CONTENTS. PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...xi ABBREVIATIONS... xiii FIGURES...xvii INTRODUCTION...1

Transcription

1 CONTENTS PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...xi ABBREVIATIONS... xiii FIGURES...xvii INTRODUCTION...1 CHAPTER 1 MAPS OF THE MARITIME WORLD AND LEGAL DEFINITIONS Maps of the Maritime World Ocean, Open Sea, and Enclosed or Semi-Enclosed Sea Gulf Maritime Region and Sub-Region Bay Island and Archipelago Rock Low-Tide Elevation Reef Atoll Delta Estuary Continental Margin Maritime Toponymy Describing the Place Recalling History and Exploration Honouring the Sovereign Disputing Territory Invoking the Saints...38 CHAPTER 2 GEOPOLITICAL AND LEGAL HISTORY OF THE MARITIME WORLD Great Sailors and Explorers The Early Times The Middle Ages Great Discoveries Scientists in Pursuit of the Last Frontiers Sea Power and Land Power Admiral Alfred Mahan Sir Halford Mackinder Professor Nicholas J. Spykman Major-General Karl Haushofer Professor Marc-Louis Ropivia...43

2 iv CONTENTS 2.3 Legal History of the Maritime World Publications, Laws, Conventions and Agreements Judgments and Arbitral Awards Territorial Sovereignty and Maritime Delimitation Territorial Sovereignty Maritime Delimitation Fisheries and Hunting International Straits or Canals Use of Force Environment Other...50 CHAPTER 3 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF STATES IN RELATION TO THE SEA Land-Locked States Transit States Geographically Disadvantaged States Coastal States Archipelagic States Island States...71 CHAPTER 4 MARINE RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT Main Categories of Offshore Resources Living Resources Mineral Resources Hydrothermal Vents and Genetic Materials Energy from Waves, Tides, Wind, and Thermal Energy Sea Tourism Wrecks Resources Transportation Sea Ports in the World World Fleet Threats to the Environment by Oil Exploitation and Transportation Main Illegal Activities at Sea Piracy and Armed Robbery Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction Human Smuggling Drug Trafficking Illegal Fishing Illegal Blockade CHAPTER 5 MARITIME ZONES UNDER NATIONAL JURISDICTION Internal Waters...111

3 CONTENTS v Indented Coastline or Fringe of Islands along the Coast Bay Historic Bay River Delta Atoll and Reef Harbour and Roadstead Archipelagic Waters Territorial Sea Contiguous Zone Exclusive Economic Zone Continental Shelf CHAPTER 6 MARITIME ZONES BEYOND THE LIMITS OF NATIONAL JURISDICTION The High Seas The Principle of Freedom Flag State Exclusive Jurisdiction and the Exceptions Slavery Piracy Unauthorized Broadcasting Drug Trafficking The International Deep Seabed The Legal Regime The Authority and the Assembly The Seabed Disputes Chamber Antarctica and Its Surrounding Waters The Antarctic Treaty System Cases before the ICJ Claims to Extended Continental Shelves CHAPTER 7 INTERNATIONAL STRAITS AND CANALS International Straits Straits 24 Miles Wide or Less Straits More Than 24 Miles Wide Straits Between an Island of a State Bordering It and Its Mainland Straits Between High Seas or an EEZ and the Territorial Sea of a Foreign State Straits in Archipelagic Waters Straits Regulated by Long-Standing Conventions Straits Belonging to Only One State Straits Not Yet Delimited International Canals The Suez Canal The Panama Canal...201

4 vi CONTENTS The Kiel Canal The Corinth Canal CHAPTER 8 INTERNATIONAL MARITIME BOUNDARIES The Legal Rules of Delimitation International Conventions International Custom Judicial Decisions Teachings of Publicists General Principles of Law Relevant Circumstances Geography Geomorphology and Geology History Economy Navigation Geopolitics and Strategy The Methods of Delimitation Equidistance (or Median) Modified Equidistance Perpendicular Line to the General Direction of the Coast Astronomical Line Corridor Arc of Circle Bisector Line Extension of the Land Boundary or the Territorial Sea Boundary Thalweg A Short Overview CHAPTER 9 PACIFIC SETTLEMENT OF MARITIME DISPUTES Negotiation Inquiry Mediation Good Offices Conciliation Arbitration Judicial Settlement International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea International Court of Justice Resort to Regional Agencies or Arrangements CHAPTER 10 RECENT CASE LAW ON MARITIME ISSUES The Malaysia/Singapore Case...286

5 CONTENTS vii Geography of the Islands Historical Background of the Dispute Sovereignty over Pedra Island Sovereignty over Middle Rocks and South Ledge Operative Clause of the Judgment The Romania v. Ukraine Case The Preliminary Legal Questions The Existing Maritime Delimitation The Relevant Coasts and Maritime Area The Delimitation Methodology Establishment of the Provisional Equidistance Line The Relevant Circumstances The Maritime Boundary The Disproportionality Test The Nicaragua v. Colombia Case The Judgment on Preliminary Objections Interventions Submitted by Costa Rica and Honduras Costa Rica Honduras Territorial Sovereignty over the Disputed Islands The Maritime Boundary Within 200 Nautical Miles The Maritime Boundary Beyond 200 Nautical Miles Alleged Violations of Nicaragua s rights The Peru v. Chile Case Is There an Agreed Maritime Boundary? The Extent of the Agreed Maritime Boundary The Boundary Beyond 80 Miles The Dissenting Opinions The Australia v. Japan Case The Application The Court s Jurisdiction The Decision The Bolivia v. Chile Case The Dispute and the Jurisdiction of the Court The Facts The Legal Grounds and the Submissions The Netherlands v. Russia Case The Incident The Request for the Prescription of Provisional Measures The Order After the Order CHAPTER 11 CANADA AND THE SEA The Maritime Zones under Canadian Jurisdiction Internal Waters Territorial Sea...323

6 viii CONTENTS Contiguous Zone Exclusive Economic Zone Fishing Zones Continental Shelf International Maritime Boundaries The Canada/Denmark Boundary The Canada/United States Boundary in the Gulf of Maine The Canada/France Boundary The Canada/United States Boundary in the Dixon Entrance The Canada/United States Boundary in the Juan de Fuca Strait Internal Maritime Boundaries Gulf of St. Lawrence Boundaries in the Atlantic Ocean Hudson Bay Arctic Ocean Canada s Strategy in the Arctic Exercising Sovereignty Protecting Environmental Heritage Promoting Social and Economic Environment Improving and Devolving Northern Governance Illegal Activities at Sea Piracy Terrorism Illegal Fishing Human Smuggling CHAPTER 12 THE ARCTIC Territorial Sovereignty over Archipelagos and Islands Ellesmere Svalbard Sverdrup Greenland Wrangel Hans Extended Continental Shelves Russia Norway Iceland Denmark Canada United States Maritime Boundaries The Russia/Norway Boundary The Norway/Iceland Boundary The United States/Russia Boundary...376

7 CONTENTS ix The Denmark/Norway Boundary The Denmark/Iceland Boundary The Canada/Denmark Boundary The Canada/United States Boundary The Canada/Russia Boundary The Denmark/Russia Boundary The Passages The Northwest Passage The SS Manhattan The Canadian Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act Historic Internal Waters? The Polar Sea The Straight Baselines The 1988 Agreement September 11, 2001, and After Would Recognition Create a Precedent? An International Strait before 1985? A Compromise for an Almost Unique Waterway The Northeast Passage Russian Internal Waters Russian Straight Baselines The 1989 Joint US/USSR Uniform Interpretation Recent Legislation Increasing Transits GENERAL CONCLUSION THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE SEA CHRONOLOGY BIBLIOGRAPHY TABLE OF TREATIES AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS TABLE OF CASES INDEX...533