Combining the Ohmic Drop and Critical Crevice Solution Approaches to Rationalize Intermediate Attack in Crevice Corrosion. R.G. Kelly, K. C.
|
|
- Robyn Nash
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Combining the Ohmic Drop and Critical Crevice Solution Approaches to Rationalize Intermediate Attack in Crevice Corrosion R.G. Kelly, K. C. Stewart Abstract Crevice corrosion material loss is often most severe at intermediate distances into the crevice. This intermediate attack can be rationalized using the ohmic drop model of Pickering if and only if the material in question exhibits active/passive behavior in the crevice environment. Conventional theories that ascribe control of crevice corrosion to chemical changes exclusively cannot rationalize intermediate attack. The present work merges these two approaches, allowing rationalization of intermediate attack, even for materials that undergo active dissolution as might be expected in real crevices. INTRODUCTION Several competing frameworks have been proposed to explain the phenomenology of crevice corrosion [1-8]. Recent debate has focused on the relative contributions of ohmic drop [3,7,8] and occluded chemistry change [5,6]. Pickering [3] has demonstrated the importance of ohmic drop in systems with active-passive transitions by performing experiments in which the ph of the occluded solution chemistry was experimentally forced to remain constant. Polarizing the external portion of the sample into the passive region resulted in preferential attack within the crevice, thus showing the viability of IR-induced crevice corrosion. This observation is identical to the dangers of poor current distribution in anodic protection of stainless steels in acid solutions [9] in which shielded areas suffer increased attack rather than protection. For decades the importance of changes in the corrosivity of the solution within occluded regions has shaped thought concerning crevice corrosion, pitting, and environment-assisted cracking. In the late 1960 s Brown et al. demonstrated that low ph solutions can indeed develop in cracks in stainless steels as well as aluminum and titanium alloys [10]. Oldfield and Sutton later [11] put the conceptual framework of Fontana and Greene [1] into a computational model for crevice corrosion initiation by invoking the idea of the formation of a critical crevice solution (CCS) as the ratedetermining step. Later work has extended the idea to consider the effects of alloying elements, temperature, and bulk environment [11]. Additional measurements of aggressive occluded chemistries have also been made [12-15]. One aspect of crevice corrosion phenomenology that is often overlooked is that of intermediate attack. Figure 1 shows an example of such attack in Type 304 stainless steel after exposure within a crevice in neutral chloride solution [6]. This stainless steel is spontaneously passive in the bulk solution and was held several hundred millivolts below the pitting potential. After an incubation period, crevice corrosion initiated. The area immediately inside the crevice was unattacked (as was that portion of the sample that was boldly exposed outside the crevice). Deeper into the crevice the attack becomes increasingly severe for approximately a millimeter before decreasing in severity with further depth. This intermediate attack (IA) is often observed in crevice corrosion of
2 many alloys. Any complete description of crevice corrosion must therefore be able to rationalize such behavior. Pickering [16-18] has demonstrated both experimentally and computationally that for systems which meet the criteria of the IR* theory, intermediate attack is predicted. The amount of potential drop increases as one moves into the crevice due to the current leaving the crevice. If the geometry, solution conductivity, and passive current density of the material in the environment conspire to create sufficient ohmic drop, then the potential of some portion of the material within the crevice falls to the primary passive potential. Under these circumstances the passive film is not stable and active dissolution occurs. The potential difference between the applied potential and the primary passivation potential is referred to as IR*. Deeper still into the crevice the ohmic drop leads to decreased dissolution as the overpotential for the anodic reaction decreases. Thus, ohmic drop is responsible for the initiation and stabilization of crevice corrosion according to this model. Note that the IR* model applies strictly only to materials which undergo an active-passive transition in the crevice solution which is maintained at the same composition as the bulk solution. In systems in which the occluded solution has been shown to differ from the bulk, the theory must be modified to quantitatively predict the position of the IA, but as long as the material undergoes an active-passive transition, the basic description remains intact. In many systems the occluded solution leads to active behavior only or unstable passivation [19,20]. For these systems ohmic drop still occurs due to the current emanating from the crevice, but it acts to destabilize, not stabilize crevice corrosion. The CCS theory of crevice corrosion cannot predict intermediate attack. The CCS theory bases its predictions on the predominance of occluded chemistry changes in determining crevice corrosion susceptibility. As shown by Watson and Postelwaite [21], the CCS theory predicts that the most severe attack will occur at the deepest part of the crevice, i.e., the most occluded portion. At this most occluded point, the chemistry will be the most altered, and thus the attack will be expected to be most severe there. A paradox thus exists in crevice corrosion. The theory that can explain one of the most commonly observed phenomena (IA) is of restricted applicability, whereas the theory that cannot rationalize IA is thought to occur more widely. The current work was undertaken to attempt to resolve this paradox by considering both ohmic drop and chemical changes. A set of boundary conditions was selected for which neither the CCS nor the IR* model would predict IA. The electrochemical boundary conditions were based upon measurements for stainless steel in solutions simulating occluded conditions [6]. MODELING APPROACH We have used computational modeling to address this paradox. The geometry used was that of a one-dimensional crevice (i.e., a slot) with a 4 micron gap and a 1 cm depth (L:g = 2,500). The initial solution in the crevice was neutral 0.3 M NaCl. Each segment of the crevice was assumed to have the electrochemical behavior shown in Figure 2. The polarization behavior of the material was allowed to vary with the local ph as has been shown to be the case for stainless steel [6]. The mouth of the crevice was held at 0.05V(SCE) and the chemistry at the boundary of the first element was fixed to the initial solution composition.
3 A two-dimensional representation of the flux equation considering diffusion and migration, but not convection (Eqn 1) and the conservation of mass (Eqn 2), J i D i C i z i Fu i C i (1) C i t J i R i (2) where: J i = flux of species i (mol/m 2 -s) D i = diffusion coefficient of species i (m 2 /s) C i = concentration of species i (mol/m 3 ) z i = valence of species i (equiv/mol) F = Faraday s Constant (96, 487 C/equiv) u i = mobility of species i (m 2 -mol/j-s) R i = production/consumption of species i by chemical reactions (mol/m 3 -s) All modeling has inherent limitations and uses assumptions to make the calculations more tractable. The modeling described in the present work does not consider several phenomena. These include precipitation of solid corrosion products, convection (including natural convection), and the effects of concentrated solutions on transport. The modeling also assumes that the polarization behavior in Figure 2 applies for all times (i.e., the electrochemical steady state is established immediately). Chemical reactions were assumed to attain equilibrium instantaneously. Hydrolysis was considered only for Cr 3+, with data taken from the standard literature [22]. Electroneutrality was maintained when necessary by the addition or subtraction of chloride ion from the element of interest. RESULTS Figure 3 shows the evolution of the ph profile within the crevice. Due to the lack of buffering, within two seconds of the start of the simulation, the ph has dropped to 6 throughout the crevice. As the simulation continues the ph continues to fall due to the Cr 3+ hydrolysis. The decrease in ph is more marked at positions just in from the mouth. The position of minimum ph continues to move deeper into the crevice with time, but the differences in ph between the mouth, the minimum point and the base of the crevice are small (< 0.5 ph units). Figure 4 shows the evolution of the potential profile within the crevice. Initially the profile is flat. All points within the crevice are polarized to the value at the mouth. Within a short time, the currents increase due to the ph changes and larger ohmic drop occurs. After 82 seconds the potential at the base of the crevice is more than 300 mv below that at the mouth. Over the next 480 sec the potential profile flattens somewhat, and the maximum potential difference is slightly more than 250 mv. In addition to this decrease in potential drop, an inflection point can be observed in the profile at a distance of approximately 0.15 cm from the mouth. Figure 5 shows the evolution of the current density distribution within the crevice. If these curves were integrated with respect to time, then the amount of metal dissolved could be calculated. The peak in the dissolution current density at an intermediate point
4 within the crevice can be clearly observed. This intermediate attack develops very quickly (< 8 s). The point of maximum attack moves slowly deeper into the crevice until it stabilizes at 0.07 cm for these boundary conditions. DISCUSSION A complete description of any physical process must be able to quantitatively rationalize the key aspects of the phenomenology. In the case of crevice corrosion such a description must therefore be able to predict the common observation of intermediate attack. Pickering et al. [3,16-18] has demonstrated that the IR* model can meet this requirement. The IR* model requires that the material of interest exhibit active/passive behavior in the occluded solution. Many engineering materials do not meet this requirement of the model [6, 19, 20]. In such cases, the ohmic drop would act to limit the extent of crevice corrosion according to mixed potential theory by reducing the overpotential for the dissolution reaction. Thus, although the IR* model can predict IA in some systems, its applicability is somewhat limited. It should be noted that due to the general lack of information concerning occluded chemistries, the relative proportions of systems exhibiting active/passive vs. active behavior has not been determined. Whereas the CCS model has long dominated the discussion of crevice corrosion, its limitations have recently become more clearly defined [6-8]. A direct consequence of the CCS model is the prediction of the most severe attack occurring at the deepest point in the crevice. This behavior results from the increasing occlusion with depth into the crevice, and the premise that only chemical composition controls crevice corrosion. Observations of maximum attack at the deepest point in the crevice have been reported [11]. Again, no comprehensive study of the relative abundance of such behavior and IA has been conducted. In engineering systems it is likely that CCS and IR interact to focus attack at intermediate positions within the crevice. The modeling work shown above demonstrates the close interaction between the two aspects of crevice corrosion. Neither can predict IA alone with the boundary conditions selected. The IR* model would predict a maximum of attack at the mouth, and the attack would be minimal due to the absence of any change in chemistry. The CCS model would predict maximum attack at the base of the crevice where the solution is most occluded [23]. The approach presented here demonstrates that for reasonable boundary conditions (similar to those measured for Type 304SS in solutions based on occluded solution analyses) IA can be predicted if and only if both chemical changes and ohmic potential drop are considered. These two phenomena are closely linked. The chemical changes lead to increased currents in some areas that lead to increased potential drop. The increased potential drop mitigates the attack deeper in the crevice. This mitigation of the attack deep in the crevice leads to a slightly less aggressive environment because mass transport out of that portion overwhelms the production of Cr 3+. The attack is also mitigated at positions very close to the mouth because of the ability of mass transport to prevent the change in the chemistry. The result of these two opposing forces is IA. SUMMARY Combining the effects of ohmic drop and hydrolysis reactions allows the rationalization of intermediate attack in crevice corrosion for systems without active/passive behavior in the crevice solution. Both chemistry changes and potential
5 drop are important in such cases, as neither alone can explain the experimental observations. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The financial support of the National Science Foundation (DMR and DMR ) and the Alcoa Foundation is gratefully acknowledged. The provision of computer equipment through the IBM Shared University Resources program is also gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES 1. M. G. Fontana, N. D. Greene, Corrosion Engineering, p. 41, McGraw-Hill, New York (1967). 2. J. W. Oldfield, W. H. Sutton, Brit. Corros. J., 13, 13 (1978). 3. H.W. Pickering, in Advances in Localized Corrosion, H.S. Isaacs, U. Bertocci, J. Kruger and S. Smialowska, Editors, p. 77, NACE, Houston, TX (1990). 4. R. J. Brigham, Corros. Sci., 33, 799 (1992). 5. N. Sridhar and D. S. Dunn, J. Electrochem. Soc., 140, 643 (1997). 6. C. S. Brossia, R. G. Kelly, Corros. Sci., accepted for publication (1999). 7. B. A. Shaw, P. J. Moran, P. O. Gartland, Corros. Sci., 32, 707 (1991). 8. R. S. Lillard and J. R. Scully, J. Electrochem. Soc., 141, 3006 (1994). 9. D.A. Jones, Principles and Prevention of Corrosion, p. 134, Macmillan, New York (1992). 10. B. F. Brown, C. T. Fujii, and E. P. Dahlberg, J. Electrochem. Soc., 116, 218 (1969). 11. J. W. Oldfield, W. H. Sutton, Brit. Corros. J., 13, 104 (1978). 12. T. Suzuki, M. Yamabe, Y. Kitamura, Corrosion, 29, 18 (1973). 13. J. L. Luo, Y. C. Lu and M. B. Ives, Mater. Performance, 31, 44 (1992). 14. J. A. Davis, in Localized Corrosion, R. W. Staehle, B. F. Brown, J. Kruger, A. K. Agrawal, Editors, p.168, Houston, NACE (1974). 15. C. S. Brossia, R. G. Kelly, Corrosion, 54, p. 145 (1998). 16. H. W. Pickering, Materials Science and Engineering. A. 198, 213 (1995). 17. H. W. Pickering, K. Cho, and E. Nystrom, Corrosion Science, 35, 775 (1993). 18. Y. Xu, M. Wang, and H. W. Pickering, J. Electrochem. Soc., 140, 3448 (1993). 19. G. Salamat, G. A. Juhl, and R. G. Kelly, Corrosion, 51, 826 (1995). 20. T. Hakkarainen, in Corrosion Chemistry within Pits, Crevices and Cracks, A. Turnbull, Editor, p. 17, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London (1984). 21. M. Watson, J. Postelwaite, Corrosion, 46, 522 (1990). 22. C. F. Baes, R. E. Mesmer, The Hydrolysis of Cations, p. 211, Krieger, Malabar, FL, (1986) 23. R. A. H. Edwards, in Advances in Localized Corrosion, H.S. Isaacs, Editor, NACE, Houston, 381 (1990).
6 1 mm 1 m m Figure 1 - Surface of Type 304SS after removal from crevice corrosion test at 0.05 V(SCE) in 17 mm NaCl. The edge of the crevice former is indicated by the solid white line whereas the edge of the region of severe attack is indicated by the dotted white line. 0.1 ph ph 1 E [V SCE ] Current Density [A/cm 2 ] Figure 2 - Assumed polarization behavior for the material within the crevice as a function of ph. The cathodic reactions are assumed to produce charge, but no ph-altering species.
7 8 7 ph t = 2 s t = 4 s t = 8 s t = 18 s t = 82 s t = 332 s t = 662 s Depth into Crevice (cm) Figure 3 - ph as a function of depth inside the crevice and time. Although the ph falls throughout the crevice, it does so essentially uniformly for the boundary conditions selected t = 2 s E (V vs. SCE) t = 8 s t = 662 s t = 42 s t = 82 s Depth inside the Crevice (cm) t = 4 s Figure 4 - Potential of material as a function of depth into the crevice and time. Note the increase in the potential (decrease in the ohmic drop) between 82 and 662 s that results from increased solution conductivity within the crevice.
8 1.6 I diss (ma/cm 2 ) t = 662 s 162 s 42 s 8 s 2 s Depth into Crevice (cm) Figure 5 - Anodic dissolution current as a function of depth into crevice and time. Note the development of a peak in the profile indicating the position of maximum attack.
On a Recent Quantitative Framework Examining the Critical Factors for Localized Corrosion and Its Impact on the Galvele Pit Stability Criterion
On a Recent Quantitative Framework Examining the Critical Factors for Localized Corrosion and Its Impact on the Galvele Pit Stability Criterion J. Srinivasan* and R.G. Kelly, * ABSTRACT A quantitative
More informationThe Influence of Dichromate Ions on Aluminum Dissolution Kinetics in Artificial Crevice Electrode Cells
Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 146, No. 11, 1999, pp. 4095-4100. ISSN: 0013-4651 DOI: 10.1149/1.1392597 http://www.electrochem.org/ http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/getpdfservlet?filetype=pdf&id=jesoan000146000011004095000001&idty
More informationTECHNICAL PROPOSAL. Principal Investigator: R. G. Kelly Institution: University of Virginia
TECHNICAL PROPOSAL Corrosion Co-op Thrust Area: Corrosion in Thin Layers of Moisture and Deposits Project Title: Evolution of Solution Layer Chemistry in the Presence of Dust Principal Investigator: R.
More informationReactivity of the Aluminium Surface in Aqueous Solutions
TALAT Lecture 5102 Reactivity of the Aluminium Surface in Aqueous Solutions 13 pages, 10 figures (also available as overheads) Basic Level prepared by Herman Terryn, Vrije Universiteit, Brussels Objectives:
More informationIntermediate Attack in Crevice Corrosion by Cathodic Focusing
Intermediate Attack in Crevice Corrosion by Cathodic Focusing A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Virginia In Partial Fulfillment of the
More informationCorrosion and Inhibition of Cu-Zn Alloys in Acidic Medium by Using Isatin
Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 3 (2008) 167-176 International Journal of ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE www.electrochemsci.org Corrosion and Inhibition of Cu-Zn Alloys in Acidic Medium by Using Isatin S. A. M. Refaey
More informationChapter Objectives. Chapter 13 Electrochemistry. Corrosion. Chapter Objectives. Corrosion. Corrosion
Chapter Objectives Larry Brown Tom Holme Describe at least three types of corrosion and identify chemical reactions responsible for corrosion. www.cengage.com/chemistry/brown Chapter 13 Electrochemistry
More informationStatistical prediction of corrosion front penetration
PHYSICAL REVIEW E VOLUME 55, NUMBER 5 MAY 1997 Statistical prediction of corrosion front penetration Terje Johnsen 1 and Rudolf Hilfer 1,2,3 1 Department of Physics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1048 Blindern,
More informationCorrosion and Inhibition of 316L stainless steel in neutral medium by 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole
Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 1(2006)80-91 www.electrochemsci.org Corrosion and Inhibition of 316L stainless steel in neutral medium by 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole S. A. M. Refaey*, F. Taha and A. M. Abd El-Malak
More informationMATHEMATICAL MODELING OF DISBONDED COATING AND CATHODIC DELAMINATION SYSTEMS KERRY N. ALLAHAR
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF DISBONDED COATING AND CATHODIC DELAMINATION SYSTEMS By KERRY N. ALLAHAR A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
More informationElectrodissolution of AISI 304 stainless steel in concentrated acids leading to electropolishing
Indian Journal of Chemical Technology Vol.2,July 1995,pp. 211-216 Electrodissolution of AISI 304 stainless steel in concentrated acids leading to electropolishing V B Singh & Udai Arvind Department of
More information3.014 MATERIALS LABORATORY MODULE- β3 November 16 21, 2005 GEETHA P. BERERA. Visualizing Gibbs Free Energy Anodic Corrosion and the EMF Series
3.014 MATERIALS LABORATORY MODULE- β3 November 16 21, 2005 GEETHA P. BERERA Visualizing Gibbs Free Energy Anodic Corrosion and the EMF Series OBJECTIVES: Understand what is galvanic (anodic) corrosion
More informationModeling Hydrogen Permeation through a TiO 2 Film and Palladium
Modeling Hydrogen Permeation through a TiO 2 Film and Palladium Zack Qin, Y. Zeng, P.R. Norton, and D.W. Shoesmith Department of Chemistry and Surface Science Western Western University London, Ontario,
More informationElectrochemical Cell - Basics
Electrochemical Cell - Basics The electrochemical cell e - (a) Load (b) Load e - M + M + Negative electrode Positive electrode Negative electrode Positive electrode Cathode Anode Anode Cathode Anode Anode
More informationIV. Transport Phenomena. Lecture 23: Ion Concentration Polarization
IV. Transport Phenomena Lecture 23: Ion Concentration Polarization MIT Student (and MZB) Ion concentration polarization in electrolytes refers to the additional voltage drop (or internal resistance ) across
More informationBasic Concepts in Electrochemistry
Basic Concepts in Electrochemistry 1 Electrochemical Cell Electrons Current + - Voltage Source ANODE Current CATHODE 2 Fuel Cell Electrons (2 e) Current - + Electrical Load ANODE Current CATHODE H 2 2H
More informationZinc Corrosion in a Crevice
Excerpt from the Proceedings of the COMSOL Conference 2008 Hannover Zinc Corrosion in a Crevice C. Taxén* and D. Persson Swerea-Kimab *Corresponding author: Dr. Kristinas Väg. 48, SE 102 16 Stockholm.
More informationMeasurement and modelling of hydrogen uptake and transport. Alan Turnbull
Measurement and modelling of hydrogen uptake and transport Alan Turnbull Hydrogen gas (+ H 2 O vapour, H 2 S) dissociation General and localised corrosion, cathodic protection, galvanic coupling; electroplating
More informationAccelerated Measurement and Mechanism Based Simulation of Hydrogen Cracking
Accelerated Measurement and Mechanism Based Simulation of Hydrogen Cracking Richard P. Gangloff Center for Electrochemical Science and Engineering Department of Materials Science and Engineering University
More informationCHEM-E6185 Applied Electrochemistry and Corrosion
CHEM-E6185 Applied Electrochemistry and Corrosion Lecture 1, electrochemical reactions and Faradays law Contents 1. Introduction 2. Electrode potential 3. Reaction rates Faraday s law 4. 5. Mixed potential
More informationElectrolytes. Ions and Molecules in Aqueous Solution
Electrolytes Ions and Molecules in Aqueous Solution Experiment 7 DISCUSSION Expt 7 Electrolytes.wpd Electrical Conductivities of Pure Substances The ability of any substance to conduct electricity often
More informationExperimental Study of Effect of Parameter variations on output parameters for Electrochemical Machining of SS AISI 202
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-issn: 2278-1684 Volume 5, Issue 5 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 65-71 Experimental Study of Effect of Parameter variations on output parameters for
More informationNon-equilibrium point defect model for time-dependent passivation of metal surfaces
Electrochimica Acta 46 (2001) 3387 3396 www.elsevier.com/locate/electacta Non-equilibrium point defect model for time-dependent passivation of metal surfaces Balaji Krishnamurthy, Ralph E. White, Harry
More informationInvestigating Localized Degradation of Organic Coatings
University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive) Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences 2003 Investigating Localized Degradation of Organic Coatings L. V. Philippe
More informationCHAPTER 6 Modern Theory Principles LECTURER SAHEB M. MAHDI
CHAPTER 6 Modern Theory Principles LECTURER SAHEB M. MAHDI Modern Theory principles in Corrosion and their applications :- Corrosion studies can be carried-out by two methods 1 Thermodynamics. or 2 By
More informationHigh Rate Anodic Dissolution of Stainless Steel 316 (SS316) Using Nano Zero Valent Iron as Reducing Agent
Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 47 52 (2016) DOI: 10.6180/jase.2016.19.1.06 High Rate Anodic Dissolution of Stainless Steel 316 (SS316) Using Nano Zero Valent Iron as Reducing
More informationKai Anttila August 10, ORC-J
HSC Chemistry 7.0 18-1 18. Ep ph - Samples EpH module: Input File for EpH Module Eh - ph - Diagram 4.0 ' = Diagram type ' Heading 2 ' Number of Elements Cu ' Name of a Element 1.0000, 1.0000 ' Molality
More informationOverview of electrochemistry
Overview of electrochemistry 1 Homogeneous Heterogeneous Equilibrium electrochemistry (no current flows) Thermodynamics of electrolyte solutions: electrolytic dissociation thermodynamics and activities
More informationEffect of Over Voltage on Material Removal Rate During Electrochemical Machining
Tamkang Journal of Science and Engineering, Vol. 8, No 1, pp. 23 28 (2005) 23 Effect of Over Voltage on Material Removal Rate During Electrochemical Machining S. K. Mukherjee 1, S. Kumar 1 and P. K. Srivastava
More informationElectroplating/ Electrodeposition
Electroplating/ Electrodeposition Wei Yan ABC s of Electrochemistry 03/22/2012 OUTLINE Introduction Electroplating Setup Importance of Electrodeposition Electrochemistry Fundamentals Factors affecting
More informationElectrochemical Evaluation of Constituent Intermetallics in Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3 Exposed to Aqueous Vanadate Inhibitors
Downloaded 28 Jun 211 to 128.146.58.9. Redistribution subject to ECS license or copyright; see http://www.ecsdl.org/terms_use.jsp Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 156 4 C135-C146 29 13-4651/29/156
More informationECE 606 Homework Week 7 Mark Lundstrom Purdue University (revised 2/25/13) e E i! E T
ECE 606 Homework Week 7 Mark Lundstrom Purdue University (revised 2/25/13) 1) Consider an n- type semiconductor for which the only states in the bandgap are donor levels (i.e. ( E T = E D ). Begin with
More informationCHEM Principles of Chemistry II. Chapter 17 - Electrochemistry
CHEM 1212 - Principles of Chemistry II Chapter 17 - Electrochemistry electrochemistry is best defined as the study of the interchange of chemical and electrical energy 17.1 Galvanic Cells an oxidation-reduction
More informationBoundary Element Model for Stress Field - Electrochemical Dissolution Interactions
Boundary Element Model for Stress Field - Electrochemical Dissolution Interactions Bruce Butler Walt Disney World, Orlando, Florida bruce.butler@disney.com Manoj Chopra, Member, ASCE University of Central
More informationSHORT COMMUNICATION CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON PASSIVITY*
Corrosion Science. 1966. Vol. 6. pp. 543 to 547. Pergamon Press Ltd. Printed in Great Britain SHORT COMMUNICATION CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON PASSIVITY* P. J. GELLINGS Technische Hogeschool Twente, Enschede,
More informationProtecting structures from corrosion is one of the most important
Obtaining Corrosion Rates by Bayesian Estimation: Numerical Simulation Coupled with Data by Kenji Amaya, Naoki Yoneya, and Yuki Onishi Protecting structures from corrosion is one of the most important
More informationTurbulent Mixed Convection from an Isothermal Plate Aubrey G. Jaffer Digilant 2 Oliver Street, Suite 901 Boston MA US
Turbulent Mixed Convection from an Isothermal Plate Aubrey G. Jaffer Digilant Oliver Street, Suite 901 Boston MA 09 US agj@alum.mit.edu Abstract Mixed convection is the combined transfer of heat from a
More informationStudent Achievement. Chemistry 12
Student Achievement Chemistry 12 Key Elements: Reaction Kinetics Estimated Time: 14 16 hours By the end of this course, students will be able to explain the significance of reaction rates, demonstrate
More informationCathodic Protection: Pipelines and Other Components
Cathodic Protection: Pipelines and Other Components By Dr. W.J.D. (Bill) Shaw Professor & Director, Pipeline Engineering Center Schulich School of Engineering University of Calgary 1 Presentation 1. Perspective
More informationHow Cell potentials Depend on Concentrations
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More informationChpt 20: Electrochemistry
Cell Potential and Free Energy When both reactants and products are in their standard states, and under constant pressure and temperature conditions where DG o = nfe o DG o is the standard free energy
More information1,2,3 BENZOTRIAZOLE AS CORROSION INHIBITOR
CHAPTER - V 1,2,3 BENZOTRIAZOLE AS CORROSION INHIBITOR In general, organic corrosion inhibitors have reactive functional groups which are the sites for the adsorption process. Electron density of the organic
More informationElectrochemical Behavior of AISI 304SS with Particulate Silica Coating in 0.1 M NaCl
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2007, Volume 154, Issue 6, Pages C312-C317. Print ISSN: 0013-4651 Online ISSN: 1945-7111 DOI: 10.1149/1.2722533 http://scitation.aip.org/jes http://scitation.aip.org/journals/doc/jesoan-ft/vol_154/iss_6/c312_1.html
More informationELECTROCHEMICAL RESPONSE OF AA7075-T651 FOLLOWING IMMERSION IN NaCl SOLUTION
115 10.1149/1.2215495, copyright The Electrochemical Society ELECTROCHEMICAL RESPONSE OF AA7075-T651 FOLLOWING IMMERSION IN NaCl SOLUTION N.Birbilis, M.K. Cavanaugh, R.G. Buchheit Fontana Corrosion Center,
More informationHumidity Mass Transfer Analysis in Packed Powder Detergents
Humidity Mass Transfer Analysis in Packed Powder Detergents Vincenzo Guida, Lino Scelsi, and Fabio Zonfrilli * 1 Procter & Gamble Research & Development *Corresponding author: Procter & Gamble, Via Ardeatina
More informationNumerical Modeling of the Bistability of Electrolyte Transport in Conical Nanopores
Numerical Modeling of the Bistability of Electrolyte Transport in Conical Nanopores Long Luo, Robert P. Johnson, Henry S. White * Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112,
More informationMAGNETIC FIELD INFLUENCE ON ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESSES
MAGNETIC FIELD INFLUENCE ON ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESSES 1. Introduction Tom Weier, Jürgen Hüller and Gunter Gerbeth Electrochemical reactions play an important role in various types of industrial processes
More informationNumerical modelling of cathodic protection systems for deep well casings
Simulation of Electrochemical Processes III 47 Numerical modelling of cathodic protection systems for deep well casings A. B. Peratta, J. M. W. Baynham & R. A. Adey CM BEASY Ltd, UK Abstract This work
More informationDETC COMPUTER MODELING OF IMPRESSED CURRENT CATHODIC PROTECTION (ICCP) SYSTEM ANODES
Proceedings of the ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences & Computers and Information in Engineering Conference IDETC/CIE 2009 August 30 - September 2, 2009, San Diego, California,
More informationOptimizing Graphene Morphology on SiC(0001)
Optimizing Graphene Morphology on SiC(0001) James B. Hannon Rudolf M. Tromp Graphene sheets Graphene sheets can be formed into 0D,1D, 2D, and 3D structures Chemically inert Intrinsically high carrier mobility
More informationBIG IDEAS. Reaction Kinetics Reactants must collide to react. Conditions surrounding a reaction determine its rate.
Area of Learning: SCIENCE Chemistry Grade 12 Ministry of Education BIG IDEAS Dynamic Equilibrium Solubility Equilibrium Acids and Bases Oxidation-Reduction Some chemical reactions are reversible and proceed
More informationINTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Electrochemical techniques are used for the production of aluminum and chlorine, the conversion of energy in batteries and fuel cells, sensors, electroplating, and the protection
More informationIn all electrochemical methods, the rate of oxidation & reduction depend on: 1) rate & means by which soluble species reach electrode surface (mass
Voltammetry Methods based on an electrolytic cell Apply potential or current to electrochemical cell & concentrations change at electrode surface due to oxidation & reduction reactions Can have 2 or 3
More information2009 Copyright (CC) SCS
J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 74 (2) 197 202 (2009) UDC 621.377.6+778.38:620.193.4:66 JSCS 3822 952:519.687 Short communication SHORT COMMUNICATION Mapping the concentration changes during the dynamic processes
More informationAdvanced Analytical Chemistry Lecture 12. Chem 4631
Advanced Analytical Chemistry Lecture 12 Chem 4631 What is a fuel cell? An electro-chemical energy conversion device A factory that takes fuel as input and produces electricity as output. O 2 (g) H 2 (g)
More informationUniversity of Technology Corrosion Engineering Lecturer: Basheer Ahmed Chemical Engineering Dept. 4 th Class
Example 1 Determine the corrosion rate of carbon steel in salt solution from the following laboratory data. Consider the corrosion rate by a)mpy, b)mdd. C) Calculate the current density in μa/cm 2 Δ W
More informationChem 321 Lecture 16 - Potentiometry 10/22/13
Student Learning Objectives Chem 321 Lecture 16 - Potentiometry 10/22/13 In lab you will use an ion-selective electrode to determine the amount of fluoride in an unknown solution. In this approach, as
More informationCharacterization of Films Immobilized on an Electrode Surface Using the Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance
haracterization of Films Immobilized on an Electrode Surface Using the Electrochemical Quartz rystal Microbalance drian W. ott, Ph.D. ioanalytical Systems, Inc. 2701 Kent venue West Lafayette, I 47906-1382
More informationELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS
ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS Third Edition JOHN NEWMAN and KAREN E. THOMAS-ALYEA University of California, Berkeley ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES WILEY- INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC PUBLICATION PREFACE
More informationModeling of the 3D Electrode Growth in Electroplating
Modeling of the 3D Electrode Growth in Electroplating Marius PURCAR, Calin MUNTEANU, Alexandru AVRAM, Vasile TOPA Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Baritiu Street 26-28, 400027 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
More informationN. Borisenko, J. Sytchev, G. Kaptay
Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, 39 (1 2) B (2003) 269-381. ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE ELECTRODEPOSITION AND INTERCALATION OF SODIUM INTO GRAPHITE FROM SODIUM CHLORIDE AS THE FIRST STEP OF CARBON NANO-TUBES
More information9/19/2018. Corrosion Thermodynamics 2-3. Course Outline. Guiding Principles. Why study thermodynamics? Guiding Principles
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana Week 1 Course Outline Topic Introduction: Reactivity types, corrosion definition, atmospheric corrosion, classification, effects, costs,
More informationElectrochemistry Pulling the Plug on the Power Grid
Electrochemistry 18.1 Pulling the Plug on the Power Grid 18.3 Voltaic (or Galvanic) Cells: Generating Electricity from Spontaneous Chemical Reactions 18.4 Standard Electrode Potentials 18.7 Batteries:
More informationCell membrane resistance and capacitance
Cell membrane resistance and capacitance 1 Two properties of a cell membrane gives rise to two passive electrical properties: Resistance: Leakage pathways allow inorganic ions to cross the membrane. Capacitance:
More informationCathodic Protection of X100 Pipeline Steel in Simulated Soil Solution
Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 13 (218) 9642 9653, doi: 1.2964/218.1.23 International Journal of ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE www.electrochemsci.org Cathodic Protection of X1 Pipeline Steel in Simulated Soil Solution
More informationExam3Fall2009thermoelectro
Exam3Fall2009thermoelectro Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Thermodynamics can be used to determine all of the following EXCEPT
More informationWhile the finding seems interesting, the manuscript is rejected for the following reasons.
Editorial Note: This manuscript has been previously reviewed at another journal that is not operating a transparent peer review scheme. This document only contains reviewer comments and rebuttal letters
More informationElectrochemistry. Review oxidation reactions and how to assign oxidation numbers (Ch 4 Chemical Reactions).
Electrochemistry Oxidation-Reduction: Review oxidation reactions and how to assign oxidation numbers (Ch 4 Chemical Reactions). Half Reactions Method for Balancing Redox Equations: Acidic solutions: 1.
More information7.1 Electrolyte and electrolytic solution
Out-class reading: Levine, pp. 294-310 Section 10.6 solutions of electrolytes Section 10.9 ionic association pp. 512-515 Section 16.6 electrical conductivity of electrolyte solutions. Contents of solution
More informationRegents review Electrochemistry(redox)
2011-2012 1. Chlorine has an oxidation state of +3 in the compound A) HClO B) HClO2 C) HClO3 D) HClO4 2. What is the oxidation number of iodine in KIO4? A) +1 B) 1 C) +7 D) 7 3. What is the oxidation number
More information8. Draw Lewis structures and determine molecular geometry based on VSEPR Theory
Chemistry Grade 12 Outcomes 1 Quantum Chemistry and Atomic Structure Unit I 1. Perform calculations on wavelength, frequency and energy. 2. Have an understanding of the electromagnetic spectrum. 3. Relate
More information470 Lecture #7 of 18
Lecture #7 of 18 470 471 Q: What s in this set of lectures? A: Introduction, Review, and B&F Chapter 1, 15 & 4 main concepts: Section 1.1: Redox reactions Chapter 15: Electrochemical instrumentation Section
More informationTitle. Author(s)Uosaki, K.; Kita, H. CitationJournal of The Electrochemical Society, 131(10): 245. Issue Date Doc URL. Rights.
Title Response to "Comment on 'Effects of the Helmholtz La Semiconductor/Electrolyte Interface and the Linearit Author(s)Uosaki, K.; Kita, H. CitationJournal of The Electrochemical Society, 131(10): 245
More informationArticle. Ibrahim Ibrahim, a,c Michel Meyer, b Hisasi Takenouti*,c,d and Bernard Tribollet c,d. Introduction
Article A http://dx.doi.org/0.5935/003-5053.2050302 J. Braz. Chem. Soc., Vol. 27, No. 3, 605-65, 206. Printed in Brazil - 206 Sociedade Brasileira de Química 003-5053 $6.00+0.00 AC Induced Corrosion of
More informationValidation plan for boundary element method modeling of impressed current cathodic protection system design and control response
Simulation of Electrochemical Processes II 113 Validation plan for boundary element method modeling of impressed current cathodic protection system design and control response E. A. Hogan 1, J. E. McElman
More informationModule 16. Diffusion in solids II. Lecture 16. Diffusion in solids II
Module 16 Diffusion in solids II Lecture 16 Diffusion in solids II 1 NPTEL Phase II : IIT Kharagpur : Prof. R. N. Ghosh, Dept of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Keywords: Micro mechanisms of diffusion,
More informationLecture 6: Irreversible Processes
Materials Science & Metallurgy Master of Philosophy, Materials Modelling, Course MP4, Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia Lecture 6: Irreversible Processes Thermodynamics generally
More informationRedox Titration. Properties of Umass Boston
Redox Titration Redox Titration Ce 4+ + Fe 2+ Ce 3+ + Fe 3+ Redox titration is based on the redox reaction (oxidation-reduction) between analyte and titrant. Position of the end point Determine the end
More informationBasic Concepts of Electrochemistry
ELECTROCHEMISTRY Electricity-driven Chemistry or Chemistry-driven Electricity Electricity: Chemistry (redox): charge flow (electrons, holes, ions) reduction = electron uptake oxidation = electron loss
More informationLimiting acceptance angle to maximize efficiency in solar cells
Limiting acceptance angle to maximize efficiency in solar cells Emily D. Kosten a and Harry A. Atwater a,b a Thomas J. Watson Laboratories of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena,
More informationLEARNING OBJECTIVES SEPARATION SCIENCE CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM UNIT
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SEPARATION SCIENCE CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM UNIT Thomas Wenzel, Bates College Introductory Material After the introductory material covered in the text and lecture form, the student will
More information- the flow of electrical charge from one point to the other is current.
Biology 325, Fall 2004 Resting membrane potential I. Introduction A. The body and electricity, basic principles - the body is electrically neutral (total), however there are areas where opposite charges
More informationAC VERSUS DC STRAY CURRENT CORROSION, ANALYSIS AND MEASUREMENT
AC VERSUS DC STRAY CURRENT CORROSION, ANALYSIS AND MEASUREMENT Geradino A. Pete, PE Michael McGrath, EIT July 6, 21 PART 1 CORROSION DUE TO AC AND DC SIGNALS 1.1 INTRODUCTION Stray currents in a rail transit
More informationNovel Devices and Circuits for Computing
Novel Devices and Circuits for Computing UCSB 594BB Winter 2013 Lecture 3: ECM cell Class Outline ECM General features Forming and SET process RESET Variants and scaling prospects Equivalent model Electrochemical
More informationElectronic Supplementary Information for: 3D-Printed Plastic Components Tailored for Electrolysis
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Energy & Environmental Science. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Electronic Supplementary Information for: 3D-Printed Plastic Components Tailored
More informationAchieving High Electrocatalytic Efficiency on Copper: A Low-Cost Alternative to Platinum for Hydrogen Generation in Water
Supporting Information Achieving High Electrocatalytic Efficiency on Copper: A Low-Cost Alternative to Platinum for Hydrogen Generation in Water Jian Zhao, a,b,c,d Phong D. Tran,* a,c Yang Chen, a,c Joachim
More informationBEM for Modelling Cathodic Protection Systems in Multi-Layer Electrolytes
BEM for Modelling Cathodic Protection Systems in Multi-Layer Electrolytes Industrial Applications in Well Casing Structures A. B. Peratta aperatta@beasy.com R. A. Adey radey@beasy.com J. M. W Baynham j.baynham@beasy.com
More informationCh 20 Electrochemistry: the study of the relationships between electricity and chemical reactions.
Ch 20 Electrochemistry: the study of the relationships between electricity and chemical reactions. In electrochemical reactions, electrons are transferred from one species to another. Learning goals and
More informationi i ne. (1) i The potential difference, which is always defined to be the potential of the electrode minus the potential of the electrolyte, is ln( a
We re going to calculate the open circuit voltage of two types of electrochemical system: polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells and lead-acid batteries. To do this, we re going to make use of two
More information12.05 Galvanic Cells. Zn(s) + 2 Ag + (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2 Ag(s) Ni(s) + Pb 2+ (aq) «Ni 2+ (aq) + Pb(s)
12.05 Galvanic Cells 1. In an operating voltaic cell, reduction occurs A) at the anode B) at the cathode C) in the salt bridge D) in the wire 2. Which process occurs in an operating voltaic cell? A) Electrical
More informationSimulation of the concrete chloride NT build-492 migration test
Simulation of the concrete chloride NT build-492 migration test Aix-en-Provence, France May 29-June 1, 2012 J. Lizarazo-Marriaga 1, J. Gonzalez 1, P. Claisse 2, 1 Universidad Nacional de Colombia 2 Coventry
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF AN ELECTRO CHEMICAL MACHINE SET-UP AND EXPERIMENTATIONS
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ELECTRO CHEMICAL MACHINE SET-UP AND EXPERIMENTATIONS Aniket Jadhav 1, Kishor D. Patil, D. B. Jadhav 3, W. G. Kharche 4 1 M.Tech.Student, Mechanical Engineering Department, B.V.D.U.C.O.E.
More informationTutorials : Corrosion Part 1: Theory and basics
Tutorials : Corrosion Part 1: Theory and basics Outline A. Definition and effects of corrosion B. General thermodynamics and kinetics in electrochemistry C. Thermodynamics and kinetics in corrosion 2 2/21
More informationElectrochemical methods : Fundamentals and Applications
Electrochemical methods : Fundamentals and Applications Lecture Note 7 May 19, 2014 Kwang Kim Yonsei University kbkim@yonsei.ac.kr 39 8 7 34 53 Y O N Se I 88.91 16.00 14.01 78.96 126.9 Electrochemical
More informationChemistry 12 - Learning Outcomes
Chemistry 12 - Learning Outcomes A: Chapt 1. Reaction Kinetics - (Introduction) A1. give examples of reactions proceeding at different rates A2. describe rate in terms of some quantity (produced or consumed)
More informationExam3Fall2009thermoelectro
Exam3Fall2009thermoelectro Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Thermodynamics can be used to determine all of the following EXCEPT
More informationElectrochemical studies on Dowex-50 membrane using sodium chloride and urea solutions having variable composition
Indian Journal of Chemistry Vol. 41A, March 2002, pp. 478-482 Electrochemical studies on Dowex-50 membrane using sodium chloride and urea solutions having variable composition Kehar Singh*, A K Tiwari
More informationMIGRATION EXPERIMENT. Functional Sample Migration Experiment
Functional Sample Migration Experiment MILENA PAVLÍKOVÁ, LUKÁŠ FIALA, ZBYŠEK PAVLÍK Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry Faculty of Civil Engineering Czech Technical University in Prague Functional
More informationHighly efficient hydrogen evolution of platinum via tuning the interfacial dissolved-gas concentration
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Chemical Communications. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Supporting Information for Highly efficient hydrogen evolution of platinum via tuning
More informationCHAPTER 17: ELECTROCHEMISTRY. Big Idea 3
CHAPTER 17: ELECTROCHEMISTRY Big Idea 3 Electrochemistry Conversion of chemical to electrical energy (discharge). And its reverse (electrolysis). Both subject to entropic caution: Convert reversibly to
More information