What Is Required? You need to draw the Lewis structure for carbon dioxide, CO 2 (g).
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1 Solutions to Practice Problems in Chapter 4 Chemical Bonding and Properties of Matter Drawing Lewis Structures of Molecules (Student textbook page 232) 1. Draw the Lewis structure for a molecule of carbon dioxide, CO 2 (g). What Is Required? You need to draw the Lewis structure for carbon dioxide, CO 2 (g). What Is Given? The chemical formula tells you that the molecule consists of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. Plan Your Strategy Identify the least electronegative atom and make it the central atom in the structure. Draw a skeleton structure of the carbon atom with one single bond between it and each of the two oxygen atoms. Determine the total number of valence electrons in all the atoms of the molecule. The carbon atom has four valence electrons, and the oxygen atoms each have six valence electrons. Determine the total number of electrons needed for each atom to achieve noble gas configuration. Act on Your Strategy The least electronegative atom is carbon. Therefore, it is the central atom. O-C-O V = 1 C atom 4e + 12e 16e T = 1 C atom 8e + 16e = 24e 4e C atom 2 O atoms 8e C atom + 2 O atoms 6e O atom 8e O atoms Unit 2 Part B MHR 25
2 Determine the number of shared electrons and the resulting number of bonds. S = T V = 24e 16e 8e S 8 bonds = = 4 covalent bonds 2 2 Draw the structure with any necessary double or triple bonds. To create four covalent bonds, put a double bond between the C atom and each of the O atoms. Determine the number of non-bonding electrons and add them as lone pairs to satisfy the octet rule for all atoms. Complete the Lewis structure. O = C = O NB = V S = 16e 8e 8e Because there are 8 non-bonding electrons, there are 4 lone pairs to place. Put 2 lone pairs on each O atom. Check Your Solution Each atom has eight valence electrons which achieves a noble gas configuration. All of the electrons have been accounted for. 26 MHR Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual
3 2. Draw the Lewis structure for a molecule of formaldehyde (methanal), CH 2 O(g). What Is Required? You need to draw the Lewis structure for formaldehyde (methanal), CH 2 O(g). What Is Given? The chemical formula tells you that there is one carbon atom, two hydrogen atoms, and one oxygen atom. Plan Your Strategy Identify the least electronegative atom and make it the central atom in the structure. Draw a skeleton structure of the carbon atom with one single bond between it and each of the other atoms. Determine the total number of valence electrons in all the atoms of the molecule. The carbon atom has four valence electrons, the hydrogen atoms each have one valence electron, and the oxygen atom has six valence electrons. Act on Your Strategy The least electronegative atom is carbon therefore it is the central atom. V = 1 C atom 1 O atoms 4e + 6e + 2e 12e 4e C atom + 2 H atoms 6e O atom 1e H atom Unit 2 Part B MHR 27
4 Determine the total number of electrons needed for each atom to achieve noble gas configuration. 8e T = 1 C atom C atom 1 O atoms 8e + 8e + 4e 8e O atom + 2 H atoms 2e H atom 20e Determine the number of shared electrons and the resulting number of bonds. S = T V = 20e 12e 8e Draw the structure with any necessary double or triple bonds. S 8 bonds = = 4 covalent bonds 2 2 Hydrogen cannot form double bonds because the total number of electrons in its valence shell must be two. Therefore, put a double bond between the C atom and the O atom. Determine the number of non-bonding electrons and add them as lone pairs to satisfy the octet rule for all atoms. Complete the Lewis structure. NB = V S = 12e 8e 4e Because there are 4 non-bonding electrons, there are 2 lone pairs to place. Put both lone pairs on the O atom. Check Your Solution Each atom has a filled outer shell of electrons which achieves a noble gas configuration. The hydrogen atoms have only two electrons but that is the noble gas configuration of helium. All of the electrons have been accounted for. 28 MHR Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual
5 3. Formic acid, or methanoic acid, HCOOH(l), is found naturally in ant venom. Synthesized formic acid is used for its antibacterial and preservative properties in a variety of animal feeds, among other uses. Given that carbon is the central atom of the molecule, with hydrogen, oxygen, and hydroxyl groups, draw its Lewis structure. What Is Required? You need to draw the Lewis structure for a molecule of methanoic acid, HCOOH(l). What Is Given? The chemical formula tells you that the molecule consists of one carbon atom, two hydrogen atoms, and two oxygen atoms. You are also told that the carbon atom is the central atom and is bonded to a hydrogen atom, an oxygen atom, and a hydroxyl group. Plan Your Strategy Draw a skeleton structure of the carbon atom with one single bond between it and each of the other atoms or groups as described. Determine the total number of valence electrons in all the atoms of the molecule. The carbon atom has four valence electrons, the hydrogen atoms each have one valence electron, and the oxygen atoms have six valence electrons each. Determine the total number of electrons needed for each atom to achieve noble gas configuration. Act on Your Strategy 4e V = 1 C atom C atom 6e 2 O atoms O atom 4e + 12e + 2e 18e + 2 H atoms 8e T = 1 C atom C atom 8e + 2 O atoms O atoms 8e + 16e + 4e = 28e + 2 H atoms 1e H atom 2e H atoms Unit 2 Part B MHR 29
6 Determine the number of shared electrons and the resulting number of bonds. S = T V = 28e 18e 10e Draw the structure with any necessary double or triple bonds. H atoms cannot form double bonds. To create five covalent bonds, put a double bond between the C atom and the O atom that is not part of the hydroxyl group. Put a single bond between the C atom and one H atom, and between the O atom and the H atom of the hydroxyl. Determine the number of nonbonding electrons and add them as lone pairs to satisfy the octet rule for all atoms. Complete the Lewis structure. S 10 bonds = = 5 covalent bonds 2 2 NB = V S = 18e 10e 8e Because there are 8 non-bonding electrons, there are 4 lone pairs to place. Put two lone pairs on each O atom. Check Your Solution Each atom has a filled outer shell of electrons which achieves a noble gas configuration. The hydrogen atoms have only two electrons, but that is the noble gas configuration of helium. All of the electrons have been accounted for. 30 MHR Chemistry 12 Solutions Manual
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