Topics in the November 2009 Exam Paper for CHEM1612

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1 November 009 Topics in the November 009 Exam Paper for CHEM161 Click on the links for resources on each topic. 009-N-: 009-N-: 009-N-4: 009-N-5: 009-N-6: 009-N-7: 009-N-8: 009-N-9: 009-N-10: 009-N-11: 009-N-1: 009-N-1: 009-N-14: 009-N-15: Introduction to Chemical Energetics Solutions Gas Laws Acids and Bases Chemical Equilibrium Introduction to Chemical Energetics Gas Laws Chemical Equilibrium Complexes Solubility Introduction to Chemical Energetics Chemical Kinetics Radiochemistry Introduction to Colloids and Surface Chemistry Solubility Chemical Equilibrium Complexes Introduction to Colloids and Surface Chemistry Chemical Kinetics

2 November N-16: Redox Reactions and Introduction to Electrochemistry Chemical Equilibrium Redox Reactions and Introduction to Electrochemistry Complexes

3 CHEM N- November 009 Nitroglycerine, C H 5 (N ), decomposes to form N,, C and H according to the following equation. 4 4C H 5 (N ) (l) 6N (g) + (g) + 1C (g) + 10H (g) If 15.6 kj of energy is evolved by the decomposition of.50 g of nitroglycerine at 1 atm and 5 C, calculate the enthalpy change, H, for the decomposition of 1.00 mol of this compound under standard conditions. The molar mass of C H 5 (N ) is: ( 1.01 (C) (H) (N) ()) g mol -1 = 7.1 g mol g therefore corresponds to: number of moles = = mol As this amount leads to 15.6 kj being evolved, the enthalpy change for the decomposition of 1.00 mol is: H = 15.6 kj / mol = 140 kj mol 1 Answer: 140 kj mol 1 Hence calculate the enthalpy of formation of nitroglycerine under standard conditions. Data: f H (kj mol 1 ) H (g) 4 C (g) 94 The balanced reaction above is for the decomposition of 4 mol of nitroglycerine. Hence, rxn H = kj mol -1 = kj mol -1. Using rxn H = m f H (products) - n f H (reactants), the enthalpy change for the above reaction is: Hence: rxn H = [1 f H (C (g)) + 10 f H (H (g))] - [4 f H (C H 5 (N ) (l))] kj mol -1 = [( ) kj mol -1 ] - [4 f H (C H 5 (N ) (l))] f H (C H 5 (N ) (l)) = 70. kj mol 1 Answer: 70. kj mol 1

4 CHEM N- November 009 Assuming ideal behaviour, calculate the mass of MgCl 6H that should be dissolved in 1.0 L of water at 7 ºC to obtain a solution with an osmotic pressure of 6.0 atm, the same as that of cell cytoplasm. 4 The molar mass of MgCl 6H is: (4.1 (Mg) (Cl) (H) ()) g mol -1 = 0. g mol -1 An osmotic pressure of 6.0 atm corresponds to ( ) kpa = kpa. The osmotic pressure,, is given by = crt. Hence, the concentration, c required is: c = / RT = ( Pa) / (8.14 m Pa K 1 mol 1 ((7 + 7) K)) = 0.6 M MgCl 6H dissolves to give Mg + + Cl - : three particles per mole. Hence, the number of moles of MgCl 6H required to give this concentration of particles in 1.0 L is: number of moles = 0.6 / mol = mol Hence, the mass of MgCl 6H required is: mass = number of moles molar mass = mol 0. g mol -1 = 16 g Answer: 16 g The average speed of a gaseous neon atom at 00 K is 609 m s 1. What is the average speed of a helium atom at the same temperature? As E kinetic = ½ mv : E kinetic (helium) = ½ m He v He E kinetic (neon) = ½ m Ne v Ne The average kinetic energy of each gas is the same, at the same temperature, in the ideal gas model: ½ m He v He = ½ m Ne v Ne v He = (m Ne / m He ) v Ne The ratio of the atomic masses is the same as the ratio of the molar masses and so: v He = (0.18 / 4.00) (609 m s -1 ) v He = 170 m s -1 Answer: 170 m s -1

5 CHEM N-4 November 009 Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane is commonly used to make buffer solutions. It has a base ionisation constant of What is the ph of a 0.05 M aqueous solution of this compound? The base ionization constant refers to the reaction below for which the reaction table is: tris + H trish + H - Initial Change -x +x +x Equilibrium x x x As pk b = -log 10 K b, at equilibrium, K b =!"#$!! [!!! ] [!"#$] =! (!) =!! = (!.!"!!) (!.!"!!) As K b is so small, x will be tiny and 0.05 x ~ 0.05 and so x = or x = [H - ] = M Hence, ph = -log 10 [H - ] = -log 10 ( ) =.60 and so: ph = ph = 10.4 Answer: 10.4 The ionisation constant of water, K w, at 7 C is What is the ph for a neutral solution at 7 C? 1 By definition, K w = [H + (aq)][h - (aq)]. Water ionizes to produce equal amounts of H + (aq) and H - (aq). Let [H + (aq)] = [H - (aq)] = y: K w = (y)(y) = y = y = M = [H + (aq)] ph = -log 10 [H + (aq)] = -log 10 ( ) = 6.81 Answer: 6.81

6 CHEM N-5 November 009 Consider the following reaction. H (g) + Cl (g) HCl(g) K p = at 98 K Calculate G (in J mol 1 ) for this reaction. Using G = -RTlnK p : G = -(8.14 J K 1 mol 1 ) (98 K) ln(0.090) = J mol 1 G = 5.97 kj mol 1 Calculate G (in J mol 1 ) at 5 C when p(h ) = 18 mmhg, p(cl ) =.0 mmhg and p(hcl) = 0.10 mmhg. The reaction quotient, Q, for this reaction is given by: Hence: Q = = = G = G + RTlnQ = ( J mol -1 ) + (8.14 J K 1 mol 1 ) (98 K) ln(0.0008) = J mol -1 Answer: -14. kj mol -1

7 CHEM N-6 November 009 Explain the following terms or concepts. a) Lewis acid A Lewis acid is a species that can accept an electron pair. This includes both the H + and species such as BF and Fe + : H + + H - H BF + F - - BF 4 Fe + + 6H [Fe(H ) 6 ] + b) rd Law of Thermodynamics The entropy of a perfect crystal is 0 at 0 K. c) Brownian motion The random motion of particles in a liquid that increase with increasing temperature. vap H = 4.0 kj mol 1 for benzene, which has a boiling point of 80.1 C. What is the entropy change for the vaporisation of benzene in J K 1 mol 1? At the boiling point, vap G = 0 J mol -1. As vap G = vap H - T vap S : 0 J mol -1 = ( J mol -1 ) (( )) K) vap S vap S = +96. J K 1 mol 1 Answer: +96. J K 1 mol 1

8 CHEM N-7 November 009 The general formula for a nickel(ii) chloride compound complexed with ammonia is [Ni(NH ) x ]Cl. A 0.59 g sample of the salt was dissolved in water and the ammonia from it was titrated with 15 ml of M HCl. What is the value of the coefficient x? 4 The molar mass of [Ni(NH ) x ]Cl is: (58.69 (Ni) + x (14.01 (N) (H)) (Cl)) g mol -1 = ( x) g mol -1 A 0.59 g sample therefore corresponds to: number of moles = = mol (1) The number of moles in 15 ml of M HCl is: number of moles = concentration volume = mol L L = mol Ammonia reacts with HCl according to the reaction NH + HCl NH 4 Cl and so this is equal to the number of moles of NH present. Each mol of [Ni(NH ) x ]Cl contains x mol of NH so the number of moles of [Ni(NH ) x ]Cl is: number of moles = / x mol The value of x is calculated by equating (1) and (). This is easiest to achieve by trial and error. x (1) / mol () / mol The best agreement is for x = 6 - a common coordination number for Ni(II). Answer: 6 ()

9 CHEM N-8 November 009 Will AgCl precipitate if solutions of 5.0 ml of M KCl and 75.0 ml of M AgN are added to one another? Show your reasoning. K sp for AgCl = at 5 C. After mixing the solution has a volume of ( ) ml = ml. Using c 1 V 1 = c V, this leads to Ag + and Cl - concentrations of: [Ag + (aq)] = (75.0 / 100.0) M = M [Cl - (aq)] = (5.0 / 100.0) M = M AgCl(s) dissolves to give Ag + (aq) + Cl - (aq) with the ionic product, Q sp : Q sp = [Ag + (aq)][cl - (aq)] = ( ) ( ) = As Q sp << K sp, there will be no precipitate. Answer: No precipitate forms A mass of 1.50 g of benzoic acid (C 7 H 6 ) underwent combustion in a bomb calorimeter. If the heat capacity of the calorimeter was kj K 1 and the heat of combustion of benzoic acid is 6 kj mol 1, what is the change in internal energy during this reaction? 4 The molar mass of benzoic acid is: ( (C) (H) ()) g mol -1 = 1.1 g mol -1 A mass of 1.50 g therefore corresponds to: number of moles =!"## =!!.!"#!!!"#$%!!"##!"".!!!!!"#!! = mol As 6 kj are released per mole, the change in internal change for this amount is: ΔU = (-6 kj mol -1 ) (0.010 mol) =.0 kj Answer:.0 kj Calculate the temperature change that should have occurred in the apparatus. In a constant volume apparatus like a calorimeter, the change in internal energy is equal to the heat change, q V. Using q = C p ΔT, the temperature change is: ΔT = (.0 kj) / (10.14 kj K -1 ) =.58 K As the combustion reaction evolves heat, the temperature increases. Answer: +.58 K

10 CHEM N-9 November 009 The disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water has an enthalpy of reaction of 98. kj mol 1 and an activation barrier of 75 kj mol 1. Iodide ions act as a catalyst for this reaction, with an activation barrier of 56 kj mol 1. The enzyme, catalase, is also a catalyst for this reaction, and this pathway has an activation barrier of kj mol 1. Draw a labelled potential energy diagram for this process both without and with each of the catalysts. 6 E a no catalyst E a iodide ions reactants E a catalase potential H = 98. kj mol 1 products reaction coordinate Calculate the factor by which the reaction speeds up due to the presence of each of these two catalysts at a temperature of 7 C. Assume that the pre-exponential Arrhenius factor remains constant. Using the Arrhenius equation, k = A exp(-e a / RT). Assuming that A is constant, the ratio of the rate constant for the reaction, at the temperature T = (7 + 7) K = 10 K, by a mechanism with activation energy E a (1) and by a mechanism with activation energy E a () is given by: (i) iodide catalysis: = (ii) enzyme catalysis: 8 =

11 CHEM N-10 November 009 A medical procedure requires 15.0 mg of 111 In. What mass of isotope would be required to be able to use it exactly 4 days later? The half life of 111 In is.80 days. With a half life, t 1/ =.80 days, the activity coefficient,, is: = ln/t 1/ = (ln/.80) days -1 = 0.48 days -1 The amount of isotope at time t is related to the initial amount using ln(n 0 /N t ) = t. With N t = 15.0 mg left after t = 4 days, the initial mass required is therefore: ln(n 0 /N t ) = t ln(n 0 / 15.0) = (0.48 days -1 ) (4 days) N 0 = 40.4 mg Answer: 40.4 mg Write balanced nuclear equations for the following reactions. Positron decay of potassium K Ar + 0 e Electron capture by gallium Ga e Zn 0 Alpha decay of dysprosium Dy Gd + 4 He 64 Briefly explain the apparent contradiction between the following statements. Alpha particles are easily stopped by the skin. The alpha-emitter, radon, is thought to be a significant cause of cancer. Radon is a gas, so can be inhaled. The alpha particles are therefore generated in the lungs and can cause direct damage without needing to penetrate the skin. 1

12 CHEM N-11 November 009 Give examples of changes of conditions that might cause a colloidal dispersion to coagulate. In each case, explain why coagulation occurs. 4 Heating and stirring: increase the frequency and velocity of collisions that are necessary for coagulation to occur. Addition of an electrolyte: neutralises the surface charges, thus removing the electrostatic repulsion between colloidal particles. Changing the ph: can flatten / desorb electrosteric stabilisers A saturated solution of lithium carbonate in pure water at 0 C contains 1. g of solute per ml of solution. Calculate the aqueous solubility product of lithium carbonate at this temperature. 4 The molar mass of Li C is ( (Li) (C) ()) g mol -1 = 7.89 g mol -1. A mass of 1. g therefore corresponds to: number of moles =!"## =!!.!!!!!"#$%!!"##!".!"#!!!!"#!! = mol The reaction table for the dissolution of Li C is: Li C Li + (aq) C - (aq) Initial Change -x +x +x Equilibrium These number of moles of Li + (aq) and C - (aq) in ml. In a litre, the concentrations are therefore [Li + (aq)] = 0.60 M and [C - (aq)] = M. The solubility product is therefore: K sp = [Li + (aq)] [C - (aq)] = (0.60) (0.180) = 0.0 K sp = 0.0 When the temperature of the same solution is raised to 40 C, the solubility is reduced to 1.17 g per ml of solution. What conclusions can be drawn about the sign of the standard enthalpy of dissolution of lithium carbonate? Increasing the temperature leads to less dissolution: the equilibrium has shifted towards reactants (to the left). According to Le Chatelier s principle, this is consistent with an exothermic reaction: ΔH < 0.

13 CHEM N-1 November 009 A mixture of NaCl (5.0 g) and AgN (5.0 g) was added to 1.0 L of water. What are the concentrations of Ag + (aq), Cl (aq) and Na + (aq) ions in solution after equilibrium has been established? K sp (AgCl) = The molar masses of the two salts are: = (.99 (Na) (Cl)) g mol -1 = g mol -1 = ( (Ag) (N) ) g mol -1 = g mol -1 The number of moles of salt added to the solution are therefore: number of moles of NaCl = = mol number of moles of AgN = = mol As 1.0 L of water is present, the initial concentrations of the ions are [Na + (aq)] = M, [Cl - (aq)] = M and [Ag + (aq)] = 0.09 mol. The Na + (aq) will form any precipitate with the ions present: [Na + (aq)] = M. The ionic product for the precipitation of AgCl(s) is given by: Q sp = [Ag + (aq)][cl - (aq)] = (0.09)(0.086) = As Q sp >> K sp, precipitation of AgCl(s) will occur. As [Ag + (aq)] < [Cl - (aq)], the silver ion concentration is limiting and so: [Cl - (aq)] = ( ) M = M As AgCl(s) is present, [Ag + (aq)] is given by the solubility product: K sp = [Ag + (aq)][cl - (aq)] = [Ag + (aq)] = ( ) / (0.056) M = M [Ag + (aq)] = M [Cl (aq)] = M [Na + (aq)] = M

14 CHEM N-1 November 009 Can methane act as a ligand? Explain your answer. No. Ligands are, by definition, electron pair donors and so require at least one lone pair of electrons that can be donated to a metal ion to form a covalent bond. Methane, CH 4, has no lone pairs. Fe(II) generally forms octahedral complexes. How many different complex ions can be formed when Fe(N ) is dissolved in an aqueous solution of sodium oxalate? The structure of the oxalate ligand is shown below. 4 7 complex ions are possible see below. Answer: 7 Draw diagrams of any of these complexes, including at least one that is chiral. H H H Fe H H H + H H H Fe H H Fe H H H Fe H H Fe chiral 4-4- Fe Fe chiral

15 CHEM N-14 November 009 Explain how the self-assembly of phospholipids can be utilised in a drug delivery system. A lipid bilayer will self assemble to form vesicles, which contain solvent that is physically separated from the outer solvent. If the drug is present in the trapped solvent it must stay contained there until the vesicle is broken up where the drug is required. A proposed kinetic model for the reaction of N(g) with Br (g) to form NBr(g) is as follows. k 1 Step 1 N(g) + N(g) N (g) k -1 Step k N (g) + Br (g) NBr(g) If Step is assumed to be very slow compared to the equilibrium of Step 1, derive the overall rate equation you would expect to see for this mechanism. If step 1 is at equilibrium, with equilibrium constant, K: K = [N (g)]/[n(g)] [N (g)] = K [N(g)] Step involves the bimolecular reaction of a N molecule with a Br molecule. The rate of this step is therefore: rate = k [N (g)][br (g)] Using the expression for [N (g)] from the equilibrium step gives: rate = k K[N(g)] [Br (g)] = k[n(g)] [Br (g)] where k = k K

16 CHEM N-15 November 009 The standard reduction potential of phosphorous acid to hypophosphorous acid is V, with the following half-reaction: H P (aq) + H + (aq) + e H P (aq) + H (l) What would the reduction potential be for this half reaction at a temperature of 5 C in an aqueous solution with ph of. and concentrations of [H P (aq)] = 0.7 M and [H P (aq)] = M? As ph = -log 10 [H + (aq)], [H + (aq)] = M. With [H P (aq)] = 0.7 M and [H P (aq)] = M, the reaction quotient, Q, is given by: Q =!!!!!!" = (!.!!!!")!!!!!!" [!!!" ]!!.!" (!"!!.! )! = 7 The reduction potential for this electron reduction is given by the Nernst equation: E = E -!" (!.!"#! (!"!!"#) lnq = ( ln(7)) V = V!"!!!"#$% Answer: V A number of bacteria can reduce the nitrate ion in the presence of sulfur. A simplified unbalanced redox reaction can be written as: S(s) + N (aq) S (g) + N(g) Balance this redox equation for acidic conditions. S(s) + 4H + (aq) + 4N (aq) S (g) + 4N(g) + H (l)

17 CHEM N-16 November 009 What is the value of the equilibrium constant for the following reaction at 98 K? Fe + (aq) + Sn(s) Fe(s) + Sn + (aq) Relevant electrode potentials can be found on the data page. The relevant reduction potentials are: Fe + (aq) + e -! Fe(s)! Sn + (aq) + e -! Sn(s)! E = V E = V As the Sn + / Sn couple is the more negative, it is reversed giving: E = ( ) V = 0.10 V The equilibrium constant, K, is related to the standard reduction potential using: E = (RT/nF) lnk lnk = nfe / RT = ( ) / ( ) =.7 K = e.7 = Answer: Complete the following table. 4 Formula [CrCl(NH ) 5 ]Cl Systematic name pentaamminechloridochromium(iii) chloride [PtBr (C) 4 ](N ) dibromidotetracarbonylplatinum(iv) nitrite K [CrF 6 ] potassium hexafluoridochromate(iii) (NH 4 ) [CuF 5 (H )] ammonium aquapentafluoridocuprate(ii) State two chemical factors that contribute to the bioavailability of a heavy metal in the human body. The solubility of the metal ion in the body and the transport properties of the ion.

Molar heat capacity, C p J K 1 mol 1. o C

Molar heat capacity, C p J K 1 mol 1. o C CHEM1109 2009-N-2 November 2009 The thermite reaction is written below. Show that the heat released in this reaction is sufficient for the iron to be produced as molten metal. 2Al(s) + Fe 2 O 3 (s) Al