Adsorption of lisinopril and chlorpheniramine from aqueous solution on dehydrated and activated carbons
|
|
- Millicent Johnson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Phenylethynyl-terminated polyimide, exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets, and the composites: an overview Donghwan Cho and Lawrence T. Drzal Original Articles Carbon Letters Vol. 19, (2016) Adsorption of lisinopril and chlorpheniramine from aqueous solution on dehydrated and activated carbons El-Said I. El-Shafey, Haider A. J. Al-Lawati and Wafa S. H. Al-Saidi Chemistry Department, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, P.O. Box 36, Sultanate of Oman Article Info Received 5 October 2015 Accepted 15 May 2016 Corresponding Author dr_el_shafey2004@yahoo.co.uk Tel: Open Access DOI: DOI: /CL This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Date palm leaflets were used as a precursor to prepare dehydrated carbon (DC) via phosphoric acid treatment at 150 C. DC, acidified with H 3 PO 4, was converted to activated carbon (AC) at 500 C under a nitrogen atmosphere. DC shows very low surface area (6.1 m 2 /g) while AC possesses very high surface area (829 m 2 /g). The removal of lisinopril (LIS) and chlorpheniramine (CP) from an aqueous solution was tested at different ph, contact time, concentration, and temperature on both carbons. The optimal initial ph for LIS removal was 4.0 and 5.0 for DC and AC, respectively. However, for CP, initial ph 9.0 showed maximum adsorption on both carbons. Adsorption kinetics showed faster removal on AC than DC with adsorption data closely following the pseudo second order kinetic model. Adsorption increases with temperature (25 C 45 C) and activation energy (E a ) is in a range of kj mol/l. Equilibrium studies show higher adsorption on AC than DC. Thermodynamic parameters show that drug removal is endothermic and spontaneous with physical adsorption dominating the adsorption process. Column adsorption data show good fitting to the Thomas model. Despite its very low surface area, DC shows ~70% of AC drug adsorption capacity in addition of being inexpensive and easily prepared. Key words: adsorption, lisinopril, chlorpheniramine, dehydrated, activated carbon 1. Introduction VOL. 19 July REVIEWS carbonlett.org KCS Korean Carbon Society pissn: eissn: pissn: eissn: Copyright Korean Carbon Society Hospital wastewater is considered a serious source of pollution as it contains various pollutants such as pharmaceuticals and metabolites, chlorinated organic compounds, endocrine chemicals, radionuclides, heavy metals, and other chemicals. Hospitals generate significant amounts of wastewater in a range of L/day/bed [1]. Point sources of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment include hospitals, medical institutions, health care facilities, pharmaceutical manufacturers, and animal farms. The disposal of unused or expired pharmaceuticals through sinks or toilets is considered a major diffuse source of municipal wastewater pollution [2]. Adverse effects that result from the presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment include aquatic toxicity, biological imbalance, development of resistance in pathogenic bacteria, genotoxicity, and endocrine disruption [3]. Lisinopril (LIS) is an active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor used for the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, and acute myocardial infarction [4]. Chlorpheniramine (CP) is an anti-histamine drug, commonly used to treat allergies [5]. Adsorption is an efficient method to remove a wide range of pharmaceuticals [2,6]. In this paper, dehydrated and activated carbons were prepared from date palm leaflets, an agricultural byproduct that is available in the Gulf States in large quantities (~3 million tons/ year and ~180,000 tons per year in Oman [2]), using phosphoric acid treatments. Both types of carbon were characterized and investigated for the removal of LIS and CP from aqueous solutions. 12
2 Adsorption of lisinopril and chlorpheniramine on activated carbons 2. Experimental All chemicals used were of analytical grade. Pure pharmaceuticals (LIS and CP) were provided as powder samples by the National Pharmaceutical Industries Company (Muscat, Oman). Dry date palm leaflets (Phoenix dactylifera L.) were collected from a local farm in Al-Khodh, Muscat. The leaflets were thoroughly washed with deionized water to remove dirt, dust, and other impurities and were allowed to dry in open air at room temperature to constant weight. The clean dry leaflets were cut into small pieces (1-cm length) before further use in carbon preparation Carbon preparation Approximately 20 g of the clean dry leaflets was added to 200 ml distilled water, followed by the addition of 80 g of concentrated phosphoric acid with stirring. The mixture was left overnight in an oven (Hobersal Mon X B2-125 furnace; Hobersal, Barcelona, Spain) at 150 C to chemically carbonize via dehydration. The produced dehydrated carbon (DC) was left to cool at room temperature, and an amount of DC was used to prepare AC as follows. DC with its residual phosphoric acid (without washing) was transferred to a quartz tube (internal diameter 5.1 cm and length 61 cm) to be in the heated zone of the tube furnace (GSL-1100X-110V; MTI Corp., Richmond, CA, USA). Under a nitrogen atmosphere, the temperature was raised from room temperature to 500 C in 90 min at a heating rate of ~5.6 C/min and was kept at 500 C for 1 h to produce AC. The produced AC was left to cool under a nitrogen atmosphere. Both carbons were washed thoroughly with hot deionized water to remove residual phosphoric acid followed by washing with ~1% NaOH solution for 1 h, to release humic substances from the carbons. Both carbons were then washed with deionized water until neutrality. To retain the ion exchange groups on the surfaces of both carbons in their H-form, the carbons were washed again with ~1% HCl solution followed by washing with deionized water until neutrality. The carbon samples were allowed to dry at 120 C till constant weight was achieved. After cooling in a desiccator and grinding, carbon with a size range between two sieves of 1.19 mm and 0.25 mm was selected for characterization and adsorption experiments Physico-chemical characterization The surface area of both carbons was determined using Autosorb-1 (Quantachrome Instruments, Boynton Beach, FL, USA) via nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The carbon samples were tested using a JEOL/EO JSM 5600 scanning electron microscope (Tokyo, Japan) that was subjected to a 20 kv accelerating voltage. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis of both carbons was carried out using a JEOL/O JSM 5600 editor energy disperse analysis system. X-ray powder diffraction was carried out using a Philips PW 1830 generator with a Philips PW 1050 powder goniometer (Philips, USA) and copper K α was used as the incident radiation. An infrared analysis was carried out for DC and AC using a FT-IR spectrometer (Spectrun BX; PerkinElmer, Germany) after drying at 120 C for 2 h. Zero point of charge (ph zpc ) for both carbons was determined following the procedure of Moreno-Castilla et al. [7]. The base neutralization capacity for both carbons was determined using Boehm titrations [8]. Using standard methods, cation exchange capacity (CEC), apparent density, and ash content of both carbons were determined [9-11]. All experiments and analyses were carried out at least twice Adsorption experiments Pharmaceutical stock solutions (500 mg/l each) were kept in a refrigerator and used within a week after preparation. Test and standards solutions were prepared by dilution in deionized water. Kinetic, equilibrium, and column sorption experiments were carried out at initial ph values, at which maximum sorption of drugs took place. For the kinetic experiments, 0.15 g of DC or AC was added to 50 ml (50 mg/l) of LIS at initial ph 4.0 and 5.0, respectively, and at initial ph 9.0 for CP on both carbons. At different time intervals, aliquots of supernatant were withdrawn for drug analysis. The adsorption process was followed for 70 h at 25 C, 35 C, and 45 C under continuous agitation (100 rpm/ min). To investigate the effect of initial ph on drug adsorption, ~0.06 g carbon was mixed with 25 ml (100 mg/l) of drug solution in glass vials at different initial ph values ( ). The initial ph was adjusted using drops of dilute HCl or NaOH prior to the addition of carbon. Under the same conditions of drug concentration and initial ph, reference drug samples were separated as control samples. Adsorption solutions were shaken mechanically (100 rpm/min) at 25 C until the equilibrium was reached. Both the initial and the final drug concentrations were analyzed. Isotherm studies at different temperature (25 C 45 C) were carried out by mixing 0.06 g of carbon with 25 ml of drug solution (10 250) mg/l at respective initial ph values of maximum drug adsorption under mechanical shaking (100 rpm/ min) until the equilibrium was reached. Residual drug concentrations were analyzed Desorption studies Drug solutions (250 mg/l, 100 ml) at initial ph of maximum drug adsorption, were mixed with carbons (0.25 g). After equilibrium, the drug samples were filtered and residual drug was analyzed. Wet drug-loaded carbon was carefully transferred to another clean vial containing 100 ml of aqueous solution at initial ph 2 for drug desorption. After 24 h, samples were withdrawn for drug analysis Column studies A fixed bed of the carbon adsorbent was prepared. A glass column with a glass wool layer at the bottom was used. The pre-weighed carbon samples were left in deionized water for 3 h for wetting. The column was filled with deionized water before adding the carbon mass and the column was gently tapped to facilitate uniform packing of the bed. For CP (ph 9, 51.5 mg/l), carbon samples (~1.50 g of DC or AC), after being wetted, were loaded in a column of 1 cm diameter, with length of 7.4 cm (bed volume, 5.8 cm 3 ) for DC and length of 6.9 cm (bed volume, 5.43 cm 3 ) for AC. The CP solution was allowed to pass through the 13
3 Carbon Letters Vol. 19, (2016) column at a rate of 1.87 ml/min on DC remaining in contact with DC for 3.10 min and with AC for 2.90 min. For LIS (65 mg/l, ph 4 for DC; ph 5 for AC), carbon samples (1.8 g of DC or AC) were loaded in a column of 1 cm diameter, with length of 10.2 cm (bed volume, 8.01 cm 3 ) for DC and length of 9.8 cm (bed volume, 7.69 cm 3 ) for AC. The LIS solution was allowed to pass through the column at a rate of 1.87 ml/min staying in contact with DC for 4.28 min and AC for 4.11 min. Aliquots of the effluent solution were collected in a fraction collector (Frac- 920; Sweden) and drug concentration was analyzed Drug analysis Drugs were analyzed using a tris(2,2-bipyridyl)-ruthenium (II) peroxydisulphate chemiluminescence system in a two chip device following the procedure of Al Lawati et al. [12]. The system consists of serpentine and teardrop microfluidic chips, fluidic connect 4515, and fused silica capillaries (Micronit, Enschede, the Netherlands). The syringe pumps were purchased from Basi Bee (USA). The detector was a photomultiplier tube (PMT; H7155-2; Hamamatsu Photonics, Hamamatsu, Japan) connected to a PC via a Counting Unit (C8855; Hamamatsu Photonics). The experiments and analysis were carried out at least twice. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Carbon physico-chemical properties The surface properties of the carbons are presented in Table 1. The AC surface area is almost 134 times larger using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method and 139 times larger using the α-s method, relative to that of DC. In the α-s method, the amount of nitrogen adsorbed as a function of P/Po is graphically compared with a normalized reference isotherm of a non-porous carbon [13]. This method enables the estimation of the microsurface area and non-microsurface area. However, this method is influenced by the nature of the selected nonporous reference. The micro surface area, obtained using the α-s method, appears lower for both carbons (Table 1) than the non-micro surface area. In a previous study [6], for AC and DC prepared from date palm leaflets using sulfuric acid, surface area was higher for AC (405 m 2 /g) than DC (48 m 2 /g). The apparent density and ash content are presented in Table 1. Scanning electron microscope photographs show that DC retains the fibrous structure of the leaflets while AC does not due to the pyrolysis at 500 C (Fig. 1a and b). X-ray diffraction patterns for both carbons (Fig. 2a and b) show an amorphous structure with a common peak at 2θ of 22 for amorphous silica [14]. For AC, the two small peaks at 2θ of 26 and 44 represent the degree of graphitization [14]. Fig. 3 shows the infrared spectra of both carbons. The broad bands at 3440 cm 1 for DC and 3400 cm 1 for AC correspond to hydrogen bonded OH stretching vibrations [15]. Stretching C H vibrations in CH 3 and CH 2 groups appear in the DC spectrum at 2946 and 2876 cm 1, respectively. However, such bands are not available in the AC spectrum, likely because they were lost during pyrolysis. The bands at 1648 cm 1 for both DC and AC correspond to Table 1. Surface characterization of DC and AC Property DC AC phzpc CEC (meq100 g) Surface functionality (meq/g) Carboxyl Lactone Hydroxyl EDX analysis (%) Carbon Oxygen Phosphor Surface properties BET-method Vm (cm 3 /g) * Surface area (SBET) (m 2 /g) BET-constant α-s Method Total surface area (m 2 /g) Micro surface area (m 2 /g) Non-micro surface area (m 2 /g) Apparent density (g/cm) Ash content (%) DC, dehydrated carbon; AC, activated carbon; phzpc, zero point of charge; CEC, cation exchange capacity; EDX, energy dispersive X-ray; BET, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller. * Vm is the monolayer capacity. stretching vibration of C=O, COO or to skeletal C=C aromatic vibrations. Other bands in the range ( cm 1 ) are assigned to O H bending and C O stretching vibrations such as phenols and carboxylic acids [15]. DC possesses more CEC, carboxylic, lactonic, phenolic, and surface acidity (or less ph zpc ) than AC (Table 1). EDX analysis shows more carbon and less oxygen content for AC than DC, indicating the presence of more carbon-oxygen groups on the DC surface (Table 1). DC and AC formation can be explained as follows. When the mixture of date palm leaflets and phosphoric acid is heated at 150 C, some hydrolysis to hemicelluloses takes place. As water evaporates, phosphoric acid concentrates, leading to carbonization of the leaflets via dehydration of cellulose and hemicelluloses with partial oxidation and fragmentation of lignin. Concentrated phosphoric acid is capable of dehydrating plant material, but with a smaller oxidation effect than concentrated sulfuric acid [16]. The produced DC with residual phosphoric acid was subjected to pyrolysis at 500 C under a nitrogen atmosphere, during which volatile, tarry, and waxy compounds DOI: 14
4 Adsorption of lisinopril and chlorpheniramine on activated carbons Fig. 3. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra of dehydrated carbon (DC) and activated carbon (AC). are released. The release of tarry compounds from the gaps among crystallites by activation provides a porous structure with a high surface area of AC. Because phosphoric acid is an oxidizing agent, carbon oxygen functional groups such as carboxyls, lactones, and phenols are usually formed on the AC surface. The very low surface area of DC compared to that of AC is likely related to the higher content of carbon-oxygen hydrophilic functional groups on its surface. Such hydrophilic functional groups occupy a large fraction of the DC surface, restricting the adsorption of the non-polar nitrogen molecules. In addition, the presence of lignin material within the DC structure can also block the available pores and limit the access of nitrogen gas on the DC surface, thus decreasing the surface area. Fig. 1. Scanning electron microscope photographs of (a) dehydrated carbon and (b) activated carbon ph effect on drug adsorption phzpc is the ph at which the electrical charge density on the carbon surface is zero. For the carbons, at ph values below the phzpc (3.18 for DC and 4.17 for AC), the surface functional groups become protonated in their non-dissociated form; however, beyond that value, the carbon becomes negatively charged. The pka values of LIS at 25 C are 2.5 (central COOH), 4.0 (Prolyl COOH), 6.7 (secondary amine group), and 10.1 (lysyl primary amine group) [17], as presented in Fig. 4a. The central COOH is more acidic than the prolyl COOH due to the proximity of the secondary amine group. The secondary amine group is more acidic than the lysyl primary amine due to the proximity of the electron-withdrawing amide group [17]. The effect of ph on adsorption of LIS is presented in Fig. 4b. At ph lower than the pka1 value, i.e., <2.5, both amine groups remain protonated and become positively charged; however, the carboxylic groups on the drug and carbons become protonated and neutral (COOH), showing low adsorption and weak interaction with the drug cations (Fig. 4b). At ph between 2.5 and 4.0, the central carboxylic group becomes deprotonated, carrying a negative charge; however, the other groups remain protonated; pyrolyl carboxylic (neutral) and the amine groups (positively charged). DC retains its protonated form below ph 3.18; however, beyond ph 3.18, the surface becomes negatively charged. Thus, electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged DC surface and positively charged drug molecules takes place, with maximal adsorption at ph 4.0. However, in this ph range, Fig. 2. X-ray powder diffraction of (a) dehydrated carbon and (b) activated carbon. 15
5 Carbon Letters Vol. 19, (2016) Fig. 4. Molecular structure (a) and effect of initial ph (b) on lisinopril (LIS) adsorption (initial concentration, 100 mg/l; volume of LIS solution, 25 ml; shaking speed, 100 rpm). DC, dehydrated carbon, AC activated carbon. the AC surface remains protonated and adsorption slightly increases as protons decrease. At ph between 4.0 and 6.7, both carboxylic groups become negatively charged; however, the amine groups remain positively charged on the drug molecule. DC remains negatively charged, whereas AC becomes negatively charged at ph higher than its ph zpc Electrostatic interaction between positively charged drug cations and the negatively charged surface leads to maximum adsorption of LIS on AC at ph 5.0. Repulsion between the negative charges on the drug ions and the negatively charged carbon surfaces can also take place, and adsorption thus starts to decrease as the initial ph further increases beyond ph 5. At ph between 6.7 and 10.1 for LIS molecules, both carboxylic groups become negatively charged and the secondary amine group becomes deprotonated but the primary amine group remains positively charged. Electrostatic attraction exists between the negatively charged carbon surface and the positively charged primary amine group on the drug ions; however, the degree of repulsion appears to increase between the negatively charged carboxylic groups on the drug ions and the negatively charged carbon surface. At ph higher than 10.1, both carboxylic groups become negatively charged; however, the primary amine group becomes deprotonated. Due to the repulsion between the negatively charged drug ions and the negatively charged surface, adsorption further decreases. CP molecule (Fig. 5a) possesses two basic groups with pk a1 of 4.0 for the pyridyl nitrogen and 9.2 for the tertiary amine group [18]. At ph below 4.0 (pk a1 value for CP), CP is protonated on both nitrogen atoms. In the ph range between that of pk a1 and pk a2 (ph ), CP remains monoprotonated on its aliphatic nitrogen; however, at ph beyond pk a2, the drug molecule becomes neutral. The effect of ph on CP adsorption is presented in Fig. 5. Molecular structure (a) and effect of initial ph (b) on chlorpheniramine (CP) adsorption (initial concentration, 100 mg/l; volume of LIS solution, 25 ml; shaking speed, 100 rpm). DC, dehydrated carbon, AC activated carbon. Fig. 5b. For DC, at initial ph <3.18, adsorption of CP is low on DC due to the weak interaction between the neutral carbon surface and the double positively charged CP ions. In the ph range of , a sharp rise in CP adsorption occurs due to the electrostatic attraction between the double positively charged CP cations and the negatively charged surface of DC. For AC, at ph below 4.17, the ph zpc of AC, weak interaction occurs between the positively charged drug ions (double positively charged below ph 4.0, mono-positively charged beyond ph 4.0) and the neutral carbon surface, showing less CP adsorption. In the ph range of for DC and for AC, there is a gradual slight rise in CP sorption due to the attractive forces between the mono-positively charged CP cations and the negatively charged surface, showing maximum CP adsorption at initial ph 9.0. At ph >9.2, adsorption of CP on both carbons decreases as a result of the weak interaction between the negatively charged surface and neutral CP molecules. However, at ph values >10.1 for LIS and >9.2 for CP, due to the presence of other adsorption forces such as hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces, the carbons still show significant extents of drug adsorption at such high ph values. AC, in general, shows higher drug adsorption than DC and this is related to its high surface area. However, DC, even with its very small surface area, still shows a good interaction with the drug. This reflects the effectiveness of other adsorption forces such as ion exchange and H-bonding. Furthermore, the presence of lignin material within the pores of DC likely enhances the uptake of drugs via hydrophobic interactions Kinetics of drug adsorption From the studies of ph effect, initial ph 4.0 and 5.0 were selected as the optimum ph for LIS adsorption on DC and AC, respectively, while for CP, ph 9.0 was selected for both carbons for adsorption experiments. Equilibrium is reached faster for AC DOI: 16
6 Adsorption of lisinopril and chlorpheniramine on activated carbons than DC for both drugs (Fig. 6). The adsorption of drugs varies almost linearly with the half power of time, in the adsorption early stages (eq 1) [19]: q t = k d t 0.5 (1) where q t is the amount of drug sorbed per gram of carbon (mg/g) and k d is the diffusion rate constant. As the temperature increases, k d increases (Table 2) for both drugs on both carbons. The kinetic adsorption data were examined for the pseudo second order kinetic model (eq 2). t/q t =1/k q e 2 + t/q e (2) Fig. 6. Adsorption kinetics of (a) LIS and (b) CP on DC and AC at different temperature. LIS, lisinopril; CP, chlorpheniramine; DC, dehydrated carbon, AC activated carbon. where k is a rate constant of the pseudo second order model and q e is the amount of drug adsorbed per unit mass of sorbent (mg/g) at equilibrium. The initial adsorption rate is given by h = k 2 q e2. The linear plots of t/q t versus t for the pseudo second order model present a good fitting (high R 2 values), as seen in Table 2, indicating that the adsorption of drugs complies well with a pseudo second order kinetic reaction. This indicates that the rate-limiting step in the adsorption process involves both the carbon surface and drug via sharing or exchange of electrons between the carbon surface and the drug [20]. As presented in Table 2, the kinetic constants k d, k, and h show higher values for AC than DC for both drugs. This is perhaps related to the high surface area of AC. The values of k d, k, q e, and h rise with temperature and this may be because of the desolvation of the adsorbing species and the decrease in the thickness of the boundary layer surrounding the carbon as temperature increases [21]. For LIS adsorption, raising the temperature from 25 C to 45 C led to an increase in the values of k d, k, and h, by 1.89-, Table 2. Pore diffusion and rate constants for the kinetics of LIS and CP sorption on DC and AC at different temperature Drug Sorbent Temperature ( C) Pore diffusion constant, kd (mg/g/ hr 0.5 ) Rate constant k (g/mg/hr) Pseudo second order model Initial adsorption rate, h (mg/g /hr) Monolayer capacity, qe (mg/g) Lis DC AC CP DC AC LIS, Lisinopril; CP, chlorpheniramine; DC, dehydrated carbon; AC, activated carbon. R
7 Carbon Letters Vol. 19, (2016) 1.9-, and 3.17-fold, respectively, for DC and by 1.23-, 1.80-, and 2.16-fold, respectively, for AC. However, raising the temperature from 25 C to 45 C, for CP adsorption, led to a rise in the values of k d, k, and h by 1.38-, 1.69-, and 2.98-fold, respectively, for DC and by 1.29-, 1.64-, and 2.29-fold, respectively, for AC. The relative increase in rate constants at 45 C is higher for DC than for AC and this might be related to an expected swelling of DC in water. El-Shafey et al. [2] reported that the increase of ciprofloxacin adsorption on DC with temperature was related to an obvious swelling of the carbon. However, AC is a rigid substance and does not show swelling in water [22]. The activation energies (Ea, kj/mol) for LIS and CP adsorption on carbons were calculated using the values of the rate constant k using the Arrhenius equation (eq 3). k 2 = Ae -Ea/RT (3) where R is the gas constant (8.314 J/mol/K), T is the temperature in Kelvin (K), and A is the pre-exponential factor. A plot of ln k 2 versus 1/T gives a straight line from which Ea was calculated. Low Ea values (5 40 kj/mol) correspond to physical adsorption, while higher Ea values ( kj/mol) are related to chemisorption [23]. The activation energies of drug adsorption on DC and AC, in this study, are 25.3 and 22.5 kj/mol for LIS, respectively, and 20.2 and 19.4 kj/mol for CP, respectively. These Ea values indicate that physical adsorption forces dominate the removal of both drugs on both carbons Equilibrium studies The adsorption data of LIS and CP on DC and AC presented in Fig. 7 follow an L-type isotherm, with increased drug uptake as temperature increases (25 C 45 C). The equilibrium data were tested using the Langmuir and Freundlich models (eqs 4 Fig. 7. Adsorption isotherms of (a) LIS and (b) CP on DC and AC at different temperature. LIS, lisinopril; CP, chlorpheniramine; DC, dehydrated carbon, AC activated carbon. Table 3. Langmuir and Freundlich parameters for the sorption of LIS and CP at different temperatures Drug Sorbent Temperature ( C) Langmuir constants Freundlich constants Correlation value, R 2 q (mg/g) b (L/mg) 1/n K Correlation value, R 2 LIS DC AC CP DC AC LIS, Lisinopril; CP, chlorpheniramine; DC, dehydrated carbon; AC, activated carbon. DOI: 18
8 Adsorption of lisinopril and chlorpheniramine on activated carbons Table 4. Thermodynamic parameters of LIS and CP adsorption on DC and AC Drug Carbon Temperature (K) Kc ΔG o (kj/mol) ΔH o (kj/mol) ΔS o (J/mol) LIS DC AC CP DC AC LIS, Lisinopril; CP, chlorpheniramine; DC, dehydrated carbon; AC, activated carbon. and 5, respectively). C e /q e = 1/b.q + C e /q (4) log q e = 1/n (log C e ) + log K (5) where C e is the equilibrium drug concentration (mg/l), b is Langmuir constant (L/mg), q is the adsorption monolayer capacity from Langmuir model (mg/g), and 1/n and K (L 1/n mg 1-1/n /g) are Freundlich constants related to adsorption intensity and adsorption capacity, respectively. As presented in Table 3, the adsorption equilibrium data show better fitting for the Langmuir model than the Freundlich model for both drugs. The basic assumption of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm is monolayer coverage of the adsorbate onto the adsorbent surface active sites at equilibrium [24]. The increase in drug monolayer adsorption by raising the temperature is obvious and may be related to the desolvation of the adsorbing species and the decrease in the thickness of the boundary layer surrounding the carbon with increasing temperature [21]. Raising the temperature from 25 C to 45 C led to an increase in LIS monolayer adsorption by 1.32-fold on DC and 1.20-fold on AC, and in CP monolayer adsorption by 1.41-fold on DC and fold on AC. The slight increase in drug adsorption on DC compared with AC by raising the temperature is likely due to the swelling of DC with greater temperature, leading to the development of wider pores and giving more access to adsorption sites. Similar results were obtained for the adsorption of ciprofloxacin antibiotic on DC prepared via sulfuric acid dehydration [2]. On the other hand, AC is a rigid material and its swelling in water or other solvents is unexpected [22]. CP shows higher uptake on both carbons than LIS and this is related to the smaller molecular size of the former. Even with its very low surface area, DC still shows effective LIS and CP adsorption in a range of 70% 78% and 75% 84%, respectively, of AC adsorption monolayer capacity for both drugs. This reflects the effectiveness of other adsorption forces such as ion exchange and H-bonding besides Van der Waals forces, which likely dominate drug adsorption on DC. The adsorption monolayer capacity of CP on AC and DC in this study (Table 3) is comparable to previous studies on rectorite (122 mg/g) [25] and montmorillonite (190 mg/g) [5] Thermodynamic parameters Gº, Hº, and Sº were calculated from the equilibrium constant values, K c, at different temperatures. K c is presented in eq 6: K c = C Ae /C e (6) where C Ae is the amount of LIS adsorbed on carbon (mg) per L of solution and C e is the equilibrium concentration of the drug solution (mg/l). K c is estimated from the initial part of the adsorption isotherm in which q e versus C e is linear. The calculated thermodynamic parameters for drug adsorption are shown in Table 4. K c values increase with temperature, indicating an endothermic process of drug adsorption [3]. The Gibbs free energy change of the adsorption process, ΔGº, is related to K c, as given in eq 7. The enthalpy (ΔHº) and the entropy (ΔSº) are calculated by plotting lnk c versus 1/T according to Van s Hoff equation (eq 8). Gº = -RT ln K c (7) ln K c = ( S /R) +( H /RT) (8) Plotting ln K c versus 1/T gives a linear relationship, from which ΔHº and ΔSº were determined. The negative values of Gº (Table 4) indicate a favorable and spontaneous process for 19
9 Carbon Letters Vol. 19, (2016) the temperature range evaluated, as is usually the case for many adsorption systems in solution [25,26]. The positive values of Hº show an endothermic nature for CP and LIS adsorption. The values of Hº for the adsorption of both drugs are <40 kj/mol, indicating that physical adsorption processes are dominant in drug removal [27]. The positive ΔSº values show an increase in randomness at the solid-solution interface during the adsorption process of the drug on both carbons [6] Drug desorption Desorption from LIS loaded carbons is lower than that of CP, reaching ~63.3% from loaded DC and ~40.2% from loaded AC. On the other hand, desorption of CP from loaded DC shows ~81.8% recovery; however, for desorption from loaded AC, drug recovery is only ~61.6%. This indicates a stronger affinity of the carbon surface to LIS molecules than CP molecules. LIS molecule possesses multifunctional groups on its surface whereas CP molecule possesses a tertiary amine group and a pyridyl group (Fig. 5). It is clear that desorption from loaded DC shows better performance than that from AC. This is mainly related to the different dominating forces of adsorption onto both carbons. AC possesses a high extent of physical adsorption forces (van der Waals forces) due its higher surface area but smaller content of surface functional groups. DC possesses much lower surface area, indicating less van der Waals forces. However, DC possesses high content of surface functional groups such as COOH, OH, C=O, and C O C that act as active sites for drug adsorption involving other adsorption forces such as cation exchange and H-bonding. Thus, at ph 2, more release of LIS and CP molecules takes place from DC than from AC. In a previous study, desorption of ciprofloxacin from loaded DC was ~83% [2]. A previous study [28] concluded that desorption of organic adsorbates including pharmaceuticals from loaded ACs is limited due to the high affinity of such compounds to the AC surface. Fig. 8. Column data for (a) LIS and (b) CP adsorption on DC and AC. LIS, lisinopril; CP, chlorpheniramine; DC, dehydrated carbon, AC activated carbon Dynamic adsorption The initial concentration of CP used was ~50.0 mg/l, whereas that of LIS was 65 mg/l. Dynamic adsorption data are presented in Fig. 8a and b. LIS adsorption shows breakthrough curves at ~180 bed volumes with adsorption capacity (q exp ) of 68 mg/g for DC and ~270 bed volumes with adsorption capacity of 91 mg/g for AC. CP shows a breakthrough at ~220 bed volumes on DC with adsorption capacity of 72 mg/g; however, for AC, the breakthrough appears at ~290 bed volumes with adsorption capacity of 89 mg/g. The dynamic adsorption capacity of both drugs correlates well with the monolayer capacities calculated from the Langmuir equations for both drugs on both carbon adsorbents (Table 3). The Thomas model is frequently used to estimate the adsorption capacity and predict breakthrough curves. The breakthrough column data were processed using the Thomas Model [29]. The model assumes a negligible axial and radial dispersion in the fixed bed column with the adsorption data following pseudo second-order reaction kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm at equilibrium [30]. The model is useful in estimating the adsorption process, in which external and internal diffusion resistances are negligible [31]. The Thomas model can be expressed as fol- Fig. 9. The Thomas model application for the column sorption of (a) LIS and (b) CP on DC and AC. LIS, lisinopril; CP, chlorpheniramine; DC, dehydrated carbon, AC activated carbon. DOI: 20
10 Adsorption of lisinopril and chlorpheniramine on activated carbons Table 5. Thomas model parameters at different conditions for the adsorption of LIS and CP on DC and AC using linear regression analysis Drug Carbon Co (mg/l) ν (L/min) kth (L/min/mg) 10 4 qo (mg g 1 ) R 2 qexp (mg/g) LIS DC AC CP DC AC LIS, Lisinopril; CP, chlorpheniramine; DC, dehydrated carbon; AC, activated carbon. lows (eq 9): ln(c o /C t 1) = k Th q o m/f k Th C o t (9) where k Th (L/min/mg) is the Thomas rate constant; q o (mg/g) is the equilibrium drug uptake per gram of carbon; C o and C t (mg/l) are the drug concentrations in the influent and the effluent at time t, respectively; and m (g) is the mass of adsorbent and F is (L/min) the flow rate. A linear plot of ln[(c o /C t ) 1] against time t is presented in Fig. 9, from which q o and k Th are obtained. The parameters from the linear regression analysis are presented in Table 5. q o values calculated from the Thomas model are very close to the amount determined experimentally for drug adsorption in the column system q exp. In addition, R 2 values range from to , indicating good fitting to the Thomas model. 4. Conclusions AC prepared in this study shows high surface area and low content of surface functional groups, in contrast with DC, which possesses much lower surface area with high content of carbonoxygen surface groups. Despite its very low surface area, DC shows effective drug removal from aqueous solutions, reaching ~70% of the removal capacity of AC. This reflects that the highly loaded carbon-oxygen groups on DC serve as active sites for LIS adsorption via ion exchange and hydrogen bonding. Drug adsorption follows the pseudo second order kinetic model and Langmuir at equilibrium. In addition, dynamic adsorption of drugs follows the Thomas model well. DC and AC from date palm leaflets are effective in drug removal from aqueous solutions. Conflict of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the National Pharmaceutical Industries Company (Muscat, Oman) for supplying lisinopril and chlorpheniramine samples that enabled this research work to be carried out. References [1] Gupta P, Mathur N, Bhatnagar P, Nagar P, Srivastava S. Genotoxicity evaluation of hospital wastewaters. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 72, 1925 (2009). [2] El-Shafey EI, Al-Lawati H, Al-Sumri AS. Ciprofloxacin adsorption from aqueous solution onto chemically prepared carbon from date palm leaflets. J Environ Sci, 24, 1579 (2012). org/ /s (11) [3] Sim WJ, Lee JW, Lee ES, Shin SK, Hwang SR, Oh JE. Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals in wastewater from households, livestock farms, hospitals and pharmaceutical manufactures. Chemosphere, 82, 179 (2011). [4] Parfitt K, Martindale M. The Complete Drug Reference, 32nd ed., Pharmaceutical Press, 898 (1999). [5] Li Z, Chang PH, Jean JS, Jiang WT, Hong H. Mechanism of chlorpheniramine adsorption on Ca-montmorillonite. Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspects, 385, 213 (2011). org/ /j.colsurfa [6] El-Shafey EI, Al-Lawati HAJ, Al-Hussaini AY. Adsorption of fexofenadine and diphenhydramine on dehydrated and activated carbons from date palm leaflets. Chem Ecol, 30, 765 (2014). dx.doi.org/ / [7] Moreno-Castilla C, López-Ramón MV, Carrasco-Marıń F. Changes in surface chemistry of activated carbons by wet oxidation. Carbon, 38, 1995 (2000). [8] Boehm HP. Chemical identification of surface groups. Adv Catal, 16, 179 (1966). [9] Thorpe VA. Collaborative study of the cation exchange capacity of peat materials. J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 56, 154 (1973). [10] American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard Test Method for Apparent Density of Activated Carbon, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, D2854 (1996). [11] American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard Test Method for Total Ash Content of Activated Carbon, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, D2866 (1996). [12] Al Lawati HAJ, Al-Azwani M,Varma GB, Suliman FEO, Al Kindy SMZ. Towards an ideal method for analysis of lisinopril in pharmaceutical formulations using a tris(2,2 -bipyridyl)-ruthenium(ii)-peroxydisulfate chemiluminescence system in a two chip device. Anal Methods, 4, 773 (2012). c2ay05616j. [13] Sellés-Pérez MJ, Martín-Martínez JM. Application of α and n plots to N 2 adsorption isotherms of activated carbons. J Chem 21
11 Carbon Letters Vol. 19, (2016) Soc Faraday Trans, 87, 1237 (1991). ft [14] Lua AC, Yang T. Effect of activation temperature on the textural and chemical properties of potassium hydroxide activated carbon prepared from pistachio-nut shell. J Colloid Interface Sci, 274, 594 (2004). [15] Gómez-Serrano V, Acedo-Ramos M, López-Peinado AJ, Valenzuela-Calahorro C. Oxidation of activated carbon by hydrogen peroxide: study of surface functional groups by FT-i.r. Fuel, 73, 387 (1994). [16] Roberts JD, Caserio MC. Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed., W.A. Benjamin, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, 599 (1977). [17] Wang, SL, Chuang CH, Lin SY. ph-dependent coordination of metal-lisinopril complex investigated by attenuated total reflection/fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Chem Pharm Bull, 50, 78 (2002). [18] Moreno-Villoslada I, González F, Rivas BL, Shibue T, Nishide H. Tuning the pka of the antihistaminic drug chlorpheniramine maleate by supramolecular interactions with water-soluble polymers. Polymer, 48, 799 (2007). [19] Weber WJ, Morris JC. Kinetics of adsorption on carbon from solution. J Sanit Eng Div, 89, 31 (1963). [20] HoYS. Review of second-order models for adsorption systems. J Hazard Mater, 136, 681 (2006). jhazmat [20] Meena AK, Kadirvelu K, Mishra GK, Rajagopal C, Nagar PN. Adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) metal ions from aqueous solutions by mustard husk. J Hazard Mater, 150, 619 (2008). org/ /j.jhazmat [22] Moreno-Castilla C, Carrasco-Marıń F, López-Ramón MV, Alvarez-Merino MA. Chemical and physical activation of olivemill waste water to produce activated carbons. Carbon, 39, 1415 (2001). [23] Nollet H, Roels M, Lutgen P, Van der Meeren P, Verstraete W. Removal of PCBs from wastewater using fly ash. Chemosphere, 53, 655 (2003). [24] Yasui-Furukori N, Uno T, Sugawara K, Tateishi T. Different effects of three transporting inhibitors, verapamil, cimetidine, and probenecid, on fexofenadine pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 77, 17 (2005). [25] Wang X, Guocheng L, Wang Q, Zhu Z, Li Z, Mao F, Wu L. Adsorption of chlorpheniramine from water by rectorite. Chem Ind Eng Prog, 4, 938 (2012). [26] Wu Z, Joo H, Lee K. Kinetics and thermodynamics of the organic dye adsorption on the mesoporous hybrid xerogel. Chem Eng J, 112, 227 (2005). [27] Chern JM, Wu CY. Desorption of dye from activated carbon beds: effects of temperature, ph, and alcohol. Water Res, 35, 4159 (2001). [28] Rege SU, Yang RT, Cain CA. Desorption by ultrasound: phenol on activated carbon and polymeric resin. AIChE J, 44, 1519 (1998). [29] Al-Ghouti MA, Khraisheh MAM, Ahmad MN, Allen SJ. Microcolumn studies of dye adsorption onto manganese oxides modified diatomite. J Hazard Mater, 146, 316 (2007). org/ /j.jhazmat [30] Han R, Ding D, Xu Y, Zou W, Wang Y, Li Y, Zou L. Use of rice husk for the adsorption of congo red from aqueous solution in column mode. Bioresour Technol, 99, 2938 (2008). org/ /j.biortech [31] Aksu Z, Gönen F. Biosorption of phenol by immobilized activated sludge in a continuous packed bed: prediction of breakthrough curves. Process Biochem, 39, 599 (2004). org/ /s (03) DOI: 22
Activated Carbon Tailored Surfaces for Pharmaceutical Pollution Control
Activated Carbon Tailored Surfaces for Pharmaceutical Pollution Control El-Said I. El-Shafey Chemistry Department, College of science, Sultan Qaboos University World waterday 22 March 2017 Hospitals, Clinics
More informationChapter 7 Adsorption thermodynamics and recovery of uranium
Chapter 7 Adsorption thermodynamics and recovery of uranium 99 Chapter 7. Adsorption thermodynamics and recovery of uranium from aqueous solutions by Spatoglossum 7.1. Materials 7.1.1. Preparation of sorbent
More informationAdsorption of Methylene Blue on Mesoporous SBA 15 in Ethanol water Solution with Different Proportions
2015 2 nd International Conference on Material Engineering and Application (ICMEA 2015) ISBN: 978-1-60595-323-6 Adsorption of Methylene Blue on Mesoporous SBA 15 in Ethanol water Solution with Different
More informationEffect of Process Parameters on Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Synthetic Effluent Using Jack Fruit Seed Powder
Effect of Process Parameters on Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Synthetic Effluent Using Jack Fruit Seed Powder Anoop Raj J R Anil K Das Aishwarya B S Sruthi Suresh Abstract- Batch sorption experiments
More informationPRODUCING ACTIVED CARBONS FROM PINECONES VIA CHEMICAL ACTIVATION. Abstract. Introduction. Experimental
PRODUCING ACTIVED CARBONS FROM PINECONES VIA CHEMICAL ACTIVATION Esin Apaydın Varol, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey Ersan Pütün, Dept. of Material Science and Engineering,
More informationRemoval of Nickel ions from Aqueous Solutions on Packed bed of Zeolite NaX
Removal of Nickel ions from Aqueous Solutions on Packed bed of Zeolite NaX Dinesh Kumar a, Sambi S. S. a, Sharma S. K. a, Kumar, V. b a University School of Chemical Technology, GGS IPU, Delhi - 110006,
More informationa variety of living species. Therefore, elimination of heavy metals/dyes from water and
Chapter IV Studies on the adsorption of metal ions and dyes The presence of heavy metals/dyes in the aquatic environment can be detrimental to a variety of living species. Therefore, elimination of heavy
More informationAdsorption of Cd(II) ions by synthesize chitosan from fish shells
British Journal of Science 33 Adsorption of Cd(II) ions by synthesize chitosan from fish shells Angham G. Hadi Babylon University, College of Science, Chemistry Department. Abstract One of the major applications
More informationAbstract. Introduction
REMOVAL OF Pb +2 IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY ACTIVATED CARBONS PRODUCED FROM PEANUT SHELLS Ayşe Eren Pütün, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey Esin Apaydın Varol, Dept.
More informationDye Removal Using Peat
Dye Removal Using Peat By Konduru R. Ramakrishna, T. Viraraghavan Faculty of Engineering, University of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada The textile industry, a major consumer of water for several of its wet
More informationApplication of Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles in Heavy Metal Removal
Application of Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles in Heavy Metal Removal 5.1 Introduction Different contaminants are released to water bodies due to the rapid industrialization of human society, including heavy metal
More informationAdsorption study on pomegranate peel: Removal of Ni 2+ and Co 2+ from aqueous solution
ISSN : 0974-746X Adsorption study on pomegranate peel: Removal of Ni 2+ and Co 2+ from aqueous solution Zahra Abbasi 1 *, Mohammad Alikarami 2, Ali Homafar 1 1 Department of Chemistry, Eyvan-e-Gharb Branch,
More informationAcid Orange 7 Dye Biosorption by Salvinia natans Biomass
A publication of 151 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS VOL. 32, 213 Chief Editors: Sauro Pierucci, Jiří J. Klemeš Copyright 213, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l., ISBN 978-88-9568-23-5; ISSN 1974-9791 The Italian
More informationKINETICS AND EQUILIBRIUM STUDY OF ADSORPTION OF PHENOL RED ON TEFF (Eragrostis teff) HUSK ACTIVATED CARBON
International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research ISSN 2351-8014 Vol. 11 No. 2 Nov. 2014, pp. 471-476 2014 Innovative Space of Scientific Research Journals http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/
More informationEquilibrium and Kinetics of Adsorption of Cationic Dyes by STISHOVITE Clay TiO2 Nanocomposite
Vol.2, Issue.6, Nov-Dec. 2012 pp-3989-3995 ISSN: 2249-6645 Equilibrium and Kinetics of Adsorption of Cationic Dyes by STISHOVITE Clay TiO2 Nanocomposite Venkateswaran Vinayagam 1, Priya Thangaraju 2 1
More informationThe Use of Acacia tortilis Leaves as Low Cost Adsorbent to Reduce the Lead Cations from an Aquatic Environment
212 International Conference on Geological and Environmental Sciences IPCBEE vol.3 6(212) (212)IACSIT Press, Singapoore The Use of Acacia tortilis Leaves as Low Cost Adsorbent to Reduce the Lead Cations
More informationAdsorption Processes. Ali Ahmadpour Chemical Eng. Dept. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Adsorption Processes Ali Ahmadpour Chemical Eng. Dept. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Contents Introduction Principles of adsorption Types of adsorption Definitions Brief history Adsorption isotherms Mechanism
More informationEfficient removal of heavy metal ions with EDTA. functionalized chitosan/polyacrylamide double network
Supporting Information Efficient removal of heavy metal ions with EDTA functionalized chitosan/polyacrylamide double network hydrogel Jianhong Ma a,b, Guiyin Zhou c, Lin Chu c, Yutang Liu a,b, *, Chengbin
More informationSilver Loading Effect for the Activated Carbon Fibers Pre-treated with Acid
Silver Loading Effect for the Acid-activated Carbon Fibers Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2004, Vol. 25, No. 8 1189 Silver Loading Effect for the Activated Carbon Fibers Pre-treated with Acid Won-Chun Oh * and
More informationRemoval of indigocarmine from industrial effluents using low cost adsorbent
Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol. 65, March 2006, pp. 258-263 Removal of indigocarmine from industrial effluents using low cost adsorbent Rajeev Jain*, Megha Mathur and Shalini Sikarwar
More informationScreening of Algae Material as a Filter for Heavy Metals in Drinking Water
1 Screening of Algae Material as a Filter for Heavy Metals in Drinking Water 2 ABSTRACT Calcium alginate beads generated from alginic acid sodium salt from brown algae were 3 used to explore the adsorption
More informationPhotocatalytic degradation of dyes over graphene-gold nanocomposites under visible light irradiation
Photocatalytic degradation of dyes over graphene-gold nanocomposites under visible light irradiation Zhigang Xiong, Li Li Zhang, Jizhen Ma, X. S. Zhao* Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
More informationMOF-76: From Luminescent Probe to Highly Efficient U VI Sorption Material
MOF-76: From Luminescent Probe to Highly Efficient U VI Sorption Material Weiting Yang, a Zhi-Qiang Bai, b Wei-Qun Shi*, b Li-Yong Yuan, b Tao Tian, a Zhi-Fang Chai*, c Hao Wang, a and Zhong-Ming Sun*
More informationOriginal Research Isotherms for the Sorption of Lead onto Peat: Comparison of Linear and Non-Linear Methods. Yuh-Shan Ho
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies Vol. 1, No. 1 (26), 81-86 Original Research Isotherms for the Sorption of Lead onto Peat: Comparison of Linear and Non-Linear Methods Department of Environmental
More informationStudies on the Removal of Rhodamine B and Malachite Green from Aqueous Solutions by Activated Carbon
ISSN: 0973-4945; CODEN ECJHAO E- Chemistry http://www.e-journals.net Vol. 5, No.4, pp. 844-852, October 2008 Studies on the Removal of Rhodamine B and Malachite Green from Aqueous Solutions by Activated
More informationEquilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic study of adsorption of rhodamine B from aqueous solution by activated carbon from Peltophorum Pterocarpum leaf
Engineering Conferences International ECI Digital Archives Wastewater and Biosolids Treatment and Reuse: Bridging Modeling and Experimental Studies Proceedings Spring 6-12-2014 Equilibrium, kinetic and
More informationRemoval of Direct Red Dye Using Neem Leaf Litter
Removal of Direct Red Dye Using Neem Leaf Litter Prasana Manikanda Kartik J, Swathik H, Udaya Baskar S, Sivamani S * * Chemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of
More informationCharacterization of Activated Carbon Prepared from Almond Shells for Scavenging Phenolic Pollutants
Chem Sci Trans., 2013, 2(3), 835-840 Chemical Science Transactions DOI:10.7598/cst2013.358 ISSN/E-ISSN: 2278-3458/2278-3318 RESEARCH ARTICLE Characterization of Activated Carbon Prepared from Almond Shells
More informationRemoval of Copper (II) from Aqueous Solutions using Chalk Powder
Est. 1984 ORIENTAL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY An International Open Free Access, Peer Reviewed Research Journal www.orientjchem.org ISSN: 0970-020 X CODEN: OJCHEG 2013, Vol. 29, No. (2): Pg. 713-717 Removal
More informationAdsorption of Cu(II) onto natural clay: Equilibrium and thermodynamic studies
Adsorption of Cu(II) onto natural clay: Equilibrium and thermodynamic studies Zouraibi Mohamed* 1, Ammuri Abdelkarim 1, Khadija Ziat 1, Saidi Mohamed 1 1 Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Matériaux, Substances
More informationUranium biosorption by Spatoglossum asperum J. Agardh:
Chapter 6 Uranium biosorption by Spatoglossum asperum J. Agardh: 76 Chapter 6. Uranium biosorption by Spatoglossum asperum J. Agardh: Characterization and equilibrium studies. 6.1. Materials 6.1.1. Collection
More informationAdsorption of chromium from aqueous solution by activated alumina and activated charcoal
Adsorption of chromium from aqueous solution by activated alumina and activated charcoal Suman Mor a,b*, Khaiwal Ravindra c and N. R. Bishnoi b a Department of Energy and Environmental Science, Chaudhary
More informationComparision studies on Adsorbants for removal of Hardness from Water by using newly Prepared Zeolite
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHARMACY, BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY Research Article Comparision studies on Adsorbants for removal of Hardness from Water by using newly Prepared Zeolite R. Viswanath Goud
More informationProduction of Mesoporous Carbon from Waste Tire
Production of Mesoporous Carbon from Waste Tire E.L.K. Mui and G. M c Kay Department of Chemical Engineering Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Corresponding
More informationStudy of some Effecting Factors on the Removal of Phenol from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption onto Activated Carbon
J. Int. Environmental Application & Science, Vol. 11(2): 148-153 (2016) Study of some Effecting Factors on the Removal of Phenol from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption onto Activated Carbon M. R. Mohammad
More informationROLE OF SURFACE CHEMISTRY IN ADSORPTION OF ETHYLMETHYLAMINE ON ACTIVATED CARBONS
ROLE OF SURFACE CHEMISTRY IN ADSORPTION OF ETHYLMETHYLAMINE ON ACTIVATED CARBONS Yehya El-Sayed, and Teresa J. Bandosz Department of Chemistry, The City College and The Graduate School of the City University
More informationSorptive treatment of explosives and heavy metals in water using biochar
2013 US Biochar Conference U. Mass, Amherst, MA, USA October 14, 2013 Sorptive treatment of explosives and heavy metals in water using biochar Seok-Young Oh 1*, Yong-Deuk Seo 1, Hyun-Su Yoon 1, Myong-Keun
More informationRemoval Of Copper From Waste Water Using Low Cost Adsorbent
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) e-issn: 2278-5736. Volume 3, Issue 6 (Jan. Feb. 2013), PP 51-55 Removal Of Copper From Waste Water Using Low Cost Adsorbent Jubraj Khamari* Sanjeet Kumar Tiwari**
More informationRemoval of Cu 2+, Cd 2+, Hg 2+, and Ag + from Industrial Wastewater by Using Thiol-Loaded Silica Gel
Universities Research Journal 2011, Vol. 4, No. 3 Removal of Cu 2+, Cd 2+, Hg 2+, and Ag + from Industrial Wastewater by Using Thiol-Loaded Silica Gel Aye Aye Myat 1, Kyaw Naing 2 and San San Myint 1 Abstract
More informationRemoval of Fluoride from Synthetic Water Using Chitosan as an Adsorbent
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) e-issn: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 12, Issue 4 Ver. II (April. 2018), PP 43-48 www.iosrjournals.org Removal
More informationVolume 31, número 4, 2006 Department of Chemistry. School of Sciences. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. 2
www.scielo.br/eq Volume 31, número 4, 2006 Immersion enthalpy variation of surface-modified mineral activated carbon in lead (II) aqueous solution adsorption: the relation between immersion enthalpy and
More informationOne-pot synthesis of carbon supported calcined-mg/al layered double. hydroxides for antibiotic removal by slow pyrolysis of biomass waste
Supplementary Information for: One-pot synthesis of carbon supported calcined-mg/al layered double hydroxides for antibiotic removal by slow pyrolysis of biomass waste Xiaofei Tan 1,2, Shaobo Liu 3, 4
More informationCHAPTER 5. EQUILIBRIUM AND THERMODYNAMIC INVESTIGATION OF As(III) AND As(V) REMOVAL BY MAGNETITE NANOPARTICLES COATED SAND
CHAPTER 5 EQUILIBRIUM AND THERMODYNAMIC INVESTIGATION OF As(III) AND As(V) REMOVAL BY MAGNETITE NANOPARTICLES COATED SAND 85 86 5.1. INTRODUCTION Since temperature plays an important role in the adsorption
More informationJournal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(4)/ Vol.(25): 2017
Synthetic Textile Red Dye Removal From Aqueous Solution by Adsorption onto Pomegranate Peel Sundus Saleh Nehaba Al-Qasim Green University / College of Agriculture Snasna71@yahoo.com Abstract This study
More informationRemoval of Malachite Green by Stishovite-TiO 2 Nanocomposite and Stishovite Clay- A Comparative Study
Chem Sci Trans., 2013, 2(3), 771-780 Chemical Science Transactions DOI:10.7598/cst2013.417 ISSN/E-ISSN: 2278-3458/2278-3318 RESEARCH ARTICLE Removal of Malachite Green by Stishovite-TiO 2 Nanocomposite
More informationAdsorption of Humic acid on Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)
Adsorption of Humic acid on Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, MSU, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA Abstract Removal capacity and rate of Humic Acid (HA) onto
More informationChromium (VI) removal from wastewater by acid-treated pyrolytic char derived from used rubber tires
Industrial Waste & Wastewater Treatment & Valorisation Chromium (VI) removal from wastewater by acid-treated pyrolytic char derived from used rubber tires Vasiliki Makrigianni 1, Aris Giannakas 1, Ioannis
More informationGROUNDNUT SHELL: EFFECTIVE ADSORBENT FOR DEFLUORIDATION FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 6, November-December 216, pp. 51 6, Article ID: IJCIET_7_6_6 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=7&itype=6
More informationEgyptian Petroleum Research Institute BY Rasha Hosny Abdel Mawla Yousef
Novel Mesoporous Silicas and its Characterizations for Oil Adsorption from Produced Water Injected in Water Injection Projects using Fixed Bed Column Processes BY Rasha Hosny Abdel Mawla Yousef Egyptian
More informationAdsorption Isotherm of Phosphate Ions onto lica and Amino-modified lica from Lapindo Mud Jaslin Ikhsan 1,2, ti Sulastri 1, Erfan Priyambodo 1 1 Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Mathematics
More informationReceived: 24 th April-2012 Revised: 07 th May-2012 Accepted: 10 th May-2012 Research article
Received: 24 th April-2012 Revised: 07 th May-2012 Accepted: 10 th May-2012 Research article EQUILIBRIUM ISOTHERM STUDIES OF METHYLENE BLUE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION UNTO ACTIVATED CARBON PREPARED FORM STRYCHNOS
More informationMicroorganisms. Dissolved inorganics. Native vs. Introduced; Oligotrophic vs. Eutrophic Millions to billions per ml or g Complex consortia
1 Microorganisms Native vs. Introduced; Oligotrophic vs. Eutrophic Millions to billions per ml or g Complex consortia Species makeup: f(t, O 2, ph, nutrients, etc.) Indicators & pathogens Dissolved inorganics
More informationRemoval of sulfamethazine and sulfathiazole from water using modified bamboo biochar
Removal of sulfamethazine and sulfathiazole from water using modified bamboo biochar Md. Boshir Ahmed (PhD, 2 nd Year) Principle Supervisor: Professor John L. Zhou Cosupervisor: Professor Huu Hao Ngo University
More informationUtilization of Chemically Modified Rice Hull for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater
2012 3rd International Conference on Chemistry and Chemical Engineering IPCBEE vol.38 (2012) (2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore Utilization of Chemically Modified Rice Hull for the Treatment of Industrial
More informationSTUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE REDUCTION CAPACITY OF ACTIVATED CARBON FIBER
STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE REDUCTION CAPACITY OF ACTIVATED CARBON FIBER Chen Shuixia, Zeng Hanmin Materials Science Institute, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 51275, China Key Laboratory for Polymeric
More informationKinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Neutral Red Adsorption onto Spent Ground Coffee from Aqueous Solution
Yingjie Dai et al., J.Chem.Soc.Pak., Vol. 38, No. 5, 216 836 Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Neutral Red Adsorption onto Spent Ground Coffee from Aqueous Solution Yingjie Dai*, Kexin Zhang, Danfeng
More informationSuccessive Extraction of As(V), Cu(II) and P(V) Ions from Water. Using Surface Modified Ghee Residue Protein
Successive Extraction of As(V), Cu(II) and P(V) Ions from Water Using Surface Modified Ghee Residue Protein Linlin Hao a,b, Masoom Kartik Desai b, Peng Wang a, Suresh Valiyaveettil b* a State Key Laboratory
More informationDepartment of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology Owerri, PMB 1526, Owerri. Nigeria.
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy Submitted: 2016-06-11 ISSN: 2299-3843, Vol. 69, pp 49-57 Revised: 2016-07-22 doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.69.49 Accepted: 2016-07-26 2016
More informationAdsorption of Pb(II) onto Modified Rice Bran
Natural Resources, 2010, 1, 104-109 doi:10.4236/nr.2010.12011 Published Online December 2010 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/nr) Adsorption of Pb(II) onto Modified Rice Bran Hengpeng Ye*, Zhijuan Yu School
More informationWater Extractable Organic Carbon in Fresh and Treated Biochars
Water Extractable Organic Carbon in Fresh and Treated Biochars Yun Lin a, Paul Munroe a, Stephen Joseph a, Rita Henderson b, Artur. Ziolkowski c a School of Materials Science and Engineering, The University
More informationSupporting information A Porous Zr-cluster-based Cationic Metal-Organic Framework for Highly Efficient Cr 2 O 7
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for ChemComm. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Supporting information A Porous Zr-cluster-based Cationic Metal-Organic Framework for Highly Efficient
More informationEXECUTIVE SUMMARY. especially in last 50 years. Industries, especially power industry, are the large anthropogenic
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction The concentration of CO 2 in atmosphere has increased considerably in last 100 years, especially in last 50 years. Industries, especially power industry, are the large anthropogenic
More informationRemoval of Basic Dyes from Aqueous Solutions by Sugar Can Stalks
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Advances in Applied Science Research, 2011, 2 (4):283-290 ISSN: 0976-8610 CODEN (USA): AASRFC Removal of Basic Dyes from Aqueous Solutions by Sugar Can
More informationKinetic and Isotherm Studies of Removal of Metanil Yellow Dye on Mesoporous Aluminophosphate Molecular Sieves
Chemical Science Transactions DOI:10.7598/cst2013.15 ISSN/E-ISSN: 2278-3458/2278-3318 RESEARCH ARTICLE Kinetic and Isotherm Studies of Removal of Metanil Yellow Dye on Mesoporous Aluminophosphate Molecular
More informationNovel dendrimer-like magnetic bio-sorbent based on modified orange peel. waste: adsorption-reduction behavior of arsenic
Supplementary Information: Novel dendrimer-like magnetic bio-sorbent based on modified orange peel waste: adsorption-reduction behavior of arsenic Fanqing Meng1, Bowen Yang1, Baodong Wang 2, Shibo Duan1,
More informationElectronic Supplementary Information
Electronic Supplementary Information The directing effect of linking unit on building microporous architecture in tetraphenyladmantane-based poly(schiffbase) networks Guiyang Li, Biao Zhang, Jun Yan and
More informationRemoval of Chromium from Aqueous Solution Using Modified Pomegranate Peel: Mechanistic and Thermodynamic Studies
http://www.e-journals.net ISSN: 973-4945; ODEN EJHAO E- hemistry 29, 6(S1), S153-S158 Removal of hromium from Aqueous Solution Using Modified Pomegranate Peel: Mechanistic and Thermodynamic Studies TARIQ
More informationAdsorption of Free Fatty Acid from Crude Palm Oil on Magnesium Silicate Derived From Rice Husk
Adsorption of Free Fatty Acid from Crude Palm Oil on Magnesium Silicate Derived From Rice Husk Weerawat Clowutimon, Prakob Kitchaiya, and Pornsawan Assawasaengrat* Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty
More informationSupplementary Information for
Supplementary Information for Facile transformation of low cost thiourea into nitrogen-rich graphitic carbon nitride nanocatalyst with high visible light photocatalytic performance Fan Dong *a, Yanjuan
More informationAdsorption of Pb(II) Ions on Teak Leaves Activated Carbon- A Kinetic and Equilibrium Study
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Pelagia Research Library Der Chemica Sinica, 2010, 1 (2): 35-43 ISSN: 0976-8505 CODEN (USA) CSHIA5 Adsorption of Pb(II) Ions on Teak Leaves Activated
More informationAppendix A. Supplementary information for ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
Appendix A. Supplementary information for ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering Encapsulation of silica nanotubes from elephant grass with graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide and its application in
More informationSurface Modification of Activated Carbon for Enhancement of Nickel(II) Adsorption
ISSN: 0973-4945; CODEN ECJHAO E- Chemistry http://www.e-journals.net Vol. 5, No.4, pp. 814-819, October 2008 Surface Modification of Activated Carbon for Enhancement of Nickel(II) Adsorption A. EDWIN VASU
More informationRemoval of Crystal Violet from Aqueous Solution by Activated Biocharfibers. Maria A. Andreou and Ioannis Pashalidis
Removal of Crystal Violet from Aqueous Solution by Activated Biocharfibers Maria A. Andreou and Ioannis Pashalidis Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus Corresponding
More informationEfficient removal of typical dye and Cr(VI) reduction using N-doped
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for RSC Advances. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Efficient removal of typical dye and Cr(VI) reduction using N-doped magnetic porous carbon
More informationIsotherm study on adsorption removal of Pb (II) by MCM-41 zeolite synthesized from biomass ash TAN Gang1,a, XUE Yongjie2,b and CAI Jun3,c
214 International Conference on Computer Science and Electronic Technology (ICCSET 214) Isotherm study on adsorption removal of Pb (II) by MCM-41 zeolite synthesized from biomass ash TAN Gang1,a, XUE Yongjie2,b
More informationSupplementary Information for Efficient catalytic conversion of fructose into hydroxymethylfurfural by a novel carbon based solid acid
Supplementary Information for Efficient catalytic conversion of fructose into hydroxymethylfurfural by a novel carbon based solid acid Jianjian Wang, Wenjie Xu, Jiawen Ren*, Xiaohui Liu, Guanzhong Lu,
More informationStudy of Adsorption Isotherm and Kinetics of Reactive Yellow Dye on Modified Wheat Straw
Petroleum Science and Engineering 2017; 1(1): 17-22 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/pse doi: 10.11648/j.pse.20170101.14 Study of Adsorption Isotherm and Kinetics of Reactive Khalid M. Mousa *,
More informationADSORPTION STUDIES OF SOME DYES ON ACACIA CONCINNA POWDER
ADSORPTION STUDIES OF SOME DYES ON ACACIA CONCINNA POWDER Geetha K.S 1, Belagali S.L 2 1 Department of Environmental science, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka, India-570006 2 Department of Environmental
More informationAdsorption Equilibria. Ali Ahmadpour Chemical Eng. Dept. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Adsorption Equilibria Ali Ahmadpour Chemical Eng. Dept. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Contents Introduction Adsorption isotherm models Langmuir isotherm Volmer isotherm Fowler-Guggenheim isotherm Hill-deBoer
More informationProduction of Activated Carbon from Residue of Liquorices Chemical Activation
Abstract: Production of Activated Carbon from Residue of Liquorices Chemical Activation T.Kaghazchi *, M.Soleimani, M.Madadi Yeganeh, Department of Chemical Engineering, AmirKabir University of Technology,
More informationKinetic, Thermodynamic and Regeneration Studies for CO 2 Adsorption onto Activated Carbon
International Journal of Advanced Mechanical Engineering. ISSN 50-334 Volume 4, Number 1 (014), pp. 7-3 Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com/ijame.htm Kinetic, Thermodynamic and Regeneration
More informationAdsorption Studies of Astrozon Blue Dye onto Acrylic Resin
ANALELE ŞTIINłIFICE ALE UNIVERSITĂłII Al. I. CUZA IAŞI Seria Chimie, Tomul XVI, 2008 Adsorption Studies of Astrozon Blue Dye onto Acrylic Resin Adriana Bârsănescu a*, Rodica Buhăceanu, a and Viorica Dulman
More informationMethylene blue adsorption by pyrolytic tyre char
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE Division of Environmental Science and Engineering Division of Environmental Science and Engineering EG2605 UROP Report Methylene blue adsorption by pyrolytic tyre char
More informationTopic: Characterization of Carbon Materials ACTIVATED CARBONS BY CHEMICAL ACTIVATION OF COTTON
Paper ID: 2226 Topic: Characterization of Carbon Materials ACTIVATED CARBONS BY CHEMICAL ACTIVATION OF COTTON J.C. Moreno-Piraján 1*, G.A. Rodríguez 2, L. Giraldo 2, Y. Ladino 3, 1 Department of Chemistry,
More informationHPAN TEXTILE FIBER WASTES FOR REMOVAL OF DYES FROM INDUSTRIAL TEXTILE EFFLUENTS
HPAN TEXTILE FIBER WASTES FOR REMOVAL OF DYES FM INDUSTRIAL TEXTILE EFFLUENTS D. ŞUTEU 1 D. BÎLBĂ 1 C. ZAHARIA 1 Abstract: The paper presents our new results about efficiency of wastes based on hydrolyzed
More informationRemoval of copper ions from aqueous solution by tree fern
Water Research 37 (2003) 2323 2330 Removal of copper ions from aqueous solution by tree fern Yuh-Shan Ho* School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan Received
More informationResearch in Chemistry and Environment
International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment Available online at: www.ijrce.org ISSN 2248-9649 Research Paper Adsorption of Eosin Dyes Onto Activated Carbon Prepared from Wood of Adina
More informationWater and Wastewater Engineering Dr. Ligy Philip Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. Adsorption Lecture # 34
Water and Wastewater Engineering Dr. Ligy Philip Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Adsorption Lecture # 34 Last class we were discussing about advanced wastewater treatment
More informationNOTE. Separation of chlorophenols using columns of hydroxyaluminium interlayered clays
Clay Minerals (1997) 32, 143-147 NOTE Separation of chlorophenols using columns of hydroxyaluminium interlayered clays Clay minerals play an important role in the retention, transport and chemistry of
More informationPreparation of biomass derived porous carbon: Application for methane energy storage
Edith Cowan University Research Online ECU Publications Post 013 016 Preparation of biomass derived porous carbon: Application for methane energy storage Yong Sun Edith Cowan University, y.sun@ecu.edu.au
More informationElectronic Supporting Information (ESI) Porous Carbon Materials with Controllable Surface Area Synthsized from Metal-Organic Frameworks
Electronic Supporting Information (ESI) Porous Carbon Materials with Controllable Surface Area Synthsized from Metal-Organic Frameworks Seunghoon Lim, Kyungwon Suh, Yelin Kim, Minyoung Yoon, Hyeran Park,
More informationMASS TRANSFER AND ADSORPTION OF AMOXICILLIN FROM WASTEWATER USING WHEAT GRAIN
Proceedings of the 14 th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Rhodes, Greece, 3-5 September 2015 MASS TRANSFER AND ADSORPTION OF AMOXICILLIN FROM WASTEWATER USING WHEAT GRAIN
More informationAdsorption Kinetics and Intraparticulate Diffusivity of Aniline Blue Dye onto Activated Plantain Peels Carbon
Chem Sci Trans., 2013, 2(1), 294-300 Chemical Science Transactions DOI:10.7598/cst2013.200 ISSN/E-ISSN: 2278-3458/2278-3318 RESEARCH ARTICLE Adsorption Kinetics and Intraparticulate Diffusivity of Aniline
More informationSriperumbudur , INDIA
The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (Ijes) Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 287-292 2013 Issn: 2319 1813 Isbn: 2319 1805 Adsorption Studies On Reactive Blue 4 By Varying The Concentration Of Mgo
More information-:Vijay Singh(09CEB023)
Heterogeneous Semiconductor Photocatalyst -:Vijay Singh(09CEB023) Guided by Azrina Abd Aziz Under Dr. Saravanan Pichiah Preparation of TiO 2 Nanoparticle TiO 2 was prepared by hydrolysis and poly-condensation
More informationREMOVAL OF SYNTHETIC DYE ACID RED 186 FROM WATER BY ACTIVATED CARBON. Libya
REMOVAL OF SYNTHETIC DYE ACID RED 186 FROM WATER BY ACTIVATED CARBON Ezzedein Mohamed Aboushloa 1 and Abdunnaser Mohamed Etorki 2 1 Department of chemistry, school of Basic sciences, Libyan Academy, Tripoli,Libya
More informationVery low temperature CO oxidation over colloidally deposited gold nanoparticles on Mg(OH) 2 and MgO
Supporing Information Very low temperature CO oxidation over colloidally deposited gold nanoparticles on Mg(OH) 2 and MgO Chun-Jiang Jia, Yong Liu, Hans Bongard, Ferdi Schüth* Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung,
More informationElectronic Supplementary Information for the Manuscript
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry A. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 214 Electronic Supplementary Information for the Manuscript Enhancing the visible
More informationAdsorption behavior of methylene blue onto gellan gum-bentonite composite beads for bioremediation application
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN (Print): 2321-3310; ISSN (Online): 2321-3086 Published by Atom and Cell Publishers All Rights Reserved Available online at: http://www.wjpsonline.org/ Original
More informationJournal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2015, 7(4): Research Article
Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2015, 7(4):471-475 Research Article ISSN : 0975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetic acid adsorption
More information