainpuri Mathura Meerut Moradabad Muzaffarnagar Pilibhit Rampur Saharanpur Shahjahanpur Source: Computed by Authors,

13 Figure 3: Composite Level of Urbanization in Western Uttar Pradesh (2010) A B C D

14 Figure: 4 Correlation of Driving Urban Force, Urban Economic Base and Urban Infrastructure (2010) Sacha International Academic Journals, Meridian Centre, 258 Kingsland Road, Hackney, London E8 4DG, England, United Kingdom. In Compliance with the Standards Approved by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council Abstracting and Indexing in: IndexCopernicus USA, British International Libraries, Social Science Research Network Worldwide, Econlit (USA), Google Scholar. For the Advancement of Knowledge to the World. 42