L 1 ; Duplan i Leder, Tea 2

Transcription

1 I M D N INTEGRATION OF THE LAND AND MARINE SPATIAL L 1 ; Duplan i Leder, Tea 2 ( 1 Croatia, Zrinsko Frankopanska 161, Split, Croatia) ( 2 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, Matice hrvatske 15, Split, Croatia ( nenad.leder@hhi.hr) ABSTRACT Every maritime country has its coastal zone, which is differently defined in terms of different professions. As a physicalgeographical term, coast is a part of the land in occasional contact with the sea. Coast is therefore not a line but a belt, either wider or narrower, depending on the slope of the land and the range of sea level oscillations. Because of the sea-land interaction in the coastal belt, the spatial data in that area are interconnected, usually being examined, represented or used together. Boundary between the sea and land, as shown on nautical charts and topographic maps, is not the coast but the coastline. Land data (State Geodetic Administration) and marine data (Hydrographic offices) are usually represented by means of different coordinate systems, different projections, different datums (horizontal and vertical) and differents scales, to show different contents. As a result, users are not able to refer to the required object in the coastal area in a simple and consistent way. The national spatial data infrastructure (NSDI) should therefore (like in other countries) integrate land data with marine data, defining the marine spatial data infrastructure (MSDI). Integration of the land and marine data is becoming a serious problem for many countries, and just a few of them have solved it, each in its own way. This paper presents the activities of the Croatia on the integration of the land and marine spatial informations and the possibilities of its implementation in Croatia. nautical charts. topographic maps. coastline. MSDI. Croatia. KEY WORDS

2 4 th INTERNATIONAL MARITIME SCIENCE CONFERENCE June 16 th -17 th, 2012, Split, Croatia 1 NTRODUCTION Development of modern industrial society has enforced the usage of spatial data in many human activities. In last decades rapid application development of information and communication technologies considerably improved tracking of spatial data changes. Spatial data is defined as the data or information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on Earth, such as natural or constructed features, oceans and more. Spatial data is usually stored by geographic coordinates which is often accesed, manipulated or analysed through Geographic Information System - GIS (IHO, 2011). A Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is a data infrastructure implementing a framework of geographic data, metadata, users and tools that are interactively connected in order to use spatial data in an efficient and flexible way. Another definition is the technology, policies, standards, human resources, and related activities necessary to acquire, process, distribute, use, maintain, and preserve spatial data (GSDI Cookbook, 2009). The wider use of national S Infrastructures (NSDI) has long been held back by difficulties in sharing data between different technologies, different organisations and even between different functions within the same organisation. The current interoperability capabilities are reflected in the European Unions (EU) initiative to create a regional SDI " S (INfrastructure for SPatial Information in Europe, Directive 2007/2/EC). INSPIRE sets out a framework and timetable that will oblige public sector organisations to publish key spatial data sets in ways that support the discovery of the data and provide access to these resources via product-neutral visualisation and downloading services. Much has already been written about SDI, but primarily from land-based perspective (IHO, 2011). This statement is valid for Croatia as well. In 2008, Croatian State Geodetic Administration (SGA) published study titled National infrastructure of spatial data in Croatia (in Croatian). In this document the marine dimension of Croatian NSDI is only mentioned, although the total area of Croatian internal waters, territorial sea and protected ecological and fishery zone (ZERP) is km 2, what is 97.9% of Croatian land area (Leder and Filipovi, 2007). Moreover, coastline of the Republic of Croatia consists of a mainland part 1880 km in length, and an island part 4398 km in length, amounting to 6278 km (Duplan i Leder et al., 2004). It is the second best indented coast in the Mediterranean. The Republic of Croatia is committed to defining spatially its land and marine territory. This paper presents the activities of the Croatia on the integration of the land and marine spatial informations and the possibilities of its implementation in Croatia. 2. MARINE SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE MSDI Marine Spatial Data Infrastructure MSDI is the component of an SDI that encompasses marine geographic and business information in its widest sense. This would typically include seabed topography (bathymetry), geology, marine infrastructure (e.g. wrecks, offshore installations, pipelines and cables), administrative and legal boundaries, and areas of conservation, marine habitats and oceanography (IHO, 2011). Schematic presentation of the Marine SDI as the marine dimension of SDI is shown in Fig. 1. According to International Hydrographic Organization an Hydrographic Office (HO) is uniquely placed to play a central role in the development of the marine component of all SDI s. Hydrography, with its subset of data themes, forms the key base reference or core geography layer for the sea space in each State or region. In this capacity, HO data provides a rich and unparalled resource for users at all levels (IHO, 2011).

3 INTEGRATION OF THE LAND AND MARINE SPATIAL Figure1. Marine SDI as marine dimension of SDI (according to Binns et al., 2003). Croatia (HHI), as official HO, recognized the importance of the MSDI concept. In article 15 of the Law on hydrographic activity (Official Gazzete 68/98, 110/98 i 163/03) it is defined as Marine Register as follows: Marine Register shall keep records of the data on the sea, seabed and submarine area, relevant for the safety of navigation, except the data of interest to Defence. Marine Register shall include the data on the users, the way and proportions of exploitation of the sea, seabed and submarine area, as well as the records of objects, works and occurrences relevant for the safety of navigation, for each area of local self-governing unit and units of local government and self-government. Also, in article 5. it is stated that HHI shall carry out, among others: Describing and drawing of a geodetically defined border of sovereignty of the Republic of Croatia on sea, taking into consideration other acts which regulate the border, keeping up to date and managing the database of the official data on sea, in the following fields: navigation, hydrography (objects on sea and in the submarine area), cartography, geology, geophysics and oceanography (sea level oscillations, waves, currents, thermohaline, hydroacoustic and optical properties of the sea, hydrometeorology, etc.), as well as organizing and conducting the Marine Register. The problem of implementation of MSDI as part of NSDI is consequence of different presentation of spatial data in coastal zone. Land data (State Geodetic Administration) and marine data (Hydrographic offices) are usually represented by means of different coordinate systems, different projections, different datums (horizontal and vertical), and differents scales, to show different contents. As a result, users are not able to refer to the required object in the coastal area in a simple and consistent way (e.g. Duplan i Leder and Leder, 2009). An example of HHI's activity on implementation Croatian MSDI (legal boundaries) is shown in Fig. 2. Integration of the land and marine data is becoming a serious problem for many countries, and just a few of them have solved it (Murray, 2007), each in its own way. It must be pointed out that for every maritime country marine administration has a very important role for implementation of MSDI, especially at highest political level. Marine administration requires definition of MSDI and then access and information about MSDI. Figure 2. Legal boundaries of the Republic of Croatia in the Adriatic Sea (HHI, 2009).

4 4 th INTERNATIONAL MARITIME SCIENCE CONFERENCE June 16 th -17 th, 2012, Split, Croatia 3 Every maritime country has its coastal zone, which is differently defined in terms of different professions. As a physicalgeographical term, coast is a part of the land in occasional contact with the sea. Coast is therefore not a line but a belt, either wider or narrower, depending on the slope of the land and the range of sea level oscillations. As a geographical-economic term, coast has a much wider significance, since the width of the coastal belt depends on land s orography. Because of the sea-land interaction in the coastal belt, the spatial data in that area are interconnected, usually being examined, represented or used together. Boundary between the sea and land, as shown on nautical charts and topographic maps, is not the coast but the coastline. According to the recommendation of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), most maritime countries define coastline as the intersection of the mean high water with the land (Shalowitz, 1962; Harrington, 1993; IHO, 2005; Quadros and Collier, 2008). Croatia defines coastline as a surface determined by the mean high water on the tide gauges at Dubrovnik, Split, Bakar, Rovinj and Koper in the epoch , being called the Croatian Coastline Reference System for Epoch HRSOC71 (Domijan et al., 2005). In practice, the coastline is calculated as the mean high water from the 18.6-year series of hourly values of long-period sea level oscillations obtained from tidal measurements (IHO, 2005; Domijan et al., 2005). Exact and unique definition of the coastline is very important for gently sloped coast (Fig. 3) to be plotted as consistent feature object on nautical charts and topographic maps. Geodetic methods of coastline delineation in Croatia are described by Leder and Duplan i Leder (2011). Figure 3. Oscillations of sea level heights in the coastal belt on a gently sloped coast (Ba vice beach in Split). 4. INTEGRATION OF SPATIAL DATA ON THE CROATIAN COASTLINE As in the Republic of Croatia there is no continuity of spatial data between the land-sea spatial information, the procedure of locating and referencing the spatial information on the coastline is problematic and complicated, especially for spatial data users. Different spatial data in the Republic of Croatia use different coastlines as referent baseline. The coastline plotted on the nautical charts produced by the Croatia was defined according to the recommendation of the International Hydrographic Organization as the intersection between the mean high water level and the land. As it is an unambiguous definition, it could be said that the coastline is a consistent feature object on nautical charts. The coastline plotted on the topographic maps produced by the State Geodetic Administration was derived as the intersection between the land and the sea from aerophotogrammetric recordings at particular time. As the height of the sea level constantly varies in time, such method of determining the coastline is not consistent because it depends on the recording time.

5 INTEGRATION OF THE LAND AND MARINE SPATIAL C!#$%&$!'()* ' +,-.+/02 4.+#.!5!.&'02.( charts use differently defined coastlines. Moreover, to represent the land and marine spatial data, different datums (horizontal and vertical), different projections and scales are used (Table 1), and different contents are displayed. The result is that users cannot easily identify their object in the coastal zone. In order to resolve this problem, it is proposed to define all the vertical cross sections in the marine spatial data infrastructure (MSDI) as an integral part of NSDI, or all the height datums (coastline, geodetic datum and chart datum) using unique and consistent methodology. Users should be enabled effective recalculations between the stored data, as well as easy changeover to new height datums in the future. Schematic presentation of integration of spatial data on the coastline is shown in Fig. 4. The best solution would be the unique coastline data for topographic maps and nautical charts. Table 1. Different reference coordinate systems in Croatia for topographic maps and nautical charts. TOPOGRAPHIC MAP NAUTICAL CHART COASTLINE Aerophoto (coastline in exposure moment) - Croatian reference system of the coastline - HRSOC71 HORIZONTAL DATUM - Hermanskoegel - ETRS - Hermanskoegel - ETRS - WGS84 VERTICAL DATUM - Normalna nula Trsta NNT - Geodetic zero - Croatian vertical reference system - HVRS71 PROJECTION Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM). UTM, Mercator FORMATIS OF DIGITAL DATA - various formats (DWG, ARC, SHP, Hardcopy ) - Mean sea level (MSL) for land data. - Hydrographic zero (Chart datum) - Croatian reference system for depths - HRSDM71 - Digital nautical chart - Raster (TIFF, BMP) - ENC - S-57 Version Nautical charts: Raster (scan, print) - Bathymetric sheet (hydrographic sheet): ASCII, scan data SCALE systematic (1, 5, 25, ). unsystematic (various scale range) 5. CONCLUSIONS The European unions (EU) initiative to create a regional SDI 678SPIRE) was adopted in Croatia. In 2008, Croatian State Geodetic Administration (SGA) published study titled National infrastructure of spatial data in Croatia. In this document the marine dimension (MSDI) of Croatian NSDI is only mentioned. Croatia (HHI), as official HO, recognized the importance of the MSDI concept. Figure 4. Schematic presentation of integration of spatial data on the coastline (adopted from Murray, 2007). The problem of implementation of MSDI as part of NSDI is consequence of different presentation of spatial data in coastal zone. Land data (State Geodetic Administration) and

6 4 th INTERNATIONAL MARITIME SCIENCE CONFERENCE June 16 th -17 th, 2012, Split, Croatia m9:;<= DII;H=JK 9:= MJM9NNB represented by means of different coordinate systems, different projections, different datums (horizontal and vertical), and differents scales, to show different contents. In order to resolve this problem, it is proposed to define all the vertical cross sections in the marine spatial data infrastructure (MSDI) as an integral part of NSDI, or all the height datums (coastline, geodetic datum and chart datum) using unique and consistent methodology. Users should be enabled effective recalculations between the stored data, as well as easy changeover to new height datums in the future. REFERENCES 1. Binns, A., Rajabifard, A., Collier, P.A. Williamson, I., Issues in Defining the Concept of a Marine Cadastre for Australia, Paper presented at the FIG and University of New Brunswick Meeting on Marine Cadastre Issues September 15-16, 2003, University of New Brunswick, Canada. 2. Decision on establishing official geodetic datums and plane cartographic projections of the Republic of Croatia, Government of the Republic of Croatia (Official Gazzete, 110/04). 3. DIRECTIVE 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) 4. Domijan, N., Leder, N., upi, S., Vertical datums of the Republic of Croatia (In Croatian). Third Croatian Congress on Cadastre, Croatian Geodetic Society, Proceedings, Zagreb, 7-9. March 2005, Duplan i Leder, T., Ujevi, T., ala, M., Coastline lengths and Areas of islands in the Croatian Part of the Adriatic Sea Determined from the Topographic Maps at the Scale of 1:25 000, Geoadria, 9/1, Duplan i Leder, T., Leder, N., Infrastruktura prostornih podataka o moru kao integralni dio nacionalne infrastrukture prostornih podataka, 1. hrvatski NIPP i INSPIRE i Savjetovanje kartografija i geoinformacije (ur. Miljenko Lapaine), 7. Duplan i Leder, T., Leder, N., Obalna crta u infrastrukturi prostornih podataka o geodezije - GIS, fotogrametrija i daljinska geoinformatike, Zbornik radova, Hrvatska Danko Markovinovi (ur.), Opatija listopada 2010, GSDI - GLOBAL SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE ASSOCIATION, 2009, Spatial Data Infrastructure Cookbook, 9. Harrington, C. E., Maritime Boundaries on Ocean Service Nautical Charts. Cartographic Perspectives, Bulletin of the North American Cartographic Society INTERNATIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC ORGANIZATION (IHO), Manual on Hydrography, Publication M-13, First Edition, International Hydrographic Organization, Monaco, 540 pp. 11. INTERNATIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC ORGANIZATION (IHO), Spatial Data Infrastructures The Marine Dimension Guidance for Hydrographic Offices, Edition 1.1, International Hydrographic Bureau, Monaco, 36 pp. 12. Leder, N., Filipovi, V., ZERP - gospodarski pojas, Pitanja ribarstva, zaštite okoliša i razgrani enja na Jadranu o 25- godišnjici Konvencije UN o pravu mora, Usmena prezentacija, Hotel President, Split, prosinca Leder, N., Duplan i Leder, T., Delineation of coastline and marine SDI in Croatia, 25th International Cartographic Conference Enlightened View on Cartography and GIS, Paris, 3-8 July 2011, CO 090 USB. 14. Law on hydrographic activity, (Official Gazzete 68/98, 110/98 i 163/03)

7 INTEGRATION OF THE LAND AND MARINE SPATIAL OPQ Murray, K., Land-Sea Information Base-Information Interoperability: Results of EuroSDR Questionnaire, Proceedings Joint EuroSDR and IHO Land and Marine Information Integration Workshop, March 2007, Dublin. Ireland. 16. Quadros, N.D., Collier, P.A., Delineating the Littoral Zone Using Topographic and Bathymetric Lidar, ABLOS Conference, October 2008, Monaco. 17. Shalowitz, A. L., Shore and sea boundaries. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 18. STATE GEODETIC ADMINISTRATION (SGA), 2008, National infrastructure of spatial data in Croatia (in Croatian), Zagreb, 67 pp. BIOGRAPHIE Nenad Leder is physical oceanographer and assistant director at the Hydrographic Institute of the Republic of Croatia. His reaserach interest are physical oceanography, hydrography and nautical cartography. Tea Duplan i Leder is associate professor at the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy. Currently she is vice dean for study of Geodesy and geoinformatics. Her research interests are geodesy, GIS, nautical cartography and hydrography.