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1 Kinetic Studies of the Ferroin Complex INSTRUCTOR RESOURCES The CCLI Initiative Learning Objectives The purpose of this experiment is to... to determine the rate of a chemical reaction. to determine the rate law for a chemical reaction. to propose a mechanism for the reaction under study. to determine the activation energy, the enthalpy and the entropy for the reaction. Procedure Overview the kinetics of a series of reactions involving ferroin will be studied using the colorimeter. each student group will complete one of three possible reaction series, at two different concentrations and temperatures. data will be pooled so that each student has a complete set for all three reactions. the order of the reaction for ferroin and the non-ferroin reactant will be determined graphically. rate constants for each series at each temperature will be determined. the activation energy will be estimated by comparing the rates at the different temperatures. 4 The enthalpy and entropy will be determined for the P2O 7 reactant from the Eyring equation. NOTICE: THIS EXPERIMENT REQUIRES THE USE OF EXTERNAL TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED WATER BATHS SET AT THE DESIRED TEMPERATURES 9
2 Name Section Date KINETIC STUDIES OF THE FERROIN COMPLEX Report Sheet Group Members Series assignment A B C Summary report Experimental rate law Rate constant (k) Initial rate Activation energy (Ea) Pre-exponential factor (A) H for the P2O 7 S for the P2O 7 Item T1 T2 4 4 reaction reaction 10
3 Name Section Date KINETIC STUDIES OF THE FERROIN COMPLEX Report Sheet (page 2) Mechanisms Series A Series B Series C Calculations Complete this section for one series and summarize results of all series in the summary table. 1. Order of the reaction in ferroin (from attached graph). 2. Order of the reaction in non-ferroin reactant. a. slope of concentration 1 graph at 40 C. b. slope of concentration 2 graph at 40 C. c. order of reaction: d. explain: e. slope of concentration 1 graph at 50 C. f. slope of concentration 2 graph at 50 C. 11
4 Name Section Date KINETIC STUDIES OF THE FERROIN COMPLEX Report Sheet (page 3) 3. Determine the activation energy for the reaction. 4. Calculate the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor (A) for the reaction Calculate the H for the P2O 7 reaction Calculate the S for the P2O 7 reaction 12
5 Name Section Date KINETIC STUDY OF THE FERROIN COMPLEX Questions/Problems 1. The experimental rate law for the decomposition of nitrous oxide, N2O, is -d[n2o] ==> k[n2o] 2 dt Which of the proposed mechanisms would agree with the observed rate law? (a) N2O ==> N 2 + O (slow) N O + O ==> N + O (fast) (b) 2 N2O ==> N4O 2 (fast) N O ==> 2 N + O (slow) Develop the observed rate law from the mechanism chosen. 13
6 Name Section Date KINETIC STUDY OF THE FERROIN COMPLEX Questions/Problems (page 2) 2. Chloroform and chlorine react to form carbon tetrachloride and hydrogen chloride: CHCl + 3 Cl 2 ==> CCl 4 + HCl The initial rate of reaction was determined for three mixtures of reactants. experiment [CHCl 3]0 [Cl 2] x x x x x x x x x 10 a. What is the observed rate law for the reaction? b. What is the value of the rate constant? 3. Concerning the hydrolysis of t-bucl, would it be possible to distinguish between the associative and dissociative mechanism if the reaction was done with water as the solvent? 14
7 Name Section Date KINETIC STUDY OF THE FERROIN COMPLEX Questions/Problems (page 3) 4. For a reaction that is second order in a given reactant, if one plots 1/conc vs. time for the reactant, the slope of the straight line is equal to the rate constant, but if one plots 1/(Absorbance) vs. time, the slope of the line is not equal to the rate constant. a. Why? b. How could you calculate the rate constant from the slope? c. It does not make a difference in first order systems whether one plots ln(absorbance) or ln (concentration) data vs. time to determine the rate constant. Why? 15
8 KINETIC STUDIES OF THE FERROIN COMPLEX Tips and Traps 1. Be sure to organize the groups and assignments in advance. 2. Controlling the temperature is a key factor. Students must use a beaker with controlled temperature water for carrying solutions to the computers. 3. NOTICE: This experiment requires the use of two external temperature controlled water baths, set at 40 C and 50 C. The two water baths should be set up, one at 40 C and the other at 50 C, which are well stirred and large enough for the number of student beakers that will be done at each temperature. The chamber should have shelves such that the 50 ml beakers can be immersed to the level of the solution within and maintained stable. 16
9 KINETIC STUDIES OF THE FERROIN COMPLEX Sample Data Group Members Series assignment A B C Summary report Item T1 T2 Experimental rate law - d[ferr] = min-1[ferr] dt -1-1 Rate constant (k) min min Initial rate 2.5 x 10 min 1.3 x 10 min Activation energy (Ea) 110 kj/mol Pre-exponential factor (A) 8.5 x 10 1 Mechanisms Series C The mechanism is dissociative. One ferroin ligand must dissociate for an incoming ligand to react with the iron. 17
10 KINETIC STUDIES OF THE FERROIN COMPLEX Sample Data (page 2) Calculations 1. Order of the reaction in ferroin. first order since the graph of ln[ferr] vs. t is a straight line 2. Order of the reaction in non-ferroin reactant. (a) slope of concentration 1 graph at 40 C. [H+] = 0.40 M k = min-1 (b) slope of concentration 2 graph at 40 C. [H+] = 0.40 M k = min-1 ) order of reaction: zero (d) explain: The two k values are equal which means the non-ferroin reactant does not affect the rate. (e) slope of concentration 1 graph at 50 C. [H+] = 0.20 M k = min-1 3. Determine the activation energy for the reaction. ln(k 2/k 1) = Ea ( 1/T 1-1/T 2 ) Ln(0.119/0.0232) = E a (1/312.2 K - 1/324.7 K) J/mol K = E a (1.233 x 10 K ) J/mol K 110 kj/mol = Ea 18
11 KINETIC STUDIES OF THE FERROIN COMPLEX Sample Data (page 3) 4. Calculate the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor (A) for the reaction. k = Ae (-Ea/RT) ln k = -E a + lna RT ln(0.0232) = J/mol + lna ( j/mol)(312.2 K) = lna = lna A = 8.5 X
12 KINETIC STUDIES OF THE FERROIN COMPLEX Sample Data (page 4) A sample MicroLAB Spectrum Profile for the Ferroin complex. 20
13 KINETIC STUDY OF THE FERROIN COMPLEX Suggested Answers to Questions/Problems 1. The experimental rate law for the decomposition of nitrous oxide, N2O, is -d[n2o] ==> k[n2o] 2 dt Which of the proposed mechanisms would agree with the observed rate law? (a) N2O ==> N 2 + O (slow) N O + O ==> N + O (fast) (b) 2 N2O ==> N4O 2 (fast) N O ==> 2 N + O (slow) mechanism b is the accepted Develop the observed rate law from the mechanism chosen. Rate = k 2[N4O 2] 2 k 1 [NO] 4 2 = k -1 [NO] 4 2 [N4O 2] = [N 2 O] 2 Rate = k2 k [N O] = k [N O] k
14 KINETIC STUDY OF THE FERROIN COMPLEX Suggested Answers to Questions/Problems (page 2) 2. Chloroform and chlorine react to form carbon tetrachloride and hydrogen chloride: CHCl 3 + Cl 2 CCl 4 + HCl The initial rate of reaction was determined for three mixtures of reactants. experiment [CHCl 3]0 [Cl 2] x x x x x x x x x 10 What is the observed rate law for the reaction? Rate = k [CHCl 3] [Cl 2] 1/2 What is the value of the rate constant? k = Concerning the hydrolysis of t-bucl, would it be possible to distinguish between the associative and dissociative mechanism if the reaction was done with water as the solvent? No 22
15 KINETIC STUDY OF THE FERROIN COMPLEX Suggested Answers to Questions/Problems (page 3) 4. For a reaction that is second order in a given reactant, if one plots 1/conc vs. time for the reactant, the slope of the straight line is equal to the rate constant, but if one plots 1/(Absorbance) vs. time, the slope of the line is not equal to the rate constant. Why? How could you calculate the rate constant from the slope? It does not make a difference in first order systems whether one plots ln(absorbance) or ln (concentration) data vs. time to determine the rate constant. Why? Since C = A, the equation 1 = kt + 1 b C C o becomes 1 = kt + 1 A/ b A / b o which can be rearranged to 1 = k t + 1 A A o Thus for a plot of 1/A vs. t the slope is k/ b. For a first order reaction the conversion from A to C cancels out because of the first order rate law. Ln(C/C o) = -kt = ln((a/ b)/(a o/ b)) = ln(a/a o) 23
16 KINETIC STUDIES OF THE FERROIN COMPLEX Laboratory Preparation (per student station) Equipment colorimeter and 2 cuvettes, 2.54 cm path length two water baths with Temperatures set for 40 C and 50 C x 100 test tubes ml beakers Mohr pipets (10.0 and 1.0 ml) 2-50 ml beakers Supplies Kimwipes paper towels Chemicals (Prepare at least 50 percent more than listed here for wastage.) 0.02 M Cu(NO 3) 2 (10.0 ml) 0.10 M Na4P2O 7 (10.0 ml) 1.0 M HNO 3 (10.0 ml) ferroin solution (5.0 ml) -14 purchase ferroin at M from supply house and dilute to 5.0 x 10 M for student use Safety and Disposal no special precautions necessary 24
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