SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON GLOBAL AND LOCAL THERMAL COMFORT BASED ON FIALA S THERMAL MANIKIN IN THESEUS-FE

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1 SOME CONSIDERAIONS ON GLOBAL AND LOCAL HERMAL COMFOR BASED ON FIALA S HERMAL MANIKIN IN HESEUS-FE Stfan Paulk, Stfan Wagnr P+Z Enginring GmbH, Anton-Ditt-Bogn 3, Münchn, Grmany s.paulk@puz.d (Stfan Paulk Abstract hrmal managmnt topics lik air-conditioning and thrmal comfort bcom mor and mor important during vhicl dvlopmnt. As a consqunc th nd for suitabl tools and mthods to prdict th human comfort bhaviour in cabins incrass rapidly. HESEUS-FE is a finit lmnt basd softwar tool that ralizs a fully coupld implmntation of Fiala s thrmal snsation manikin prsntd in []. his papr will dmonstrat th finit lmnt basd ralization of th nw manikin FIALA-FE in an xisting solvr nvironmnt. Various thrmal comfort topics will b discussd in a scond stp. W will talk about th application of th finit lmnt thory on th complt framwork of formulas that rprsnts th thrmorgulatory human systm. Bcaus th major challng for us was not to do a numrical solution of th bio hat quation basd on th finit diffrnc mthod, as shown in [], but on a mthod that allows us to crat our own finit lmnt typ, rprsnting a singl human matrial layr. Finally this papr will discuss diffrnt aspcts of global and local thrmal comfort prdiction, basd on mathmatical modls from litratur. Using simulatd in and cloth tmpraturs th ida of th quivalnt tmpratur will lad us finally to a quit simpl-to-us mthod of assssing local thrmal comfort at givn boundary conditions, typical for a vhicl simulation. Considring not only surfac-to-surfac radiation and convction but also sun radiation, sat contact and vaporation th quivalnt tmpratur can thn b drivd at ach body lmnt sctor of a thrmal manikin. Kywords: hrmal Manikin, hrmal Comfort Prdiction, Finit Elmnt Mthod. Prsnting Author s biography Stfan Paulk. Fishd his civil nginring studis at th chnical Univrsity of Munich in 997. From 997 until 00 h workd as a scintific assistant at th chair of chnical Mchanics, Univrsity of th Armd Forcs in Munich, and finishd his PhD thsis on thrmomchanical coupling ffcts in 00. Aftrwards h startd working at P+Z Enginring as a CAD Enginr. On yar latr h startd with th HESEUS-FE projct and is today rsponsibl for tchnical stuff of this commrcial softwar tool. In 006 and 007 h did th ralization of th nw thrmal manikin FIALA-FE.

2 Gnral h manikin FIALA-FE (as a nw fatur of th softwar tool HESEUS-FE provids all th thrmophysiological ffcts of th human body modl publishd in th frquntly citd PhD thsis [] of 998. D. Fiala supportd our tam frquntly during th implmntation of his thoris. Aftr many months of dbugging and validation th rsults for th manikin computd with HESEUS-FE rachd a good fit with th hug numbr of diagrams shown in litratur. From a mathmatical point of viw, th human organism can b sparatd into two intracting systms of thrmorgulation: th controlling activ systm and th controlld passiv systm. h activ systm is simulatd by mans of cybrntic modls prdicting rgulatory rsponss, i.., shivring, vasomotion, and swating, as discussd in []. h passiv systm is modlld by simulating th physical human body and th hat tranr phnomna occurring in it and at its surfac. h physical body consists of body lmnts that ar approximatd as cylindrs or sphr (had, thy ar sparatd into sctors and subdividd into matrial layrs: in, fat, muscl, bon. Fiala`s advancd manikin combins both, th passiv and activ systm, in a vry complx modl that rachs a good fit towards fild masurmnts of human thrmal rsponss in a wid rang of nvironmntal conditions. Som hundrd of physical paramtrs that build up th standard humanoid (s tabl in [] rprsnt an avrag human. his is th manikin HESEUS-FE works with by dfault, but it is also possibl for th usr to build his own manikin with an arbitrary numbr of body lmnts, sctors and layrs. E.g. it is thinkabl to crat fingrs, nos and ars as nw body lmnts, thrfor rasonabl physical paramtrs hav to b xtractd from litratur or masurmnts. In a transint coupld simulation, th manikin FIALA- FE prmanntly intracts with its nvironmnt via convction, vaporation, radiation and contact. Convctiv hat xchang typically taks plac btwn th manikin outr surfac and th surrounding airzons. Evaporativ hat loss on th in rsults from a crtain stam mass flow that raiss th absolut humidity of th airzons, with distinctiv mass flow rats du to swating in a hot nvironmnt. h usr dfind contact rgions might lad to additional hat conduction,.g. btwn th uppr lgs and th sat. Sun radiation can b considrd as In HESEUS-FE an airzon is a air-stam mixtur with two dgr of frdom: tmpratur and humidity. In many thrmal simulations an airzon typically rprsnts th innr cabin air volum of a vhicl. wll as thrmal radiation btwn manikin surfacs and th surrounding structurs via viwfactors, prcalculatd with th shll modl shown in. h total numbr of manikins of th nw typ FIALA-FE usd in on transint fully coupld analysis is unlimitd and th comparabl small numbr of additional dgrs of frdom (about 500 pr manikin will not lad to a srious ris in CPU tim. Fiala s Passiv Systm. Discrtization As shown in Fig. HESEUS-FE uss two diffrnt modls for th nw manikin FIALA-FE. A shll modl usd during pr- and post-procssing in th GUI to apply boundary conditions, dfin clothing, assign body parts or to visualiz fild rsults,.g. in or cloth tmpraturs. shll modl viwfact. calc. pr- & post-proc. solvr-intrnal manikin FIALA-FE Fig. Manikin rprsntations. A solvr-intrnal manikin modl FIALA-FE is basd on th idas of D. Fiala, who prsntd such a modl in tabl in []. his modl uss a half sphr for th had and cylindrical solid bodis for th rst of th humanoid, as shown in Fig.. body lmnts had (brain nck thorax abdomn uppr lg... bon muscl fat in Fig. Manikin discrtization. sctors optional: cloth layr layrs FE Both modls ar linkd via hat fluxs that ar first calculatd on th shll modl and thn givn to th

3 solvr-intrnal manikin. o simulat th human hat conduction that transports mtabolic hat from th innr rgions to th outr in or cloth surfacs FIALA-FE uss spcial finit lmnts (FE that build up th layrs, sctors and body lmnts as shown in Fig.. hs lmnts provid not only tmpratur approximation functions for radial hat conduction but also artrial blood hating and spcial links to th blood pool tmpratur.. Bio Hat Equation Stat of th art modlling of hat transport mchanisms in living tissus uss th bio hat quation. his partial diffrntial quation stats that th intrnal nrgy changs at ach matrial point rsults from radial conduction, mtabolism and artrial blood hating ffcts: ω k + + r r r conduction q m + ρblwblcbl( bl,a mtabol. ( = ρc t artrial blood hating with th spcific mass ρ, th spcific hat c, th tmpratur, th tim t, th conductivity k, th body lmnt radius r, th mtabolic hat q m, th spcific mass ρ bl of blood, th blood prfusion rat w bl, th spcific hat c bl of blood, and th artrial tmpratur bl,a. h dimnsionlss paramtr ω is for cylindrical body lmnts (lg and for sphrical body lmnts (had. h hat conduction is only considrd in a radial dirction, considring only tmpratur drivation along r. h quation dscribs th law of nrgy consrvation at ach matrial point of a layr that might rprsnt in, fat, muscl, bon, brain tc. h magnitud of th physiological variabls q m and w bl ar affctd by rsponss of th activ systm, as shown in [] and [3]. h mtabolic hat sourc q m collcts influncs from diffrnt human phnomna: th basal mtabolism, working, shivring and Q0- ffct. h mtabolic hat typically rachs high basal valus at th brain and th abdomn cor. Additional mtabolism from working and shivring appars at muscl layrs. h artrial blood tmpratur bl,a ariss from th actual ovrall thrmal stat of th body and rsults from simulating th human blood circulatory systm, as shown in []. Artrial and vnous blood tmpraturs can b drivd for ach body lmnt of th humanoid. h blood pool tmpratur appars as an additional dgr of frdom of ach manikin, rprsnting th tmpratur of th blood laving th human hart. For a numric solution of th partial diffrntial quation ( HESEUS-FE uss finit lmnts spcially dvlopd for this typ of problm..3 Human Hat Exchang with th Environmnt Most hat of a humanoid is lost through th body surfacs : radiation, convction, in vaporation and contact hat fluxs will b considrd in HESEUS- FE. convctiv hat radiation contact hat stam clothing vaporation swat: m sw xtrior in (no blood flow intrior in (blood flow fat dgr of frdom muscl bon cr for nakd body surfacs: = Fig. 3 Surfac bound. cond. (hot nvironmnt. All ths diffrnt kinds of boundary conditions ar visualizd in Fig. 3, acting on a body lmnt sctor,.g. uppr lg antrior..3. Contact If th usr dfins contact for a body lmnt sctor hat conduction with th contact partnr (.g. th car sat taks plac at th outr surfacs and all othr typs of boundary conditions will b switchd off automatically..3. Convction Convctiv hat xchang btwn a body surfac ara A of tmpratur and th ambint air of tmpratur a considrs both fr (natural and forcd convction using combind convction Qconv = A hc,mix ( a ( cofficints h c,mix For this cofficint D. Fiala uss a wll validatd analytical function from litratur: h = a + a v + a (3 c,mix nat a hat dpnds on th location on th body, th surfac and air tmpratur, and th ffctiv airspd v air,ff (m/sc. h cofficints a nat,j, a frc,j and a mix,j ar listd in tabl in []. hy hav bn drivd from xprimnts and provid diffrnt valus for ach body lmnt. A much smallr part of th total hat xchang taks plac by rspiration. HESEUS-FE considrs this phnomnon too, as dscribd in [], [] and [5]. frc a,ff mix

4 .3.3 Radiation In a coupld simulation HESEUS-FE drivs radiation hat fluxs for th shll modl (Fig., lft and applis thm on body lmnt sctors of th intrnal manikin modl (FIALA-FE. h following radiation phnomna might b considrd: radiation hat from sun transmission (.g. through car glass Viw-factor radiation (black- or gry-body In an uncoupld simulation th usr dfins a fixd radiation wall tmpratur w. h black-body approach lads thn to Q rad h r = A = σε h r ε ( w w ψ w ( + w ( + w (4 using absolut tmpraturs in Klvin, with th Stfan Boltzmann cofficint σ, a wall missivity ε w. h body surfac mission cofficints ε and th viwfactors ψ -w ar listd in tabl in []. D. Fiala uss diffrnt valus dpnding on body location and position (sdntary or standing..3.4 Evaporation h wt hat loss 3, as dfind in [] and [], through th cloths is drivn by th vaporativ potntial btwn in and ambint air Q,cl = A U *,cl ( p pa (5 Whr p is th watr vapor prssur at th in, p a is th vapor prssur of th ambint air, and U *,cl is th rsultant vaporativ hat tranr cofficint. h mathmatical rlations that dfin thos thr functions ar not shown hr, but can b valuatd from [], [] and [5]. Finally th following quantitis ffct th vaporativ hat loss: in tmpratur: i= ( t, ξ i (t φi( ξ (6 sparating nodal tmpraturs i from th spatial approximation functions: φ = ( ξ ; φ = ( + ξ (7 his simpl approach will thn b usd to modl th tmpratur distribution in a matrial layr, as shown in Fig. 4 (rd lin. ξ ( t,ξ + - ϕ ψ L R r 0 Fig. 4 Gomtry of th finit lmnt (FE. Such finit lmnt might rprsnt a matrial layr lik fat, in or bon with a linar tmpratur approach. Or a st of such finit lmnts might build up on singl matrial layr, as shown for th muscl layr in Fig.. Using mor than on finit lmnt pr layr dals with th fact that in most cass transint loading and innr hat sourcs rsult in a nonlinar tmpratur distribution, as shown in Fig [ C] thorax tmpraturs at 5 C nvironmnt t=0min t=45min muscl hating by shivring ambint air tmp., vlocity, humidity: a, ϕ a,v a local vaporativ rsistanc of th cloths: R *,cl local swating rat : dm sw /dt Evaporativ hat loss in a hot nvironmnt strongly dpnds on th local swating rat that can b drivd from th global swating rat SW that is a part of th thrmorgulatory rspons of th activ systm..4 Finit Elmnt Implmntation o solv th bio hat quation (, considring th actual st of boundary conditions, a spcial finit lmnt typ has to b stablishd that allows only radial hat conduction. For th radial tmpratur fild w assum a linar function 3 lung bon muscl Fig. 5 Radial mpratur Distribution. fat, in r [m] 0.5 A largr numbr of sub-layrs (FE must b chosn to build up th muscl tmpratur distribution in such a smooth way as shown in th figur abov. h maximum numbr of sub-layrs is limitd to 9 in HESEUS-FE today. Rplacing th tmpratur in ( by th simpl linar approach ( and intgrating ovr th finit lmnt s solid rgion whil multiplying with φ i on 3 always ngativ valus

5 can show that aftr som mathmatical oprations 4 a tim diffrntial quation systm 5 can b drivd, that holds for on singl finit lmnt : with and = d (8 M + K = Q + q φ φ i j ω k r dξ + a ξ ξ ω βφ φ r dξ ( Q + β ω ω Mij = a ρcφi φi r dξ ; Qi = a φi m bla r dξ (9 K ij i j ( t = R r0 ; r = R t ξ (0 For cylindrical coordinats (.g. lg: a = ϕlt ; d = ϕl t ; A = ϕlr ( And for sphrical coordinats (.g. had: b = cos θ ; a = ϕbt ; d = ϕb t ; A = ϕbr ( h sum ovr all boundary hat flux dnsitis Σq bc from convction, radiation, vaporation or contact will b intgratd on th outr in (or cloth layr: qi = Aφi qbc for ξ = 3 Fiala s Activ Systm (3 h activ systm controls rgulatory rsponss of shivring, swating and priphral vasomotion in trms of global manikin functions dpnding on thr stat variabls: th man in tmpratur:,m th hypothalamus (had cor tmpratur: hy and drivations of th man in tmpratur vrsus tim: d,m /dt h non-linar activ systm function in [] and [3] had bn drivd from rgrssion analysis, taking into account a hug numbr of tst cass. A dtaild dscription of th manikin s activ systm (with its influncs on th passiv systm can b found in litratur and will not b shown hr. 4 Validation In his PhD thsis [] D. Fiala collctd a larg numbr of xprimnts from litratur whr humans had bn xposd to diffrnt (and changing nvironmntal conditions. An xtnsiv validation program showd th applicability of his thrmal manikin. 4 E.g. thos oprations ar shown in [4]. 5 h undrlind quantitis in (8 ar vctors or matrics. = t. In Fig. 6 on singl thrmal load cas is prsntd that shows th global vaporativ rspons of manikin(s on hot nvironmntal conditions. h ffct of rising vaporativ hat loss rsults from swating, that is on of th activ systm rspons functions. m [ C] Q_v [W] _r [ C] HESEUS-FE 33 PhD thsis Fiala, [] Exprimnt man in tmp. [ C]: vaporativ hat loss [W]: tim [min] rctal tmp. [ C]: tim [min] tim [min] Fig. 6 Human rspons on a changing nvironmnt ( C Finally a good fit btwn th HESEUS-FE rsults and thos prsntd in [] could b rachd. A spcial manual [6] shows simulation rsults drivd from th nw manikin in HESEUS-FE that had bn compard with th complt data bas in []. 5 hrmal Comfort h final purpos of th HVAC (Hating Vntilation and Air Conditioning systm is to provid comfortabl thrmal conditions, irrspctiv of th nvironmntal climatic conditions outsid th vhicls cabin. h thrmal boundary conditions of th passngrs ar always tim dpndnt and asymmtric, dominatd by convction and radiation. Human discomfort oftn rsults from th local apparanc of thrmal loads hitting body parts with xtrm hat fluxs from sun, vntilation or contact. hat s why th prdiction of thrmal comfort is on of th major aims of thrmal simulation today, and spcially for vhicl passngrs. In HESEUS-FE such manikin simulations typically start from thrmal nutrality

6 5. hrmal Nutrality D. Fiala dfins th thrmal nutrality as a stat of optimal thrmal comfort at crtain boundary conditions ab. Boundary Conditions at thrmal nutrality a ϕ a v a ε w activity 30 C 40% 0.05m/s mt Rsponss from th activ systm lik shivring, swating and vasomotion do not act at thrmal nutrality. Manikin s man in and hypothalamus tmpratur ar listd in ab. ab. Manikin rsults [] at thrmal nutrality,m Τ hy Q conv Q rad Q,cl 34.4 C 37.0 C.5W 38.9W 8.W hs tmpraturs typically ar usd as st-point tmpraturs for th activ systm and th thrmal comfort prdiction. hat mans that drivations from th st-points lad to activ systm rsponss (lik swating and shivring on th on hand sid, and stats of discomfort on th othr hand sit. Local drivations Δ =,0 (4 of th in tmpraturs vrsus thir st-point tmpraturs,0 can giv th usr a first indication for discomfort. In such a contxt a Δ valu of zro rprsnts th optimal stat of thrmal nutrality for a body lmnt sctor.,m,0 = 34.4 C thrmal nutrality thrmal nutrality,m = 34.4 C locally hatd by sun hatd by contact coold by vntila coold by vntilations Fig. 7 Skin tmpraturs at initial and final stat of a cabin cool-down simulation with HESEUS-FE Modrn modls for thrmal comfort prdiction will b discussd in th following two sub-chaptrs: Both modls us st-points drivations and som dynamic ffcts too. hat mans a propr simulation of th tmpraturs at thrmal nutrality is ssntially ndd for a latr thrmal comfort prdiction. 5. Global hrmal Comfort Prdiction (by Fiala Fiala s global dynamic thrmal snsation indx DS uss st-point drivations of th man in tmpratur and th hypothalamus tmpratur togthr with th dynamic variabl d,m /dt. h thr stat variabls usd for th DS indx calculation ar th sam as for th activ systm 6. ( Δ, Δ, DS = DS (5,m his indx runs from -3 (cold to +3 (hot and is for many load cass comparabl with th wll known PMV indx 7. In standard simulations th influnc of Δ hy is quit low and th man in tmpratur drivations affcts th DS indx mainly. Rlations btwn Δ,m and th DS indx ar shown in th figur blow. hot 3 warm - cool - cold -3 hy,m t [min] DS PMV D m Fig. 8 Global Rsults from a cool-down simulation. h manikin in tmpraturs ar initializd at thrmal nutrality (Fig. 7 and th boundary conditions start with vry high cabin air and radiation wall tmpraturs. A suddn ris of in tmpraturs maks th DS indx ris up to its maximum valu of +3. his dynamic ffct rsults from th third stat variabl in (5. Aftr about 5 minuts simulation vntilations (blowing cold air insid th cabin lad thn to falling man in tmpraturs that rach th stat of nutrality at 34.4 C aftr 40 minuts. h dynamic thrmal snsation indics shows wll-bing in a rang of Nvrthlss a in tmpratur distribution as shown in Fig. 7 (right hand sid maks it clar that a crtain valu for th man in tmpratur oftn hids information about local asymmtris that might b rsponsibl for local discomfort. S Fig. 7: a coold right arm and a hatd lft arm nglct ach othr in th man tmpratur calculation. Finally thr is a strong nd for a local thrmal comfort modl today. Such a modl had bn prsntd by Zhang in [7] 5.3 Local hrmal Comfort Prdiction (by Zhang As a rsult of hr PhD thsis Zhang prsntd a vry complx mathmatical framwork for local thrmal comfort prdiction in [7]. h principl ida of hr modl is visualizd in Fig. 9. At a first stp th human hypothalamus and in tmpraturs must b drivd from masurmnt or a thrmal manikin simulation. In 6 S chaptr 3. 7 S [8].

7 a scond stp local thrmal snsation indics can b calculatd for crtain body parts (.g. had, fac, uppr arm. h stat variabls usd thrfor ar tmpratur drivations vrsus nutrality and drivativs with rspct to tim, as shown in Fig. 9. manikin simulation of in & cor tmpraturs Local hrmal Snsation Indx [-4..+4] (for ach body part Sl = Sl ( Δ, Δ,,,m hy Ovrall hrmal Snsation I. So = So Sl... ( Sl n Local hrmal Comfort I. [-4..+4] LC = LC Sl,So ( Fig. 9 Zhang s local comfort modl. An ovrall thrmal snsation indx can thn b found with pr calculatd Sl valus. Finally th local thrmal comfort indx is a function of th ovrall thrmal snsation and th rlatd local thrmal snsation indx of th body part. All ths mathmatical functions considr a hug numbr of local wighting factors drivd from xprimnts and rgrssion analysis. In [0] a mthod had bn prsntd that shows how on could driv sat tmpraturs (at th contact ara that would raliz a maximum local comfort indx at th manikins back. hrfor th workflow shown in Fig. 9 must b rvrsd, starting with a local comfort indx +4 with th final aim to driv contact tmpraturs that raliz this maximum comfort at givn boundary conditions. h simpl qustion bhind such an analysis is: what is th optimal contact tmpratur in a cold vhicl. 5.4 Local Equivalnt mpraturs h principl ida is to tak simulatd hat fluxs as an input and driv mor maningful tmpraturs In [9] th dfinition of an quivalnt tmpratur is givn: h quivalnt tmpratur q is th tmpratur of an imaginary nclosur with th sam man radiant tmpratur and air tmpratur and zro air vlocity in which a prson xchangs th sam hat loss by convction and radiation as in th actual condition. his mthod can b usd in a global and a local way. A global way would man to driv on singl valu for q for a manikin at a crtain stat of th simulation. A local way would driv quivalnt tmpraturs at ach body lmnt sctor with known tmpraturs (in, cloth and hat fluxs: nat q 4 4 ( Qbc = Aσεεwψ w q + (6 A a + a frc v a,ff + a mix h lft hand sid of (4 builds th sum ovr all boundary hat fluxs from th manikin simulation, as shown in Fig. 3. On th right hand sid th quations (3 and (4 build togthr th hat loss of a crtain body part with an imaginary nclosur with q = w = a. h ffctiv air spd v a,ff can b rplacd by zro or a low valu lik 0.05m/s. Equation (4 holds for an quivalnt tmpratur prdiction at th clothd body part, rplacing th cloth tmpratur by th in tmpratur would lad to an quivalnt tmpratur rlatd to th nud body part. For givn manikin tmpraturs and hat fluxs th only unknown in (4 is th quivalnt tmpratur, that could b drivd from an itrativ schm lik th Nwton Mthod. h original concpt of th quivalnt tmpratur dos not considr vaporativ hat loss in th imaginary nclosur. Basd on a thrmal manikin simulation, an xtnsion of th standard mthod considring (5 on th right hand sid of (4 would b asily possibl, bcaus all quantitis listd in chaptr.3.4 ar givn. h rlativ humidity of th nclosur should thn b a pr dfind valu. Finally th ida of th quivalnt tmpratur lads to a quit simpl-to-us mthod of assssing local thrmal comfort at vry complx boundary conditions, typical for a vhicl simulation. 6 Rfrncs [] D. Fiala. Dynamic Simulation of Human Hat ranr and hrmal Comfort. PhD thsis, D Montfort Univrsity, Licstr, 998. [] D. Fiala, K.J. Lomas, M. Stohrr. A computr modl of human thrmorgulation for a wid rang of nvironmntal conditions: h passiv systm. J.Appl.Physiol, 87:957-97, 999. [3] D. Fiala, K.J. Lomas, M. Stohrr. Computr prdiction of human thrmorgulatory and tmpratur rsponss to a wid rang of nvironmntal conditions. Int.J.Biomtorol 00 [4] J.N. Rddy, D.K. Gartling. h Finit Elmnt Mthod in Hat ranr and Fluid Dynamics (sc. dition. CRC Prss LLC, Boca Raton 000. [5] HESEUS-FE, Rlas.0, hory Manual. [6] HESEUS-FE, Rlas.0, Manikin FIALA-FE Validation Manual. [7] H. Zhang. Human hrmal Snsation and Comfort in ransint and Non-Uniform hrmal Environmnts. PhD hsis, Cntr for Environmntal Dsign Rsarch (CEDR, Univrsity of California at Brkly, 003. [8] P. O. Fangr. hrmal Comfort: Analysis and Application in Environmntal Enginring. Danish ch. Prss, Copnhagn, Dnmark, 970. [9] H. Nilsson, I. Holmr. Dfinitions and Masur-mnts of Equivalnt mpraturs. EQUIV Rport nr, EUcommission Cost contract No SM4-C95-07 [0] S. Paulk. Finit Elmnt basd Implmntation of Fiala`s hrmal Manikin in HESEUS-FE. VMS 007