Liquid-drop model of electron and atom

Transcription

1 Liquid-drop modl of lctron and atom F. F. Mnd In th articl is xamind th liquid-drop modl of lctron and atom, which assums xistnc of lctron both in th form th ball-shapd formation and in th form liquid. This modl is built on th sam principls, on which was built th liquiddrop modl of nuclus, proposd by Bohr and Wizsackr. Th kywords: lctron, th liquid-drop modl of nuclus. 1. Introduction Phnomnon of th lctrization of dilctrics known long ago. With th friction th dilctrics acquir boostr charg, in this cas th lctrons pass from th dilctrics with th smallr dilctric constant to th dilctric, whos dilctric constant is mor. Millikan stablishd that with th disprsion in air of oil of his drop th discrt chargs acquir. This mad it possibl to mak th conclusion that th chargs can hav only discrt variabl and th masurd discrt magnitud of th charg of drops was dfind as lctron charg. Exprinc dos not giv th possibility to stablish, from whr drops obtaind discrt chargs. Ths chargs could b obtaind with th transformation of oil into th drops in th procss of its disprsion. Th discrt charg of drop thy could obtain also with intraction with 1

2 th nozzl of atomizd-spray injctor, or in th procss of intraction with atmosphric air. In air b containd to always vapors of watr, and sinc th dilctric constant of watr is grat, i.. molculs could tak away chargs in th drops of oil. As a rsult ths xprimnts lctron thy bgan to considr ball-shapd formation with th spcific sizs and discrt charg. Sinc it was stablishd that th lctron has discrt charg and has ball-shapd form, bcam a qustion about th spcial faturs of its prsnc in th constitution of atom. Th ida of th Bohr orbits of lctron in th atom thus was born. This ida assums that th lctrons rvolv around th positivly chargd nuclus, bing found in spcific orbits. Passag from on orbit to anothr is accompanid by th mission of th quanta of th lctromagntic radiation, whn ach quantum bars th spcific bundl of nrgy. Ths assumptions bcam th basis of quantum mchanics. But in this modl thr xist th contradictions, which ar not rmovd to th ths rapids. With its lctron motion must continuously mit lctromagntic wavs, but, moving in th constitution of atom, it dos not mit. In addition to this th simplst atom of hydrogn, which consists of th proton and th lctron rvolving around it, must hav magntic momnt, but hydrogn atom of this momnt dos not hav. W must conclud for this rason that th physically substantiatd modl of th simplst atom, which is hydrogn atom, until thr xists. But problms ar locatd not only with lctron and atom of hydrogn. Is not clar natur of structur and proton, or complx nucli, in which act nuclar forcs. It proposd th liquid-drop modl of nuclar structur in 1936 n. Boron in ordr to xplain th long tims of lif of th xcitd nucli of th havy lmnts, th gnratrix during captur of th slow nutrons of [1]. It dvlopd Wizsackr, considring nuclus as th sphrical drop of incomprssibl chargd nuclar fluid []. Th proposd modl had larg hast, and with its aid it was possibl to xplain many proprtis of nucli and to, in th first plac, obtain smi-mpirical formula for th nuclar binding nrgy. In this articl w will attmpt to build th liquid-drop modl of lctron and atom.

3 . Liquid-drop modl of lctron and atom Elctron can b found in th bound stat in th constitution of atom, and also in th fr stat in th form of lctron bams or nar th incandscnt cathod in th lctronic dvics. In th fr stat lctron to b found also in th conductors, whn it can frly b movd into th tl- conductor. But if w considr lctron th ballshapd formation of th spcific sizs, thn problms hr appar. In th suprconductiv stat th dpth of pntration of magntic to hat on and currnts composs valus th strand of svral hundrd angstroms, whil th valu of th surfac roughnss it is masurd by microns. Th lctron vlocity in suprconductiv niobium with th critical magntic fild is about 300 m/s. If lctron was ball, thn moving along so twisting a trajctory, it du to th inrtial forcs would dstroy surfac, but this it dos not occur. Thrfor possibl bing to assum that locatd in th composition of conductors, lctrons prsnt liquid, and thy mov according to its laws. Whn conductor to hat to th high tmpratur, this liquid similar to watr vapor vaporats from th surfac of conductor. Aftr xcding th limits of conductor, vapors of this liquid ar condnsd into th drops, forming lctrons. Liquid has th surfac tnsion, bcaus of which th drop of liquid acquirs ballshapd form. In this cas intrnally th prssur in th drop is cratd by th forcs of surfac tnsion, which act on th surfac. Th prssur, cratd by th surfac of drop is dtrmind by th rlationship whr σ is cofficint of surfac tnsion, r is radius of drop. p σ σ = (.1) r Th lctron is had th xtrnal lctric fild, which attmpts to tar lctron, ths forc fild on in th dirction thy ar rvrs to th forcs of surfac tnsion. Thir prssur on th surfac of lctron is dtrmind by th rlationship p E 1 = ε0es (.) 3

4 whr E s is tnsion of lctrical fild on th surfac of lctron. Th tnsion of lctrical fild on th surfac of lctron it is dtrmind by th rlationship E s 3 = (.3) r π ε0 whr is lctron charg, ε 0 is th dilctric constant of vacuum, r is a radius of lctron. Equalizing rlationships (.1) and (.) and taking into account rlationship (.3) w obtain th cofficint of surfac tnsion for th lctronic liquid σ 64π ε r = (.4) 3 0 Substituting in rlationship (.4) tabulatd data, w obtain Дж м σ For th comparison lt us point out that for th watr th valu of surfac tnsion is 73 J/m, and for mrcury it is qual to 487 J/m. A classical radius of lctron composs.8x10-15 m. Exprimnts on th masurmnt of a radius of proton showd that its diamtr was qual 9x10-16 m. If w attmpt ourslvs to plac proton insid th lctron, thn th filds of proton nutraliz th charg of lctronic liquid, aftr convrting it into th usual badly comprssibl liquid. Volumtric drop will bgin to b nlargd, bing convrtd into th shll (Fig. 1) This shll will b xtndd until sts in th quilibrium btwn th lctric forcs, which attmpt to prss sphr and to th lastic forcs of th lctronic liquid, which prvnt this comprssion. This procss will dtrmin th radius of th atom of hydrogn, which is qual 5.3x10-11 m. Sinc th charg of lctronic liquid is qual to th charg of proton, lctric filds outsid th atom will b absnt. 4

5 + Fig. 1. Th liquid-drop modl of atom. 3. Conductivity of mtals and th drop thory of th lctron Sufficint conductivity of normal mtals xtndd by thory is Drud modl. Elctrons in th mtal ar considrd as lctron gas, to which it is possibl to apply kintic thory of gass. It is considrd that th lctrons, as th atoms of gas in th kintic thory, ar th idntical solid sphrs, which mov along th straight lins until thy ncountr with ach othr. It is assumd that th duration of sparat collision is ngligibl, and that btwn th atoms it acts no othr forcs, xcpt th forcs, which appar at th momnt of collision. Sinc lctron is ngativly chargd particl, thn for obsrving th condition of lctronutrality in th solid tl- also must b th particls of anothr typ, i.., th positivly chargd ions. Drud assumd that th compnsating positiv charg blongs to th ions, which it considrd fixd. Dspit th fact that gas dnsity of conduction lctrons is approximatly 1000 tims mor than th dnsity of classical gas at normal to tmpratur and prssur, in of Drud modl th mthods of th kintic thory of th inrt rarfid gass adapt. Th basic assumptions of th thory of Drud consist of th following: In th intrval btwn th collisions is not considrd intraction of lctron othr lctrons and ions vn it is considrd that ach lctron movs with th constant 5

6 vlocity along th straight lin. Furthr, it is considrd that in th prsnc of xtrnal fild on lctron it movs in accordanc with Nwton's law. In of Drud modl, as in th kintic thory, collisions ar th instantanous vnts, which suddnly chang th lctron vlocity, and tim btwn two squntial collisions of τ is calld rlaxation tim. This tim ntrs into th rlationship, which dtrmins th conductivity of th mtal of n τ σ =. m In this cas th connction btwn th currnt dnsity in th mtal and th tnsion of lctric fild taks th form: j = σ E It is assumd that th lctrons com into th stat of thrmal quilibrium with th lattic xclusivly bcaus of th collisions. Th thory of Drud satisfactorily dscribs th phnomnon of th conductivity of mtals and up to now succssfully it is usd in th lctrodynamics. Th drop thory, whn lctronic componnt in th mtal is considrd as lctronic liquid, changs approach to th dtrmination of th conductivity of mtal. Task is convrtd into th hydrodynamic task along th flow around obstacls of th moving liquid. With th flow of th liquid about th fixd obstacls ar two rgims: laminar and turbulnt. For ach form of flow thr is critical Rynolds numbr R cr, which dtrmins passag from th laminar flow to th turbulnt. With th fulfillmnt of conditions R R cr occurs laminar flow, with R R cr in th liquid appar turbulncs. With th laminar flow of liquid nrgy losss b absnt, and, thrfor, is absnt rsistanc. In th turbulnt rgim, with th diffraction of obstacls in th liquid appar turbulncs, which lad to th nrgy losss. Spcifically, by this it is 6

7 possibl to xplain th fact that vn at tmpraturs, which ar approachd absolut zro, th nd rsistanc is obsrvd in mtals. But if th obstacls stramlind with liquid accomplish oscillatory or othr othr motions, thn this lads to additional turbulncs, and, thrfor, also to an incras in th rsistanc. And th gratr th amplitud of th fluctuations of th stramlind obstacls, th gratr th rsistanc. This circumstanc lads to th dpndnc of th rsistanc of mtals on th tmpratur, sinc. with an incras in th tmpratur th amplitud of th oscillations of lattic ions incrass. Th approach xamind can b usd for xplaining this phnomnon as th suprconductivity, which can b th consqunc of th passag of th flow of lctronic liquid from th turbulnt to th laminar. Suprconductors hav th critical tmpratur, lowr than which thy convrt to th suprconductiv stat. This mans that with th amplituds of th oscillations of lattic ions of suprconductor th laminar possibl flow of lctronic liquid is lowr than th crtain critical valu. In th suprconductors of th scond kind thr is a phas of th mixd stat, whn vortx formations can b cratd with th way of th imposition of xtrnal magntic fild. In this cas Abrikosov vortics ar formd. With th flow of lctronic liquid ths vortics bgin to mov, which lads to th apparanc of rsistanc. Th cas, whn in connction with th prsnc of th dfcts of crystal lattic, vortics ar attachd on such dfcts, is xponntial, in this cas th vortics cannot mov, and rsistanc is absnt. In th usual hydrodynamics this situation is ralizd b it cannot. Th liquid-drop modl of atom xamind transfrs a qustion about th prsnc of rsonancs in th atom into th mchanical task. If thr is an lastic shll, thn it has th infinit numbr of mchanical rsonancs. Ths rsonancs can b to bar th axial natur, whn standing wav has axial symmtry. Ar possibl also th rsonancs, whn th intgr of half-wavs is plottd along th quator of sphr. But this systm will possss still on typ of th fluctuations, which gnrat th circularly polarizd lctromagntic radiation. During th collision with othr it will 7

8 pass th displacmnt of lctron shll on th rlation to th nuclus as atoms. As a rsult this is formd th bing varid and simultanously rvolving lctric dipol. Th mission of this dipol will b rcivd by rcivr as th mission of th spcific frquncy, modulatd in th amplitud, and which, thrfor, contains th carrir frquncy and sid frquncis. Th totality of all rsonancs indicatd and fluctuations of dipol will compos th mission of atom. Conclusion th proposd liquid-drop modl of lctron and atom this thus far only hypothsis, but it has right to xistnc as th liquid-drop modl of nuclus. W attmptd to dscrib only vry ida of drop approach to th circumscription of lctron, furthr dvlopmnt of ths idas in addition to of th liquid-drop modl of nuclus can lad to th cration of th gnralizd liquid-drop modl of atom. Litratur [1] N. Boron. Nutron captur and nuclar structur. UFN, Vol. 4, 4, [] K. M. Mukhin. Exprimntal nuclar physics. Moscow: Enrgyatomizdat,