The Effect of Natural Organic Matter on Bromide Removal from Drinking Water Using Silver- Impregnated Activated Carbon

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1 The Effect of Natural Organic Matter on Bromide Removal from Drinking Water Using Silver- Impregnated Activated Carbon 21/6/217 (SIAC) Supervisors: Babak Rajaeian PhD candidate Department of Civil Engineering A/Prof Anna Heitz (Department of Civil Engineering) A/Prof Cynthia Joll (Curtin Water Quality Research Centre) Dr Sébastien Allard (Curtin Water Quality Research Centre)

2 About Myself

3 Research question? Why do we need to remove bromide from drinking water sources???

Bromate 1) Carcinogenic Br-DBPs N-DBPs 2)

issues 4) Exacerbated disinfectant decay

4 Industry Knowledge Gap Raw Water Coagulation Flocculation Filtration (?) Sedimentation Fine sand Chlorine Chloramine Ozone Gravel Disinfection Bromate 1) Carcinogenic Br-DBPs N-DBPs 2) Discoloured water 3) Taste and odour issues 4) Exacerbated disinfectant decay Filtered water out (Minimised disinfectant residuals) Treated Water Disinfection

Challenges in Western Australia (WA) Sample [Br] (μg/l) [DOC] (mgc/l) North-West Coastal GW 8455.8 Great Southern SW1 847 1.2 South-East GW 754 1.2 North-West SW 448 4.3 South-West SW 4 3.

5 Challenges in Western Australia (WA) Sample [Br] (μg/l) [DOC] (mgc/l) North-West Coastal GW Great Southern SW South-East GW North-West SW South-West SW Perth Metro GWTP raw water Mid-West E GW bore Goldfields GW bore Goldfields GW bore Goldfields GW bore Goldfields GW bore Goldfields GW bore Perth South Coastal GW bore Perth South Coastal GW bore Perth South Coastal GW bore Great Southern SW Mid-West W GW bore Mid-West W GW bore Mid-West W GW bore Perth Northern GW bore Perth Metro artesian GW *( E = eastern; GW = groundwater; GWTP = groundwater treatment plant; SW= surface water; W = western). [Br] < 5 μg/l (Gillogly et al., AWWA Research Foundation, 21) Low 76 μg/l < [Br] < 54 μg/l Moderate to High (Boyer and Singer, Water Research, 25 ) [Br] > 7 μg/l (Hansson et al., Water Research, 1987) Very high (Gruchlik et al., Water, 215)

Current Methods for the Bromide Removal Membrane Electrochemical Adsorption Reverse osmosis Nanofiltration Susceptible to fouling High energy consumption Short lifespan Costly pre-treatment processes

6 Current Methods for the Bromide Removal Membrane Electrochemical Adsorption Reverse osmosis Nanofiltration Susceptible to fouling High energy consumption Short lifespan Costly pre-treatment processes NOT selective and overtreats water Electrolysis Capacitive deionization (CDI) Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) High capital cost High energy consumption NOT selective and overtreats water Aluminium coagulation Ion-exchange resins Activated carbon (GAC) Ease of application and low-cost NOT selective and overtreats water

7 [Br]t/[Br] [Br]t/[Br] Silver-Impregnated Activated Carbon 1.95 GAC [Br] = 12.5 µm Dosage: 1 g/l of GAC 1.8 [Ag] = 13.6 μmol/g [Br] = 12.5 µm Dosage: 1 g/l of SIAC % % Time (min) Time (min) 1mm 1μm 1nm Nowack et al. ES & T (21)

8 Br Removal Mechanisms Ag+ SIAC (1) Chemisorption AgX (1) surf + X (aq) AgX(S) Br Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Br X: Br and/or Cl (2) AgX (2) Aqueous phase reaction aq + X (aq) AgX(aq) Ag+ SIAC Ag + + Cl (aq) AgClK sp = Br (aq) AgBrK sp = AgCl + Br (aq) AgBr(Anion exchange of Cl for Br )

9 Measured values (t = 18min) A Groundwater Sample From a Bore in Western Australia Raw Water SIAC Treated Water 44% Initial values Chloride (mg/l) 43 Bromide (µg/l) Iodide (µg/l) 5 6 DOC (mgc/l) UV 254 (nm) % 66% SUVA (L/mg-m) 7.8 [Br-] (μmol/g) DOC (mgc/l) SUVA(254) (L/mg-m) Water Quality Parameters ph 7.1

10 Research Gap!! Br removal(%)?? DOC removal(%)?? NOM Character Br

11 Br residual (μmol/g) DOC residual (mgc/l) SIAC Treatment of Selected NOM Isolates,9,9,8,8,7,6,5,4,7,6,5,4 [Br] = 12.5 μm [DOC] = 1 mgc/l,3,2,3,2 Dosage: 2 g/l of SIAC,1,1 PLFA SRFA SRDOM NOM isolate type M w SUVA 254 Pony Lake Fulvic Acid (PLFA) - 1R19F Aromatic (%) C Aliphatic (%) O (w/w) % N (w/w) % S (w/w) % Suwannee River NOM (SRDOM) - 2R11N Suwannee River Fulvic Acid (SRFA) - 2S11F Elemental Compositions and Stable Isotopic Ratios of IHSS Samples (accessed Mar 1, 217).

12 Take-home Message... Physical and Chemical characteristics of NOM Functionality S (Thiol) N (Amine) C (Carboxyl) Br removal(%)?? Molecular size Aromatic & Aliphatic Properties DOC removal(%)??

57 nm [Br ] e /[Br ],18,16,14,12,1,8,6,4,2 3,6 3,2 2,8 2,4 2 1,6 1,2,8,4 Blank 3.

13 DOC residual (mgc/l) NOM model compounds (Size effect) Compound Tannic acid (TA) Gallic acid (GA) Molecular Weight (TA) (GA) Molecular Diameter g/mol 1.6 nm g/mol.57 nm [Br ] e /[Br ],18,16,14,12,1,8,6,4,2 3,6 3,2 2,8 2,4 2 1,6 1,2,8,4 Blank 3.6 mgc/l Tannic acid 3.6 mgc/l Gallic acid Time (min) 3.6 mgc/l Tannic acid 3.6 mgc/l Gallic acid Time (min)

6 12 18 Time (min) HS H 2 N H 3 C Molecular structure Molecular weight 92.1 g/mol 75.

14 Bromide residual (μmol/g) DOC residual (mgc/l) NOM model compounds (Functionality effect) 3 2,5 2 1,5 Glycine Thioglycolic acid Sodium propionate 1,4 1,2 1,8,6 Glycine Thioglycolic acid Sodium Propionate t = 18 min 1,4,5,2 Compound Thioglycolic acid Glycine Sodium propionate Time (min) HS H 2 N H 3 C Molecular structure Molecular weight 92.1 g/mol 75.1 g/mol Binding Sites for Carboxylic acid, Thiol Carboxylic acid, Amino acid 96.1 g/mol Carboxylic acid Glycine Thioglycolic acid Sodium Propionate [Br] = 12.5 μm [DOC] = 1.4 mgc/l Dosage: 2 g/l of SIAC

15 How the NOM Interferes... Physical interactions Pore Blockage Higher M w NOM Fraction and higher Aromaticity Chemical interactions Site Competition (Ag-NOM complexation) Higher Aliphatic Fractions Br High-SUVA NOM Low-SUVA NOM Future work Total concentration of Br-DBPs (AOBr)??

16 Summary New mechanistic knowledge Retrofitable to existing water treatment system Cost-effective quality water in remote locations Who benefits Academia Industry Improves consumer perception (tastes and odours) Minimises Br-DBPs Minimises discoloured water events Improves risk management for water utilities Facilitates Ozone application (Long-Term)

18 THANK YOU QUESTIONS and COMMENTS 21/6/217

19 Released Silver (µmol/g) Silver Leaching 15 [Ag] = 13.6 μmol/g 1 5 Blank ([Br] = ) [Ag] t=18 min = 5.8 μmol/g Time (min) [Ag] t=18 min = 3.5 μmol/g (1) Chemisorption surf + X (aq) AgX(S) (2) Aqueous phase reaction aq + X (aq) AgX(aq)

20 Released Silver (μmol/g) Released Silver (μmol/g) Released Silver (μmol/g) Silver Leaching + NOM 1,5 1,2,9,6,8,3 PLFA SRFA SRDOM,7,6,5,4 t = 18 min [Ag]= 13.6 µmol/g 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 t = 3 min [Ag]= 13.6 µmol/g,3,2,1 Glycine Thioglucolic acid Sodium propionate 1,5 Blank Tannic acid Gallic acid

21 References Gillogly, T., Najm, I., Minear, R., Marinas, B., Urban, M., Kim, J.H., Echigo, S., Amy, G., Douville, C., Daw, B., Andrews, R., Hofman, R., and Croue, J.P., (21). Bromate formation and control during ozonation of low bromide waters. AWWA Research Foundation (Now Water Research Foundation), CO, USA. Boyer, T.H., and Singer, P.C., (25). Bench-scale testing of a magnetic ion exchange resin for removal of disinfection byproduct precursors. Water Research, 39(7), Hansson, R.C., Henderson, M.J., Jack, P., and Taylor, R.D. (1987) Iodoform taste complaints in chloramination. Water Research, 21(1), Gruchlik, Y., Tan, J., Allard, S., Heitz, A., Bowman, M., Halliwell, D., Gunten, U., Criquet, J., Joll, C., 215. Impact of bromide and iodide during drinking water disinfection and potential treatment processes for their removal or mitigation. Water 41, Nowack, B., Krug, H.F., Height, M., Years of Nanosilver History: Implications for Policy Makers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, IHSS - Elemental Compositions and Stable Isotopic Ratios of IHSS Samples (accessed Mar 1, 217).

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