Chemical Kinetics Lab. Prepared for: Mrs. Freeman. February 6, 2014
|
|
- Laureen Goodman
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Running Head: CHEMICAL KINETICS LAB 1 Chemical Kinetics Lab Prepared for: Mrs. Freeman February 6, 2014 Introduction
2 CHEMICAL KINETICS LAB 2 The science of chemistry is, in the simplest context, the formation of substances from other substances; in other words, the concept of the chemical reaction is at the very core of all chemistry. In turn, chemical kinetics, the study of the rates these chemical reactions, is also of paramount importance (Kinetics, n.d.). Chemical kinetics involves the concepts of reaction rates and rate laws. Reaction rates can be the rate at which a product/reactant is formed/used in a reaction and rate laws are the definitions that govern the aforementioned rates of appearance/disappearance. Many factors affect the rate of a reaction. First, the concentration of the reactants plays an important role, as increased concentrations usually correlate to a faster reaction. Increased temperature similarly affects rate, as well as increased surface area of the reactants. Finally, the presence of a catalyst decreases the activation energy of reaction, in turn speeding up the reaction (Intro to Kinetics, n.d.) Furthermore, these concepts are not confined to theoretical use. One example of a real world application of rate law is found in the use of pesticides. When pesticides are used in an environment to keep insects away, rainfall and other sources of water, such as sprinklers, will wash off the pesticides from the plants, and the runoff will contain traces of these pesticides. To prevent the contamination of freshwater sources, such as rivers, scientists must find and create pesticides that dissolve into non harmful chemicals when reacted with water, and this rate of reaction is of utmost importance (Mathematical Prediction, n.d.) Another use of rate law can be found in enzymes. Enzymes are biological catalysts that cause biochemical reactions. The rate of these biochemical reactions is very important in many processes, such as food digestion. Digestive enzymes located in the stomach help break down
3 CHEMICAL KINETICS LAB 3 food that is ingested, and the determination of the average rate of this digestion can be used to develop digestive supplements for those with digestion problems (Chymotrypsin, n.d.). Finally, the concept of reaction rates are used in nuclear decay and areas that deal with nuclear decay. For example, the dating of ancient organisms using Carbon-14 is a manipulation of rate law. All living creatures contain carbon, and this technique of dating is widely accepted Carbon-14 slowly decays, and using the concepts of decay kinetics and the rate of decay of Carbon-14, scientists can accurately determine the age of fossils and other decomposed organic material (Decay Kinetics, n.d.) Purpose: In this lab, the pseudo rate law governing the reaction between Crystal Violet (CV) and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) will be derived from the gathered data. Methods: 1. All the materials needed for the lab were obtained. 2. The colorimeter was calibrated. To calibrate the colorimeter, use a pipette and fill one cuvette 75% full with distilled water and place the cuvette in the colorimeter. The absorbance should be (Note: The colorimeter was set at 565nm because of the CV s purple color). 3. In 11 different test tubes, dilutions of the 24.5 μm solution of CV were created with distilled water, as shown in Table With 11 DIFFERENT PIPETTES for each test tube, 11 different cuvettes were filled about 75% full of each of the 11 dilutions of CV solution. The absorbance of each was collected and recorded.
4 CHEMICAL KINETICS LAB 4 5. Then, the concentration of each of the dilutions was found using the formula M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2. (Note: The first dilution was essentially only 24.5 μm solution of CV; this information was used to calculate the concentrations of the other dilutions as shown in Table 1.) 6. A chart showing the concentration of CV dilutions vs. Absorbance of CV dilutions was created, as well as a graph of this collected data (Table 1 and Figure 1). The graph was created with a trend line. 7. The equation of the trend line and the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) of this line was then found, as shown in Figure 1. The R 2 value should be high (>.90). This high value ensures that the trend line accurately represents the data plotted. Both the equation and R 2 value was recorded on the graph created in the previous step (Figure 1) 8. A separate cuvette was filled about 50% full of the 24.5 μm solution of CV using a different pipette. 9. Next, with a new pipette, a small amount of NaOH solution was obtained. This solution was then put in the cuvette filled in the previous step, which started to react with the CV. The cuvette was placed into the colorimeter. 10. The absorbance of the solution of CV and NaOH was then recorded immediately and every 25 second interval thereafter until the absorbance shown on the colorimeter is 0.00 (or close to it), (Table 2). 11. The equation found in step 7 is defined as absorbance = m(concentration of CV) (where m is a definite number). Using this equation, the concentration of the solution of CV at each of the 25 second intervals was determined. This was done by substituting the
5 CHEMICAL KINETICS LAB 5 absorbance at a specific time into the equation and solving algebraically for the concentration (Table 3). 12. Next, the natural log of the concentration of CV was determined for each concentration found in the previous step, as well as the reciprocal of the concentration of CV. (Table 3). 13. A graph was then created containing 3 different graphs: time vs. concentration of CV, time vs. ln(concentration of CV), and time vs. 1/(Concentration of CV) (Figure 2). These 3 were also graphed individually with linear trend lines for clarity (Figures 3, 4, and 5). 14. The R 2 value of each of the individual graphs (Figures 3, 4, and 5) was found in order to determine the order of CV in the reaction. 15. With the order of CV determined, the pseudo rate law was found.
6 CHEMICAL KINETICS LAB 6 Data Table 1: Concentration of CV Dilutions vs. Absorbance Dilutions (ml of CV/mL of water) Concentration (μm) Absorbance 10ml/0ml ml/1ml ml/2ml ml/3ml ml/4ml ml/5ml ml/6ml ml/7ml ml/8ml ml/9ml ml/10ml 0 0 Table 2: Time vs. Absorbance during reaction between CV and NaOH Time (s) Absorbance
7 CHEMICAL KINETICS LAB 7 Table 3: Time vs. Concentration, ln (Concentration), and 1/Concentration of CV Time Concentration Ln[Concentration] 1/Concentration
8 CONCENTRATION (MICROMOLAR) ABSORBANCE CHEMICAL KINETICS LAB 8 Figure 1: Concentration vs Absorbance of Dilutions of CV y = x R² = CONCENTRATION VS. ABSORBANCE OF DILUTIONS OF CV CONCENTRATION (MICROMOLAR) Figure 2: Time vs. Concentration, ln (Concentration), and 1/Concentration of CV 20 T I M E V S. C O N C E N T R A T I O N, L N ( C O N C ENTRATION), 1 / C O N C ENTRATION Concentration ln(concentration 1/Concentration TIME (S)
9 LN[CONCENTRATION] (MICROMILAR) CONCENTRATION [MICROMOLAR] CHEMICAL KINETICS LAB 9 Figure 3: Time vs. Concentration of CV (0 th Order) T IME(S) VS. CONCENTRATION OF CV 20 R² = TIME (S) Figure 4: Time vs ln (Concentration of CV) (1 st Order) T IME (S) VS. LN[CONCENTRAT ION OF CV] R² = TIME (S)
10 1/CONCENTRATION (MICROMILAR) CHEMICAL KINETICS LAB 10 Figure 5: Time vs 1/Concentration of CV (2 nd Order) 2.5 T IME (S) VS 1/[CONCENTRAT ION OF CV] 2 R² = TIME (S)
11 CHEMICAL KINETICS LAB 11 Calculations Concentrations of Dilutions: (Known information: Concentration of 10 ml/ 0 ml = 24.5 μm) Using M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2 : Ex) 9mL/1mL: (24.5 μm)(9 ml) = (? M)(10 ml); (24.5 μm)(9 ml) 10 ml =? M = μm Process repeated for each dilution Equation/ Coefficient of Determination (R 2 ) of Trend Line of Figure 1 (Found on Excel) y = x R² = Concentration of CV when reacted with NaOH (Table 3) Using above trend line Ex) y = absorbance of CV = 1.01 x = μm of CV =? x = 1.01 x = x =? = μm of CV Repeated for all absorbances in Table 2 R 2 value of Figures 3, 4, and 5 Figure 3 (0 th order) Figure 4 (1 st order) Figure 5 (2 nd order)
12 CHEMICAL KINETICS LAB 12 Analysis The purpose of this lab was to find the pseudo rate law of the reaction of Crystal Violet (CV) and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH). The reaction of CV and NaOH can be written in net ionic form as shown below: CV + + OH yields CVOH This, in turn, means that the rate law of CV and OH is defined as Rate Law = k [CV] x [OH] y Where x is the order of CV in the reaction, y is the order of OH in the reaction, and k is the rate constant that governs the reaction. However, the concentration of OH - ions in the reaction was so high compared to the CV ions that the value of [OH] y almost remains constant, allowing the rate shown above to be substituted with a pseudo rate law defined as Rate Law = k [CV] x k = [OH] y Now, with the pseudo rate law properly defined as an equation, the missing component that made the pseudo rate law complete was the value of x, the order of CV. To find the order of a reactant in any reaction, two aspects of the reaction are needed: the time within which the reaction takes place, and the changing concentration of the reactants at during this time. To find these aspects, the properties of Beer s law that connects absorbance and concentration were utilized. First, as shown in Table 1, dilutions of CV and distilled water were made, and the absorbance of each was found using a colorimeter. Then, using the known molarity of the 10 ml/ 0mL dilution (24.5 μm) and M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2, the concentrations of all the dilutions were calculated (Table 1). This information was then rearranged and graphed as Concentration vs.
13 CHEMICAL KINETICS LAB 13 Absorbance of CV dilutions in Figure 1, and the equation of the trend line was found. This information was crucial later in the lab. Next, a small amount of CV and NaOH were reacted in a cuvette, and the absorbance of this solution was measured consistently every 25 seconds. The absorbance fell dramatically, due to the fact that when the hydroxide ions reacted with the vibrantly purple CV, the solution slowly became transparent. This data is shown in Table 2. Now, with the equation of the trend line found in Figure 1, the concentration that correlated with each absorbance in Table 2 was found, as shown in the calculations section of this report. This means that, after some manipulation of charts and data, time and concentration of CV, the two components needed to find the order of the CV, have been found (Table 3). The final step to finding the order of CV is to determine which manipulation of the concentration graphed against the time yields the straightest line. These graphs are defined as time vs concentration of CV (Figure 3), which represents the 0 th order, time vs. ln (concentration of CV) (Figure 4), which represents the 1 st order, and time vs. 1/ (concentration of CV) (Figure 5), which represents the 2 nd order. To determine which yielded the straightest line, the R 2 value of a linear trend line was found for each graph. Statistically speaking, the higher the R 2 value, the more of the data can be explained by the trend line. The first order graph had the highest R 2 value (.9962), which means that 99.62% of the data could be explained by the linear trend line. In other words, 99.62% of the data was completely in line with the trend line, making it the straightest data regression of the 3 orders. Therefore, the order of CV was found to be 1.
14 CHEMICAL KINETICS LAB 14 Error Analysis The results of the experiment and the subsequent analysis of the data seem to be very sound. While there was a rush for time and the reaction could not completely go to completion (absorbance of CV and NaOH solution is 0), this does not seem to have had a large effect on the data at all. Conclusion The pseudo rate law that governs the reaction between Crystal Violet and Sodium Hydroxide was found to be: Rate Law = k [CV] 1 k = [OH] y
15 CHEMICAL KINETICS LAB 15 References Chymotrypsin. (n.d.). - Chemwiki. Retrieved February 5, 2014, from II Decay Kinetics - variation of decay rate with time. (n.d.). Decay Kinetics - variation of decay rate with time. Retrieved February 5, 2014, from Introduction to Chemical Kinetics, First Order Precesses, Half-Life. (n.d.). Introduction to Chemical Kinetics, First Order Precesses, Half-Life. Retrieved February 5, 2014, from Kinetics - The Rate Law. (n.d.). Kinetics - The Rate Law. Retrieved February 5, 2014, from Mathematical Prediction of Cumulative Levels of Pesticides in Soil. (n.d.). - Organic Pesticides in the Environment. Retrieved February 5, 2014, from
AP Chemistry Laboratory #15: Reaction Rate of Crystal Violet and Sodium Hydroxide. Lab days: Thursday and Friday, February 1-2, 2018
AP Chemistry Laboratory #15: Reaction Rate of Crystal Violet and Sodium Hydroxide Lab days: Thursday and Friday, February 1-2, 2018 Lab due: TBD Goal (list in your lab book): The goal of this lab is to
More informationKinetics of Crystal Violet Fading AP Chemistry Big Idea 4, Investigation 11 An Advanced Inquiry Lab (adapted by Flinn Scientific, Inc.
Introduction Kinetics of Crystal Violet Fading AP Chemistry Big Idea 4, Investigation 11 An Advanced Inquiry Lab (adapted by Flinn Scientific, Inc.) Crystal violet is a common, beautiful purple dye. In
More informationExperiment 7. Determining the Rate Law and Activation Energy for the Reaction of Crystal Violet with Hydroxide Ion
Experiment 7. Determining the Rate Law and Activation Energy for the Reaction of Introduction In this experiment, you will observe the reaction between crystal violet and sodium hydroxide. Crystal violet
More informationDetermination of the Rate of a Reaction, Its Order, and Its Activation Energy
Determination of the Rate of a Reaction, Its Order, and Its Activation Energy Reaction kinetics is defined as the study of the rates of chemical reactions and their mechanisms. Reaction rate is simply
More informationChemistry 213. A KINETIC STUDY: REACTION OF CRYSTAL VIOLET WITH NaOH LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Chemistry 213 A KINETIC STUDY: REACTION OF CRYSTAL VIOLET WITH NaOH The objectives of this experiment are to... LEARNING OBJECTIVES study the reaction rate of crystal violet with NaOH using a Spectronic
More informationKinetics of Crystal Violet Fading AP* Chemistry Big Idea 4, Investigation 11 An Advanced Inquiry Lab
Introduction Kinetics of Crystal Violet Fading AP* Chemistry Big Idea 4, Investigation 11 An Advanced Inquiry Lab Catalog o. AP7644S Publication o. 7644S Crystal violet is a common, beautiful purple dye.
More informationRate Law Determination of the Crystal Violet Reaction. Evaluation copy
Rate Law Determination of the Crystal Violet Reaction Computer 30 In this experiment, you will observe the reaction between crystal violet and sodium hydroxide. One objective is to study the relationship
More informationRate law Determination of the Crystal Violet Reaction Using the Isolation Method
Rate law Determination of the Crystal Violet Reaction Using the Isolation Method Introduction A common challenge in chemical kinetics is to determine the rate law for a reaction with multiple reactants.
More informationIntroduction. Concepts Kinetics Order of reaction Reaction rate Colorimetry. Background
Introduction Phenolphthalein is a dye that is used as an acid-base indicator. It is colorless in acidic or neutral solutions and turns bright red-violet (fuschia) as the solution becomes basic. In strongly
More informationRATE LAW DETERMINATION OF CRYSTAL VIOLET HYDROXYLATION
Rate Law Determination of Crystal Violet Hydroxylation Revised 10/21/14 RATE LAW DETERMINATION OF CRYSTAL VIOLET HYDROXYLATION Adapted from "Chemistry with Computers" Vernier Software, Portland OR, 1997
More informationLab Investigation 4 - How Fast Does the Crystal Violet Decolorize?
Lab Investigation 4 - How Fast Does the Crystal Violet Decolorize? GUIDING QUESTION What is the rate law for decolorization of crystal violet? INTRODUCTION Crystal violet is used to dye paper and as a
More informationRATE LAW DETERMINATION OF CRYSTAL VIOLET HYDROXYLATION
Rate Law Determination of Crystal Violet Hydroxylation Revised 5/22/12 RATE LAW DETERMINATION OF CRYSTAL VIOLET HYDROXYLATION Adapted from "Chemistry with Computers" Vernier Software, Portland OR, 1997
More informationExp 03 - Reaction Rate
GENERAL CHEMISTRY II CAÑADA COLLEGE SUMMER 2018 Exp 03 - Reaction Rate How the speed at which quantities change during a chemical reaction can be measured, predicted and used to understand the mechanism
More informationFigure 1 - Simple Batch Homogeneous Reactor
Study in Batch Reactor Kinetics Background A batch reactor is a type of reactor that is conducted in a stirred tank, in which the reactants are added batch-wise. These type of reactors are also used for
More informationExperiment 1 Chemical Kinetics 1
Experiment 1 Chemical Kinetics 1 Purpose: Determine the rate law for the reaction of the dye crystal violet with hydroxide. Reading: Brown, et. al., Chemistry The Central Science, sections 14.1 14.4. Introduction
More informationDetermining the Rate Law and Activation Energy for the Methyl Blue Reaction:
Experiment 4 Determining the Rate Law and Activation Energy for the Methyl Blue Reaction: Pre-lab Assignment Before coming to lab: Read the lab thoroughly. An exercise in experimental design Answer the
More informationAP Chemistry Multiple Choice Questions - Chapter 4
1 Which of the following contains 6.00 x 10 16 atoms? a 6.00 x 10 16 H 2 O molecules b 3.00 x 10 16 Cl 2 molecules c 2.00 x 10 16 P 4 molecules d 1.50 x 10 16 CaSO 4 empirical units 4.1 2 How many atoms
More informationWhat Is the Rate Law of the Fading of Crystal Violet Using Beer's Law?
87 What Is the Rate Law of the Fading of Crystal Violet Using Beer's Law? CENTRAL CHALLENGE The purpose of this laboratory activity is to determine the rate law for the reaction of crystal violet (CV)
More informationThe Determination of an Equilibrium Constant
The Determination of an Equilibrium Constant Computer 10 Chemical reactions occur to reach a state of equilibrium. The equilibrium state can be characterized by quantitatively defining its equilibrium
More informationProblem Set on Tracking Reaction Progress
CHM 103 Problem Set on Tracking Reaction Progress Sinex 1. Consider the titration of a weak acid, HX, as given below. A weak acid sample of 216.1 mg was dissolved to make 15.00 ml solution. This was titrated
More informationEXPERIMENT 7- SAPONIFICATION RATE OF TERT- BUTYL CHLORIDE
1 THEORY EXPERIMENT 7- SAPONIFICATION RATE OF TERT- BUTYL CHLORIDE The field of chemical kinetics is concerned with the rate or speed at which a chemical reaction occurs. Knowledge of a chemical reaction
More informationBio 105 Lab 3: Chemistry: ph and solutions
1 Bio 105 Lab 3: Chemistry: ph and solutions Part 1. Acid and Base Chemistry A. Introduction BIO 105 Summer 2013 Name One of the most important concepts in biology is acid/base chemistry. We are familiar
More information1-50 ml beaker stirring rod 1-10 ml beaker 0.10 M NaOH (1 ml) calibrated plastic dropper (1 ml) 50 ml dispensing burette (for Crystal Violet)
Exercise 2 Page 1 Illinois Central College CHEMISTRY 132 Name: Kinetics, Part II. Equipment Objectives. 1-50 ml beaker stirring rod 1-10 ml beaker 0.10 M NaOH (1 ml) calibrated plastic dropper (1 ml) 1.5x10-5
More informationKinetics of Crystal Violet Fading AP* Chemistry Big Idea 4, Investigation 11 An Advanced Inquiry Lab
Introduction Kinetics of Crystal Violet Fading AP* Chemistry Big Idea 4, Investigation 11 An Advanced Inquiry Lab Catalog No. AP7644 Publication No. 7644 Crystal violet is a common, beautiful purple dye.
More informationAP CHEMISTRY LAB RATES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS (II)
PURPOSE: Observe a redox reaction. AP CHEMISTRY LAB RATES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS (II) Apply graphing techniques to analyze data. Practice computer skills to develop a data table. Determine the order of
More informationD E T E R M I N A T I O N O F K e q L A B
South Pasadena Honors Chemistry Name 8 Equilibrium Period Date D E T E R M I N A T I O N O F K e q L A B Lab Overview In a reversible reaction, equilibrium is the state at which the rates of forward and
More information1. Base your answer to the following question on information below and on your knowledge of chemistry.
1. Base your answer to the following question on information below and on your knowledge of A sample of nitric acid contains both ions and ions. This sample has a ph value of 1. Write a name of the positive
More informationName: Date: AP Chemistry. Titrations - Volumetric Analysis. Steps for Solving Titration Problems
Name: Date: AP Chemistry Titrations - Volumetric Analysis Term Volumetric analysis Burette Pipette titrate titre aliquot end point equivalence point indicator primary standard standardisation secondary
More informationThe Chemical Reaction In neutral solution, crystal violet dye exists as a cation with an intense purple color. In basic -
Kinetics of a Dye Decolorization 2010 edition prepared by Michael P. Doherty; procedure developed by Carolyn Castelli, ESU 09, adapted to html by Michelle JonesWilson 2010 Objectives In this experiment
More informationThe Determination of an Equilibrium Constant
The Determination of an Equilibrium Constant Calculator 10 Chemical reactions occur to reach a state of equilibrium. The equilibrium state can be characterized by quantitatively defining its equilibrium
More informationLab #12: Determination of a Chemical Equilibrium Constant
Lab #12: Determination of a Chemical Equilibrium Constant Objectives: 1. Determine the equilibrium constant of the formation of the thiocyanatoiron (III) ions. 2. Understand the application of using a
More informationStudent Manual. Background STUDENT MANUAL BACKGROUND. Enzymes
Background Enzymes Enzymes are typically proteins (some nucleic acids have also been found to be enzymes) that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions that would take far too long to occur on
More informationChemical Reactions and Enzymes. (Pages 49-59)
Chemical Reactions and Enzymes (Pages 49-59) Chemical Reactions Chemistry of Life Not just what life is made of. What life does! Chemical Reactions Chemistry of Life Not just what life is made of. What
More informationph = -log[h+], [H+] = 10-pH ph + poh = 14
You may remove this page. ph = -log[h+], [H+] = 10-pH McVc = MdVd ph + poh = 14 NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1 JBA 2017 Chemistry Exam 3 Name: Score: /100 = /80 Multiple choice questions are worth two points each.
More informationBuffered Solutions M HC 2 H 3 O 2 (acid) and 0.10M NaC 2 H 3 O 2 (conjugate base) 0.25 M NH 3 (base) and 0.20 M NH 4 Cl (conjugate acid)
Buffered Solutions Objective: Buffering of weak acid/weak base solutions is very important, especially in biological chemistry. In this experiment you will demonstrate the buffer effect to yourself, and
More informationKinetics of Crystal Violet Bleaching
Kinetics of Crystal Violet Bleaching Authors: V. C. Dew and J. M. McCormick* From Update March 12, 2013 with revisions Nov. 29, 2016 Introduction Chemists are always interested in whether a chemical reaction
More informationCHEM 334 Quantitative Analysis Laboratory
The Methods of Calibration Curve and Standard Addition Introduction One of the principle activities in the Quantitative Analysis Laboratory is the measurement of the concentration or total quantity of
More informationaa + bb cc + dd Equation 1
Experiment: The Determination of K eq for FeSCN 2+ Introduction For any reversible chemical reaction at equilibrium, the concentrations of all reactants and products are constant or stable. There is no
More informationName: UNIT 5 KINETICS NOTES PACEKT #: KINETICS NOTES PART C
KINETICS NOTES PART C IV) Section 14.4 The Change of Concentration with Time A) Integrated Rate Law: shows how the concentration of the reactant(s) varies with time 1) [A]0 is the initial concentration
More informationChapter 6 and 7 Study Guide Reactions and Bonds
Name_ Per. Block _ Multiple Choice: Chapter 6 and 7 Study Guide Reactions and Bonds 1. Copper is a good conductor of electricity because its electrons A. are positively charged B. are free to move and
More informationAim: What is ph? Mr. M. Gonzalez. What is ph?
Aim: Mr. M. Gonzalez Do now: What happens when you combine baking soda and vinegar? A Chemical Reaction!!! Answer The reaction between baking soda (NaHCO3) and vinegar (CH3COOH) is actually two reactions,
More informationFour elements make up about 90% of the mass of organisms O, C, H, and N
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life 2-1 Composition of Matter -Mass- quantity of matter- use a balance to measure mass -Weight- pull of gravity on an object- use a scale Elements -cannot be broken down into simpler
More informationChemical Kinetics: Integrated Rate Laws. ** updated Procedure for Spec 200 use **
Chemical Kinetics: Integrated Rate Laws ** updated Procedure for Spec 200 use ** *DISCLAIMER: It is highly recommended that students bring in their own computers to lab this week to use excel. There may
More information19.4 Neutralization Reactions > Chapter 19 Acids, Bases, and Salts Neutralization Reactions
Chapter 19 Acids, Bases, and Salts 19.1 Acid-Base Theories 19.2 Hydrogen Ions and Acidity 19.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases 19.4 Neutralization Reactions 19.5 Salts in Solution 1 Copyright Pearson Education,
More informationProper&es of Water. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview. 2.2 Properties of Water
Lesson Overview Proper&es of Water Lesson Overview 2.2 Properties of Water THINK ABOUT IT Looking back at Earth from space, an astronaut called it the blue planet, referring to the oceans of water that
More informationLAB 05 Enzyme Action
LAB 05 Enzyme Action Objectives: Name the substrate and products of the peroxidase-catalyzed reaction. To understand the terms: enzyme, activation energy, active site, ph, and denaturation. Distinguish
More information2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Living things, as you have seen, are made up of chemical compounds-some simple and some complex. But chemistry isn t just what life is made of-chemistry is also what
More informationCHEM 1471 Kinetics of Phenolphthalein Decolorization Fall 2010 (Buckley) Lab Under Development
CHEM 1471 Kinetics of Phenolphthalein Decolorization Fall 2010 (Buckley) Lab Under Development Objective: Use spectrophotometry to determine the order of the kinetics of decolorization of phenolphthalein
More informationPreparation of Standard Curves. Principle
Preparation of Standard urves Principle Many laboratory tests require the measurement of concentration be evaluated or read in a photometer (colorimeter or spectrophotometer). Since these instruments are
More informationName: Class: Date: ID: A
Name: Class: _ Date: _ ID: A Ch 2 Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of
More informationChemical formula - tells you how many atoms of each element are in a compound example: CO 2 (carbon dioxide) has one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms
Chemical Reactions Chemical formula - tells you how many atoms of each element are in a compound example: CO 2 (carbon dioxide) has one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms 2 points Chemical Equation - a short,
More informationYou may remove this page. ph + poh = 14. ph = -log[h+], [H+] = 10-pH qlost = -qgained
You may remove this page. ph = -log[h+], [H+] = 10-pH 1 2 / ph + poh = 14 0.693 q = mc T q = nlr HLR qlost = -qgained JBA 2018 Chemistry Exam 3 Name: Score: /100 = /80 Multiple choice questions are worth
More informationCHEMISTRY 206 Experiment 4: A KINETIC STUDY
CHEMISTRY 206 Experiment 4: A KINETIC STUDY Instructor s Informal Preamble Chemists are interested in figuring out how reactions happen (i.e., mechanisms), and how quickly they occur (i.e., rates). Both
More informationIB Chemistry Solutions Gasses and Energy
Solutions A solution is a homogeneous mixture it looks like one substance. An aqueous solution will be a clear mixture with only one visible phase. Be careful with the definitions of clear and colourless.
More information1.6 Equilibria All reversible reactions reach an dynamic equilibrium state.
1.6 Equilibria All reversible reactions reach an dynamic equilibrium state. Many reactions are reversible + 3 2NH 3 The term dynamic means both forward and backward reactions are occurring simultaneously
More informationThree experiments were carried out using different initial concentrations of the three reactants x 10 5
1 Bromate(V) ions, BrO 3, oxidize bromide ions, Br, in the presence of dilute acid, H +, as shown in the equation below. BrO 3 (aq) + 5Br (aq) + 6H + (aq) 3Br 2 (aq) + 3H 2 O(l) Three experiments were
More information47 Which process best demonstrates a chemical change in distilled water?
47 Which process best demonstrates a chemical change in distilled water? A B C D Freezing the water Separating the water into its elements Calculating the water s density Dissolving sugar in the water
More information1iI1E. The Determination of 0 an Equilibrium Constant [LU. Computer
Computer The Determination of 0 an Equilibrium Constant Chemical reactions occur to reach a state of equilibrium. The equilibrium state can be characterized by quantitatively defining its equilibrium constant,
More informationAqueous Balance: Equilibrium
Activity 4 Aqueous Balance: Equilibrium GOALS In this activity you will: Determine ph and understand its meaning. Learn the basic principles behind equilibrium and the law of mass action. Calculate a solubility
More informationBasic Chemistry for Biology. Honors Biology
Basic Chemistry for Biology Honors Biology 2013-2014 Composition of Matter Matter - Everything in universe is composed of matter Matter is anything that occupies space or has mass Mass quantity of matter
More information4 Energy and Rates of Chemical Reactions
CHAPTER 14 4 and Rates of Chemical Reactions SECTION Chemical Reactions BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: How is energy involved in a chemical reaction?
More informationHONORS CHEMISTRY THE LIMITING REACTANT JOB S METHOD OF CONTINUOUS VARIATION
HONORS CHEMISTRY THE LIMITING REACTANT JOB S METHOD OF CONTINUOUS VARIATION PURPOSE: Determine through stoichiometry which reactant is in excess. Practice data analysis through graphical methods. Confirm
More informationThe Synthesis and Analysis of Aspirin
The Synthesis and Analysis of Aspirin Computer 22 Aspirin, the ubiquitous pain reliever, goes by the chemical name acetylsalicylic acid. One of the compounds used in the synthesis of aspirin is salicylic
More informationThe Determination of an Equilibrium Constant
LabQuest 10 The equilibrium state of a chemical reaction can be characterized by quantitatively defining its equilibrium constant, Keq. In this experiment, you will determine the value of Keq for the reaction
More informationDetermination of the Equilibrium Constant. HIn - + H 2 O = H 3 O + + In 2-, [H 3 O + ][In 2- ] K ai = [HIn - ]
Determination of the Equilibrium Constant Introduction Indicators are substances whose solutions change color due to changes in ph. They are usually weak acids or bases, but their conjugate base and acid
More informationBeer's Law and Data Analysis *
OpenStax-CNX module: m15131 1 Beer's Law and Data Analysis * Mary McHale This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 2.0 1 Beer's Law and Data Analysis
More informationCHEMICAL KINETICS E + 2B 2C + D (1)
CHEMICAL KINETICS Chemical kinetics is the branch of chemistry that is concerned with the study of the rates and mechanisms of chemical reactions. The rate of a reaction is a measure of its speed. Consider
More information2. What type of bonding allows water to attract other water molecules? 3. What is the difference between solutions and mixtures?
Biology Lab Name(s) Period: Date: Purpose: To investigate the properties of water, ph, and enzymes that biologically impact biological functions. Background Information: Water: Sometimes we call water
More informationPhysical Change - alters the form or appearance of a substance but does not change it into a new, different substance
Chemical Reactions Physical Change - alters the form or appearance of a substance but does not change it into a new, different substance Chemical Change - forms one or more new substances with properties
More informationWhat are the properties of acids and bases?
Text CH. 14 and 15 What are the properties of acids and bases? identify acids and bases based on general observable properties explain how an indicator is used to determine whether a solution is acidic,
More information2 4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
2 4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes THINK ABOUT IT Living things are made up of chemical compounds, but chemistry isn t just what life is made of chemistry is also what life does. Everything that happens
More informationChapter 2. The Chemical Basis of Life. Lecture by Richard L. Myers
Chapter 2 The Chemical Basis of Life PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Lecture by Richard L. Myers 2.7 Ionic bonds are attractions
More informationUpset Tummy? MOM to the Rescue! LeChâtelier s Principle
Upset Tummy? MOM to the Rescue! LeChâtelier s Principle SCIENTIFIC Introduction Mix milk of magnesia (MOM) with universal indicator and observe the dramatic rainbow of colors as the antacid dissolves in
More informationChemical Kinetics: Determining Rate Laws for Chemical Reactions
Chemical Kinetics: Determining Rate Laws for Chemical Reactions v010816 INTRODUCTION It is thought that the birth of chemical kinetics occurred in 1850 when a German chemist, Ludwig Ferdinand Wilhelny,
More informationKinetics Practice Test 2017 Name: date: 1. Use the data provided the answer the question.
Kinetics Practice Test 2017 Name: date: 1. Use the data provided the answer the question. The data above was obtained for a reaction in which X + Y Z. Which of the following is the rate law for the reaction?
More informationConcentrations that absorb. Measuring percentage transmittance of solutions at different concentrations
Measuring percentage transmittance of solutions at different Dimension 2 Cross Cutting Concepts Dimension 1 Science and Engineering Practices FRAMEWORK FOR K-12 SCIENCE EDUCATION 2012 Concentrations that
More informationWhy Water Is Your Friend
Why Water Is Your Friend Water has several properties which make life possible. Transparency Cohesion Capillary action Surface tension: watch this Fluid nature Temperature buffer Solvent ability 2.A.3.a.3.
More informationThe Characteristics of a Soln
Goal 1 The Characteristics of a Soln Define the term solution, and, given a description of a substance, determine if it is a solution. The Characteristics of a Soln Solution (as used in chemistry) A homogenous
More informationChapter 8. Lesson 1 Chemical vs Physical change
Chapter 8 Lesson 1 Chemical vs Physical change Materials Needed Today Please take these materials out of your backpack. Pencil Hot Sync Monday 2/3/14 Answer the following questions in complete sentences
More informationThe Determination of an Equilibrium Constant
The Determination of an Equilibrium Constant Chemistry 102 10 Chemical reactions occur to reach a state of equilibrium. The equilibrium state can be characterized by quantitatively defining its equilibrium
More informationChapter 3. Water and the Fitness of the Environment
Chapter 3 Water and the Fitness of the Environment 1 Importance of water Overview: The Molecule That Supports All of Life Water is the biological medium here on Earth All living organisms require water
More informationChemistry Midterm Review. Topics:
Chemistry Midterm Review Unit 1: laboratory equipment and safety rules accuracy vs precision scientific method: observation, hypothesis. experimental design: independent vs dependent variables, control
More informationReactant A (g) Reactant B (ml) Product (ml)
Pre-Test Key Name: Chemical Reactions Date: 1. The chart below shows the amount of gas that is produced when two reactants (a solid and a liquid) are combined. However, one of the boxes is missing information.
More informationQuiz I: Thermodynamics
Quiz I: Thermodynamics SCH4U_2018-2019_V2 NAME: (Total Score: / 30) Multiple Choice (12) 1. What can be deduced from the following reaction profile? A. The reactants are less stable than the products and
More informationThe topics in this unit are:
The topics in this unit are: 1 Uses of chemicals in industry 2 Acids and alkalis 1 3 Acids and alkalis 2 4 Neutralisation 5 Chemical synthesis 6 Percentage yield 7 Relative atomic mass 8 Relative formula
More informationName: Block: Date: Student Notes
Name: Block: Date: LCPS Core Experience Acids and Bases Student Notes OBJECTIVES Students will: recognize some acids and bases as common and familiar household chemicals. realize that acids and bases are
More informationDETERMINATION OF K c FOR AN EQUILIBRIUM SYSTEM
DETERMINATION OF K c FOR AN EQUILIBRIUM SYSTEM 1 Purpose: To determine the equilibrium constant K c for an equilibrium system using spectrophotometry to measure the concentration of a colored complex ion.
More informationThe Chemical Reactions
What are Chemical Reactions? The Chemical Reactions Chemical reactions are concerned with breaking of old bonds to create new bonds. It is the interaction of two or more substances, resulting in chemical
More informationExperiment 13H THE REACTION OF RED FOOD COLOR WITH BLEACH 1
Experiment 13H 08/03/2017 AHRM THE REACTION OF RED FOOD COLOR WITH BLEACH 1 PROBLEM: Determine the rate law for the chemical reaction between FD&C Red Dye #3 and sodium hypochlorite. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
More informationPhysical Change - alters the form or appearance of a substance but does not change it into a new, different substance
Chemical Reactions Physical Change - alters the form or appearance of a substance but does not change it into a new, different substance Chemical Change (aka chemical reaction) - forms one or more new
More informationEvery living and nonliving things is made up of matter. MATTER: anything that has mass & takes up space. What does all matter have in common?
the basics Every living and nonliving things is made up of matter MATTER: anything that has mass & takes up space What does all matter have in common? Smallest unit of matter ALL matter is made of particles
More informationThe Water Molecule. Like all molecules, a water molecule is neutral. Water is polar. Why are water molecules polar?
Properties of Water The Water Molecule Like all molecules, a water molecule is neutral. Water is polar Why are water molecules polar? Polarity oxygen atom 8 protons in its nucleus has a much stronger attraction
More informationUnit 3 Chemistry - Volumetric Analysis
Unit 3 Chemistry Volumetric Analysis Volumetric analysis is a quantitative chemical analysis used to determine the unknown concentration of one reactant [the analyte] by measuring the volume of another
More informationAcids and Bases 2 Science Notes JC-Learn. JC-Learn. Science Notes Acids and Bases 2. 1 P a g e
JC-Learn Science Notes Acids and Bases 2 1 P a g e Acids and Bases 2 The two most common laboratory acids are hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The two most common laboratory bases are
More informationCreating Solutions of Standard Molarity
Roberts 1 Zoë Roberts Chemistry Lab 10-23-12 Creating Solutions of Standard Molarity I. Purpose When dealing with high concentrations it is known that there is a large amount of solute or substances dissolved
More informationTECHNICAL SCIENCE DAS12703 ROZAINITA BT. ROSLEY PUSAT PENGAJIAN DIPLOMA UNVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
TECHNICAL SCIENCE DAS12703 ROZAINITA BT. ROSLEY PUSAT PENGAJIAN DIPLOMA UNVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA ii TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS... i LIST OF FIGURES... iii Chapter 1... 4 SOLUTIONS...
More information21-Jan-2018 Chemsheets A Page 1
www.chemsheets.co.uk 21-Jan-2018 Chemsheets A2 1001 Page 1 SECTION 1 Recap of AS Kinetics What is reaction rate? The rate of a chemical reaction is a measure of how fast a reaction takes place. It is defined
More informationI. ELEMENTS & ATOMS: Name: Period: Date:
Name: Period: Date: I. ELEMENTS & ATOMS: = A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances o Periodic Table 1-92 occur in (natural elements) 93 and above are (man-made) Natural Elements:
More informationEXPERIMENT 5 ACID-BASE TITRATION
EXPERIMENT 5 ACID-BASE TITRATION INTRODUCTION Much of chemistry and biology is concerned with the behavior of acids and bases. Acids and bases are participants in many reactions in nature, and many reactions
More informationCH 112 Special Assignment #4 Chemistry to Dye for: Part C
CH 112 Special Assignment #4 Chemistry to Dye for: Part C PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT: Make sure that you read this handout and bring the essentials to lab with you. Review Light, energy and color (pp 17-18), Measuring
More information