Presenter Nina A. Larichkina Senior lecturer of the Chair of Cartography, specializing in the field of tourist and road cartography, candidate of

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1 Presenter Nina A. Larichkina Senior lecturer of the Chair of Cartography, specializing in the field of tourist and road cartography, candidate of technical science, the young scientist, Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (MIIGAiK). 1

2 THE SCIENTIFIC FUNDAMENTALS OF CREATION THE ROAD MAPS FOR TOURIST S APPOINTMENT Tamara V. Vereshchaka, Nina A. Larichkina Tamara V. Vereshchaka: Head of the Chair of Cartography, Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography Nina A. Larichkina, Senior lecturer of the Chair of Cartography, Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography Despite the fact that tourist cartography has already been formed into the independent field, the questions of its future development in methodological, theoretical and practical view are still being topical. Our research done according the following field: - The levels of mapping of tourism are researched; - Uniform content of the map, based on the developed classifications of road network, objects of road and tourist s services are offered; - The recommendations for systematical views on the map natural and cultural heritage, regulated the law document are given; - The method of map designing is researched; means of relief designing are analyzed; symbols reflected environmental problems of mapped region important for tourists are provided; - The technology of creation of maps is developed; original "file-model" - the information structure (a set of layers and styles) is created; - The experimental maps, symbols in a traditional and electronic view are presented. One of the important features of development of a modern society significant and constantly accruing mobility of the population, active development of the industry of tourism. In connection with the world tendencies focused on creation of an open society without borders, the stream of tourists considerably increases. It causes heightened interest to cartographical products and special popularity help, tourist and road maps (atlases). Tourist and road maps and atlases - the most mass kind of production of the cartographical manufacture, designed for the broad audience of consumers. The primary problem of tourist cartography is increase of information capacity of maps and atlases as concerning display of sights of mapped region, and their transport availability, and also expansion of assortment of maps. Maps and atlases are constantly updated, often republished. Despite the fact that the tourist cartography for a long time was issued in an independent direction, questions of its further development in the methodological, theoretical and practical plan remain actual. Published products are various by kinds of production, territorial scope, the contents, but the majority of them differs the empirical approach to designing and drawing up. Therefore there is a necessity on a scientific substantiation in statement of researches of the contents, a 2

3 technique and technology of creation of road maps for tourist's appointment. Today have received development set of forms of tourism: natural, adventure, recreational, sports, extreme, scientifically-cognitive, ethno-ecological, religious, passive improving; naturalists' excursions; foot, horse, bicycle rounds; cognitive rounds; a camping etc. The majority of these forms are united in concept ecological tourism which by expert estimations of the World tourist organization (WTO) is the most quickly developing branch of the world tourist industry. Ecotourism it is aimed not only at preservation valuable cultural and natural resources, originality of the nature and ecological education of the population, but also adjusts regime visiting natural territories on the basis of scientifically proved norms of the recreational loading preventing degradation ecosystem. Despite of it, on the published maps of the different countries especially protected territories, as a rule, are shown, but the problem of their strict mapping in the coordination with the appropriate legislative and normative documents is not pose. Researches are devoted to development of scientific bases of the contents of road maps for tourist s appointment. All the developed positions lean on the analysis tourist and road maps and atlases of various firms on territory more, than 40 countries. To offered type of maps are close on subjects: road maps with the detailed image of highways and the partial information for tourists; maps of tourism with accent on display of objects of tourism, rest and the incomplete image of roads - for the general orientation on territory. It is possible to allocate maps of automobile tourism, specialized for one this kind. It is necessary to mention a series the maps, let out for wide-open use in the different purposes. We offer the unified contents of the maps based on developed classifications of a high system, the account of objects of road service and service of tourism. Within the limits of mapped units it is supposed to consider their recreational importance, natural resources for tourism and partially - environmental problems. In the contents of developed type of road maps for tourist s appointment equal importance and completeness of display of two large blocks of data is supposed: about roads and sights of district. The most important characteristics of a road network are classes, the technical device of roads, their throughput, character of movement, a condition of a way. Such requirements are answered to the full with the image of a road network on topographical maps, coordinated with official state standards on affairs of construction of highways. Therefore on road maps for tourist s appointment are assumed as a basis principles of a grouping of roads on topographical maps - on classes and inside of classes: the technical device, a covering, operational readiness, importance of roads. Further it is supposed to allocate the paid roads, projected, closed, roads with restriction of travel and features of character of movement - sites of roads with complicated and an one-way traffic, dangerous sites of roads; in detail to show objects of road service. Having in view of use of maps for unorganized or "wild" tourism, it is expedient to prepare the maps-incut containing developed data on passableness of various sites of territory, about opportunities and conditions of crossing forest-covered or the dismembered district between the basic roads. Us the system of data on roads (Tab. 1) and the system of the designations developed according to it, the mappings regulated on levels (local, regional, continental, global). 3

4 System of data on roads: the full list of roads, constructions on them and objects of road service The status (importance of roads): E the european network of roads M main nation-wide P republican importance A nation-wide importance Highways projected under construction paid Roads with the advanced covering (the advanced roads) projected under construction paid Roads with a covering projected under construction paid The improved earth roads under construction System of data on roads at different levels of mapping Earth roads: country; field; forest roads Seasonal and time roads in different regions: winter caravan ways, pack tracks gates, passes 4 Levels L* R* C* G* Highways (with allocation paid) Other roads Tab. 1 Highways Tracks, streets Roads with restriction of the travel, closed Ferries Construction on highways and earth roads: indexes and numbers of roads; kilometer signs; roadside construction; transitions; bridges, tunnels; embankments, dredging Objects of road service: parking places; police station; servicing deports; refuelling; items of payment Distances on motorways (in km) Other designations of character of movement on roads: dangerous sites, sites of roads with complicated and an one-way traffic L*) L local R*) R regional C*) C continental G*) G global

5 The second large block of the contents is devoted to working data system of sights of district and objects of service of tourists. A perspective problem of tourism is association of two, at first sight opposite tendencies - preservation of the natural and cultural-historical environment and development of tourism that they did not exclude, and supplemented each other. Problems of preservation natural and a cultural heritage are closely connected with mapping. Cartographical display acts in this case as the most informative form of representation of objects of a heritage, their status and answers increasing necessity of reception with the broad audience of the population of the information on cultural, scientific, historical, educational importance of rare, unique places. The natural complexes having various statuses of protection, certainly, should be displayed in details on tourist maps, forming information base of ecological tourism. Unlike the majority of tourist maps where the main attention is given objects of sphere of rest, services and sights show without special ranging, we offer system of data on objects of the tourist interest, including data about natural and a cultural heritage, first of all, regulated by legislative and normative documents. On road maps for tourist s appointment it is offered to display all especially protected natural territories (including functional zoning of especially protected natural territories, structure biospheric reservation, rare kinds of flora and fauna and so forth) and objects of a cultural heritage. For real parameters of mapping it is expedient to accept their position, borders, own historical names, the status: world (under lists of UNESCO), especially valuable, federal, regional, local importance. We develop recommendations under the system image (Tab. 2) and, system of designations corresponding them natural and a cultural heritage, the mappings regulated on levels. The big attention to classification of monuments natural and a cultural heritage has allowed to present systems of designations more versatilly in comparison with available in the previous works. It is offered to display in detail tourist routes - excursion, pedestrian, water, bicycle, mountain, autotourism, a day off, ecological, horse, extreme, ornithological on which objects of tourist interest are located. By development a map basis it is recommended to start with the contents topographical maps since practically all the objects represented on them, in itself represent significant interest for tourists. Feature of designing a map basis are the designations of the objects reflecting environmental problems of mapped region important for the tourists (dangerous sites of roads, avalanches ways, mudflow; landslips, taluses, zones of collapses; zones of floodings; areas of an active karst, etc.). Thus, the idea of enrichment of natural and ecological components of the contents of a map is realized. It is possible to note once again expediency of consideration of the contents of the additional maps-incut bearing the information on landscape and ecological features of territory. The system of elements of the contents a map basis also is regulated on levels of mapping. The big attention in a map basis is given to ways of representation of a relief, as basic element of a landscape. Merits and demerits of ways for different types of districts and levels of mapping are characterized. 5

6 System of data on sights of district and objects service of tourists at different levels of mapping System of data about sights of district and objects of service of tourists Objects of a natural heritage* (including functional zoning) Biosferic reserves (their structure) Reserves, their branches, sites National parks Natural parks Nursery Nature sanctuaries (phenomena, records) Dendrology parks Botanical gardens Medical-improving districts and resorts Woods of scientific importance (wood reserves) Objects of a cultural heritage** Monuments of a history, archeology, town-planning: compact: buildings, barrows, ancient burial places, parks, gardens, squares linear: streets, quays, roads, channels, strengthenings located in areas: citadels, quarters, monasteries etc. Places of concentration extraterritorial form of a heritage (pictures, sculptures, books, and so forth) in museums, showrooms, archives, libraries Natural-historical-cultural territories, noteworthy places Historical cities and others built-up areas The centres of the information Help points of the tourist information: all-the-year-round, seasonal Objects of sphere of services Points of residing Points of public catering Objects of communication (connection) Points of health services Places of rest, sports constructions Places of produñtive leisure and occupations various kinds of sports Places of mass rest 6 Levels Tab. 2 L* R* C* G* World, federal, regional, local importance World, especially valuable, federal, regional, local importance World, federal, regional, local importance World, especially valuable, federal, regional, local importance Other objects of tourist interest which are not being objects of a heritage Viewing platforms and points for the review of a panorama of city, district etc. Tourist routes. Cult constructions (churches, mosques, synagogues). Museums, theatres. World, federal, regional importance World, especially valuable, federal importance *). Now are regulated by the lists which are let out by UNESCO, Federal the law About especially protected natural territories, The Wood code of the Russian Federation and so forth. **). Are regulated by lists of UNESCO, the law About protection of monuments of a history and culture, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation (1995) in which the list of objects historic and cultural heritage of federal (all-russian) importance and so forth. Data about monuments regional and local importance contain in a reference media, catalogues etc. ***). References to laws and other regulating documents in our case are given for Russia. World, federal importance World, especially valuable importance

7 The technology of creation of maps in an electronic kind in graphic editor FreeHand is developed. The offered technology of creation of the electronic road maps for tourist s appointment includes the following basic stages: editorial preparatory work; development of "file-model" of legend (Fig. 1); drawing up a map basis (including a road network as element not only a map basis, but also the thematic contents); author's compilation works, drawing up of the thematic contents (objects of a heritage, sight of district and objects of tourism); joining and a report of processable parts of a map (list); type-out, editing of printer test, correction of remarks. Fig. 1. Fragment of a file-model of legend. Basis of the developed technology is specially designed "file-model" of legend - the information structure containing a set of logic layers, demanded fonts and styles of all necessary objects for realization of the established contents of maps (contains library of symbols for the electronic map, adequate to the developed is figurative-sign system). Use of in advance developed styles considerably reduces time for registration of elements of a map that essentially raises efficiency of work and reduces probability of occurrence of mistakes. The considered technology (Fig. 2) with original information structure is subordinated to scientific fundamentals of creation the road maps for tourist's appointment and it is recommended as the universal automated and standardized variant of their manufacturing. The technology is approved and realized during development and drawing up of experimental samples of maps and their fragments (are illustrated in the presentation). The electronic version of a map is enough the universal cartographical information, allows to update and republish in the further it, to reuse for creation of various production which depending on market condition can be realized in the form of road atlases, routing road maps, tourist maps, plans of cities at the minimal expenses of time and means. 7

8 THE TECHNOLOGY OF CREATION THE ROAD MAPS FOR TOURIST S APPOINTMENT IN THE DIGITAL AND ELECTRONIC KIND Editorial preparatory works Studying of mapping object Analysis, ordering, an estimation of the up-to-dateness of materials Choice of the basic material, additional sources, their processing Field inspections, measurements Editorial instructions on cartography Drawing up a map basis* in an electronic kind *). Including a road network as element not only a map basis, but also the thematic contents Development of "file-model" (the information structure containing a set of layers and styles of objects) Designing of symbols Creation of layers of symbols and fonts Creation of styles of objects and fonts Creation of legend Scanning of a paper basis map Processing of the raster image Selection of objects map basis, level-by-level vectorization* Mapping of the text information Quality control (in a conversational mode) E L E C T R O N I C M A P B A S I S Author's compilation works**, drawing up of the thematic contents **). Are operated at once on a computer without preliminary drawing up of the author's original on a paper Selection of objects of the contents from sources Scanning of sources (fragments) Processing of the raster image Level-by-level vectorization and localization of objects Mapping of the text information The coordination of elements map basis and the thematic contents, joining and a report of processable parts of a map Drawing up of maps-incut, preparation of slides Quality control (in a conversational mode) T H E M A T I C E L E C T R O N I C M A P Type-out, editing printer test, correction Visualization, print ELECTRONIC MAP MAP ON THE PAPER BASIS Fig. 2. The technology. 8

CLLD Cooperation OFFER

Title of the proposed project (English) CLLD Cooperation OFFER PARKS PROTECTION III - Management, Protection and Economic Development in Protected Areas Type of project (select as many as you want) Cooperation