The Most Suitable Method of Approach for Upgrading the Slum Urban Area in the Heritage Zone Case Study Areas : Kampung Baluwarti and Kedung Lumbu

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1 Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing 2009 II The Most Suitable Method of Approach for Upgrading the Slum Urban Area in the Heritage Zone Case Study Areas : Kampung Baluwarti and Kedung Lumbu Bambang Triratma ABSTRACT Conservation is a complicated activity because various different people and institutions get involve in there. The method conservation has to be based on the resources within those conserved area, such as community. Community is an important part of an area that has to be involved intensively on the process of building the most suitable conservation strategy. Unfortunately, the government (local, central) was unwilling to let them involve in the conservation work of their area. The establishment of slum urban areas within or nearby a heritage zone such as Baluwarti and Kedung Lumbu, was caused by an inability of the Keraton Kasunanan Surakarta and the Local Government of Surakarta in managing and controlling to the development of those areas. Top down policy of conservation this heritage zone has not covered the area entirely, it has just focused on the main building within the area. Community within areas has not been given opportunities to participate in the program. The aim of this research is to formulate the most suitable method for upgrading a slum spots by empowering its community/residents. The most important part of this research was the observation to find various factors of community which were able to be improved and to be integrated with the top down policy of conservation. The main reason of choosing those two case study areas was their similarity of existing condition to other places in Indonesia, therefore, the results of this research will be able to be applied for those similar areas.

2 II Sustainable Slum Upgrading in Urban Area The most important conclusion of this research is that, the most suitable method of upgrading for urban spots within/nearby the heritage zone is able to be gained by empowering its community. They have to be involved intensively and actively in the process by giving them various opportunities to improve their capability especially due to conservation of their area. Keywords: conservation, community, heritage, slum areas / spots, empowerment. 1. BUILDING THE METHODOLOGY Methodology of this research was built based on the comprehension of interaction between three important aspects, these are : - Human activities for meeting their basic need. - Human activity is one of the main factor of establishment and spread of the slum areas/spots. - Human is an object and subject of a conservation work to heritage. Those basic aspects lead the method of research to the principle that human is a focus of process. Human an the living thing was given the ability to respond various challenges which come to them, including their efforts to fulfill their basic needs. There are two sectors of work field, formal and informal sectors. First sector is provided by government. Some serious problems have been hampered by the government of Indonesia in creating and providing the job for its people, therefore informal sector has become the main choice most of community. The government in all level (local, regional and national) has been unable to manage and to control the increasing of those informal sectors because of various complicated factors of the government itself; characteristic of area and its community. This comprehension lead to the observation and identification of various activities of community in fulfilling their basic needs. The establishment and spread of slum spots in most cities in developing country could not be separated with an urbanization. People went to the city for getting their job. Some of them have got their job, but a lot of them have failed so that they were unable to improve quality of their life. Those later group of people has stimulated the growth of slum spots/areas in the city especially at many urban zones. This comprehension lead to the observation and investigation of urbanization by identifying its mechanism and its destination spots within the case study areas. Human as the resident of area should be involved intensively in the whole process of conservation of their area or nearby area. They have to be given opportunities for participating in some steps where they are able to empower themselves by applying and improving their capability which may build the synergic correlation with the conservation program. This

3 Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing 2009 II explanation indicated that the research has to observe some aspects of community and the strategy of conservation that has been carried out at the Keraton Kasunanan Surakarta Hadiningrat. The results of analysis of three poles have been interacted lead to the formulation of some essences which become the conclusion and recommendation of this research. 2. KAMPUNG BALUWARTI AND KEDUNG LUMBU : THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO CONSERVATON OF THE KERATON KASUNANAN SURAKARTA HADININGRAT The Keraton Kasunanan Surakarta Hadiningrat is one of the old historical traditional palaces in Indonesia that has declared as the heritage zone. It has many significances of local, regional and national historical and culture background. Therefore, this heritage building/area has become an important trace of the born and the development of nation and country of Indonesia. As the historical traces, the Palace of Kasunanan Surakarta should be seen as a composition together with the nearby buildings and areas, such as the Fortress of Vastenberg, Pasar Klewer, Kampung Kauman, Masjid Agung, Kampung Baluwarti dan Kampung Kedung Lumbu. Kapung Baluwarti has several unique aspects due to its location. Firstly, most of its community is the royal family. In period of golden age of keratin, this people was the rich and honored society so that they were able to build various proper settlements which applied the Javanesse traditional architecture and a good urban pattern. Kampung Kedung Lumbu has a different situation to previous case study area although they are the nearby area of keraton. Most of community of kedung lumbu is an ordinary people and low-income society. This condition has affected to the appearance of their physical environment including housing and infra-structure within. Up to know (2008), those two case study areas have not been involved intensively in the conservation of the Keraton Kasunanan Surakarta. This is ironical phenomenon because the born and development of this keraton can not be separated from those two case study areas, they should become the supporting parts of the grand design/grand planning of conservation of main area/heritage zone which are going to guarantee the sustainability of program. Kawasan Baluwarti and Kedung lumbu have two important aspects for making a significant contribution to the conservation of the Keraton Kasunanan. Firstly, those two case study areas are located nearby the keratin. This fact is going to give various opportunities in creating a synergic relationship of case study areas and heritage zone. Secondly, the characteristic of their community is going to give a significant contribution in

4 II Sustainable Slum Upgrading in Urban Area enlarging and developing the conservation strategy so that it is going to be able to cover its potential nearby areas. Various home industries within community, such as souvenirs, handicrafts, cuisine, performances) have a opportunity to be created and improved for increasing their salary which lead to the empowerment of community for upgrading their physical environment especially slum spots. Figure 1. The Map of Case Study Areas

5 Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing 2009 II DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 3.1 Economics activities of community at case study areas to fulfill their basic needs Kampung Baluwarti : Most of community of this area is the royal family who have worked for the palace since the period of their ancestor. Their salary depended on the financial capability of the management of Keaton. Community has responded such situation in two ways. Firstly, they accepted that because their sacrifice is the most important thing that they have to do for the king and kingdom. Secondly, they accepted such situation but the others family member (husband, wife, children, grand-children) have got various jobs inside and out side the area, and some others has sold and has rented their property to incoming people Kampung Kedhung Lumbu : Most of community in this area have worked at small informal sector within their properties or other places, other home industries. Some permanent incoming residents can be found in this area because of marriage and job. 3.2 Contribution of community to the establishment and spread of slum spots within areas Kampung Baluwarti : Most of slum spots in Baluwarti are caused/stimulated by the way of life of community in responding the inability of keraton to give a sufficient salary to them. This group of people do not have capability to maintain and to restore their property or parts of property which have suffered various defects caused by aging and deterioration. Such conditions have become the embryo of slum spots in the period of time. Those slum spots within Baluwarti have not affected to the morphology of area because they were in the area/yard of houses (see Pict 2,3,4).

6 II Sustainable Slum Upgrading in Urban Area Figure 2 Figure Kampung Kedung Lumbu : Figure 4 Most of slum spots within this area were stimulated by the inability of community (former and later) to increase their income/salary that is important to make balance with the increasing expenditure. They do not have a sufficient fund for maintaining and improving their deteriorated settlements that lead to the establishment of slum spots. Those slum spots has influenced to the morphology of settlement, some additional rooms and spaces are built for kiosks in narrow space between houses or at side of pedestrian. These spots are going to stimulate the rise of slum (see Pict. 5, 6, 7).

7 Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing 2009 II Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure Contribution of community to the conservation of the Keraon Kasunanan Surakarta Conservation of the heritage zone of Keraton Kasunanan has been carried out gradually since 1980; it began with the restoration of the Sasono Sewoko in The conservation of the Keraton Kasunanan has not been carried out systematically; it has just been focused on the main building of the palace. Most of nearby areas of keraton suc as those two case study areas have not been included in the grand design of conservation.

8 II Sustainable Slum Upgrading in Urban Area Kampung Baluwarti and Kedung lumbu are two supporting area of keraton. They have suffered a serious deterioration in many spots, meanwhile, their community have faced a serious economics problem. Moreover, community has not had opportunity to participate in the conservation of their nearby heritage building and zone. Apparently, those problems of slum area and their community were not necessary to solve but they should be hidden from public. 4. APPROACH OF FORMULATING THE MOST SUITABLE METHOD FOR UPGRADING THE SLUM SPOTS WITHIN THE CASE STUDY AREAS According to the research method, the approach of formulating the most suitable method for upgrading those slum spots within the case study areas has to be based on three main principles (see page 1). The comprehension of those principles is going to lead the formulation of method including the global frame of method and its work. 4.1 Global frame of method The mechanism of upgrading of slum spots within two case study areas has to be integrated into the grand-planning/design of conservation of the keraton. This frame is going to give more alternatives of design and to enlarge the route of tourist s trip. Two important principles of frame are: - All slum spots within the case study areas have to be main parts of whole network-planning of conservation. This network-planning lead to the upgrading of physical environment not only to slum spots but also parts/areas nearby area of heritage zone. - The empowerment of community is gained by giving them various financial support to build and to improve small home-industries which produce various commodities which has relation to the keraton. 4.2 The work of global frame The work of global frame gives an explanation and comprehension of the way how the method in upgrading the slum spots by applying some logical assumptions and real existing condition of the case study areas. Two important processes have to be explained in understanding the work of this global frame, those are : - The way how to increase the income of community : In the beginning step, some member of family of community are trained to get/to build various skill in producing commodities which

9 Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing 2009 II has relation to the soul of heritage, such as souvenirs, handicraft, cuisine and various performance art. This mechanism is going to be able to increase the income/salary that lead to the improvement of economics capability. Some particular parts of Baluwarti has an opportunity to be a transit/rest points of tourist route. It means that time of tourism activity can be prolonged/extended. Hopefully, those tourists will spend more time and money to buy various products of the community. Meanwhile, the empowerment of community of Kedhung lumbu is focused on the production processes of commodity for supplying to the all tourist rest-points within the enlarging route. - The way how to upgrade the slum spots : Two main aspects of slum area are important to discuss, namely aesthetical and structural aspects. Commonly, slum area is composed of buildings especially houses/settlements which is constructed spontaneously. Community have hampered various serious problems, especially economics during those process, therefore they have not paid enough attention to the aesthetical aspects of their settlements which has deteriorated by various effects of whether and an insufficient maintenance. Those visual and structural deterioration of settlements have stimulated the establishment of slum spots and area. The method of upgrading has possibility to improve/to reconstruct the infra-structure physical environment simultaneously and to provide various additional space for economics activities simultaneously. Those two principles give comprehension that the empowerment of community is going to effect the upgrading the slum area. This mechanism is able to be applied to the conservation of heritage such the Keraton Kasunanan. This method is able to enlarge the covered area of upgrading, not only the heritage zone but also its nearby supporting areas.

10 II Sustainable Slum Upgrading in Urban Area Figure 8 The Map of Recommendation for Extending Tourist route in Baluwarti 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusions : - Kampung Baluwarti and Kedhung lumbu are important supporting areas of the Keraton Kasunanan Surakarta Hadiningrat, therefore they have had to be involved in since the beginning step of conservation of that heritage.

11 Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing 2009 II A suitable method of upgrading slum spots/areas in a heritage zone is going to be gained by empowering its community. Economics activities of community has to be improved and stimulated by giving them various opportunities to increase their salary so that they are going to be able to maintain their new environment that has been upbraded. - The strategy of upgrading for slum area within the heritage zone has to be integrated to the grand-planning/grand-design of conservation. 5.2 Recommendations : - Community has to be involved intensively in the conservation of heritage, it means that they has got opportunities to improve their life and their future by stimulating the economics activities which may lead to the increase of capability in maintaining, improving and upgrading those slum spots of area - The government and planners of conservation of heritage (building, area) has to let community participate actively in the mechanism of conservation. This is going to stimulate of creativity which may lead to the establishment of various alternative ways for increasing their income. 6. REFERENCES Antoniou, Jim, 1981), Islamic Cities and Conservation, (Paris: The UNESCO Press). Baharin, Kamarul bin Buyong, 1983, Conservation of Historic Places, Regonal Perspective,Malaysia. In : Protecting the Past for the Future. P Max Bourke, Miles Lewis and Bal Saini (Eds.). Australian Government Publishing Services. Bourke, M. Lewis, M. Saini, Bal, 1983, Protecting the Past for the Future. Australian Government Publishing Services. Cantacuzino, Sherban, 1990, A Policy for Architectural Conservation, In : Architectural and Urban Conservation in the Islamic World. P Abu H. Imammuddin and Karen R. L. (Eds) The Aga Khan Trust for Culture, Geneva. Cantacuzio, Sherban, 1990, Conservation in the Local Context. In : Architectural and Urban Conservation in the Islamic World. P Abu H. Imammuddin and Karen R.L. (Eds). The Aga Khan Trust for Culture, Geneva. Cohen, Stuart E., 1985, Contextualism, from Urbanism to a Theory of Appropriate Form, Inland Architec. Domicelj, Joan, 1983, Planning, Legislation and Financial Incentives for the Conservation of Historic Places. In : Protecting the Past for the Future. Max

12 II Sustainable Slum Upgrading in Urban Area Bourke, Miles Lewis and Bal Saini (Eds). P Australian Government Publishing Services. Hedman, Richard and Jaszewski, Andrew, 1984, Fundamental of Urban Design, (Washington DC: Planners Press, American Planning Association). Sidharta, Prof.Ir. dan Budihardjo, Eko Ir.MSc., 1989, Konservasi Lingkungan dan Bangunan Kuno di Surakarta, (Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press) Soeharto, R., 1985, Diorama Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat, (Surakarta: Tiga Serangkai). Suyatno, Sunar Tri, 1985, Sejarah Berdirinya Kerajaan Surakarta Hadiningrat, (Surakarta: Tiga Serangkai). Van Huyk, A.P., 1990, The Economics of Conservation. In : Architectural and Urban Conservation in the Islamic World. Abu H. Imammuddin and Karen R.L. (Eds) P The Aga Khan Trust for Culture, Geneva. Yudodipuro, K.R.T., 1986, Madeke Keraton Surakara, Pusaka Surakarta Cetakan VII.