What is physical treatment? What is chemical treatment?
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1 What is physical treatment? What is chemical treatment? Physical : having material existence and subject to the laws of nature. Chemical : any material used in, or produced by chemistry. Chemistry : is the study of matter (composition, structure, and properties) and the changes it undergoes. The key is the change that the matter undergoes. In chemical transformation, the original substance turns into an entirely different substance after the transformation. In physical transformation, the change is only in appearance but not in substance.
2 Physical treatment of water and wastewater is a process applied to water and wastewater in which no chemical changes occur. Chemical treatment of water and wastewater is a process applied to water and wastewater in which chemical changes occur.
3 Process versus Operation? In PROCESS chemical and biological forces are active. (e.g. adsorption, oxidation, activated sludge treatment) In OPERATION, physical forces are active (e.g. mixing, filtration, aeration). Physical treatments are called unit operations.
4
5 WATER TREATMENT PROBLEMS 1. Turbidity Importance : Less attractive for drinking, swimming, etc. particles protect microorganisms from the effect of disinfectants. Characteristics : Colloidal particles, e.g. clay, silt, metal oxides, plant fibers, algal cells. Treatment : Coagulation, sedimentation, filtration. 2. Algae (colloidal size plants) Importance : Cause taste and odor and turbidity. Characteristics : Non-settleable, colloidal microscopic plants. Treatment : Coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection. 3. Pathogenic Microorganisms Importance : Transmission of diseases through water. Characteristics : Colloidal, bacteria, viruses, protozoa. Treatment : Disinfection, coagulation, filtration.
6 4. Iron and Manganese Importance : Staining, taste. Characteristics : Dissolved solids. Treatment : Chemical oxidation by O 2 (aeration), O 3, Cl 2, KMnO 4, etc. 5. Sulfides H 2 S, Mercaptanes (organic S containing comp.) Importance : Odor, taste, corrosion. Characteristics : Dissolved solids (usually in groundwater). Treatment : Stripping (aeration), chemical oxidation to break the bonds and make it a smaller compound. 6. Salts Importance : Taste, SO 4 laxative. Characteristics : Dissolved solids ( Cl -, SO 4=, HCO - 3, etc). Treatment : Ion exchange, membrane processes.
7 7. Hardness if H 2 O is needed for industrial purposes such as boilers or cooling H 2 O you have to remove them. For tap water it is not very important. Importance : Scaling, soap precipitation. Characteristics : Dissolved solids (Ca ++ & Mg ++ ). Treatment : Precipitation, ion exchange, membrane processes. You can bring them down to the solubility of those compounds. 8. Heavy Metals Importance : Toxic, damage nervous system (Hg) brittle bones Characteristics : Dissolved solids. Treatment : Precipitation, oxidation/ppt., ion exchange, magnetic separation, adsorption.
8 9. Organic Chemicals Importance : Carcinogenic, toxic, mutagenic. Characteristics : have low solubilities and accumulate in the fatty acids of the body. - synthetic (pesticides, herbicides, PCBs, PAH, etc.) solvents and other chlorinated organics - THMs produced in the treatment plant upon chlorination. -Natural humic substances (association with metals & synthetic organics is of concern). They form complexes. All are dissolved solids except some colloidal humic. Treatment : Adsorption (up to 60% can be removed through adsorption), chemical oxidation, coagulation, stripping, biological removal 10. Nitrate Importance Characteristics : Ion Treatment : Interferes with oxygen-carrying capability of blood causing oxygen starvation of cells in infants blue babies : Ion exchange, membrane processes, denitrification (being researched).
9 11. Sludge Importance : Created in the treatment plant from coagulation and precipitation processes Needs further treatment. Characteristics : Settleable and colloidal particles. Treatment : Thickening, dewatering by centrifuge or filter press.
10 WASTE WATER TREATMENT PROBLEMS 1. Settleable Solids Grit chambers, sedimentation, during primary treatment. 2. Dissolved & Colloidal Organics Secondary Treatment until biological treatment. Exert oxygen demand in receiving waters. Biological oxidation (aerobic or anaerobic) If you have non-biodegredables apply chemical oxidation such as (O 3, Cl 2, KMnO 4, UV) Coagulation, adsorption. 3. Nitrogen Compounds Advanced or Tertiary Treatment Nutrient (NH 3, NO 3 -, amines, amino acids, etc.). Dissolved solids. Removal by nitrification/denitrification, NH 3 stripping, breakpoint chlorination, ion exchange in the form of NH 4 + (below ph 9).
11 4. Phosphorus Compounds Nutrient (ortho and polyphosphates, org-p). Dissolved solids. Removal by chemical precipitaton, ion exchange very expensive. 5. Pathogens, Heavy Metals, Synthetic Organics Same as in water treatment. 6. Sludge mostly biological sludge Further treatment thermally or digestion before dewatering.
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