GCE. Chemistry. Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Chemistry (8CH01) Edexcel Advanced GCE in Chemistry (9CH01) The Pharmaceutical Industry for AS
|
|
- Clarence Williams
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 GCE Chemistry Context study Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Chemistry (8CH01) Edexcel Advanced GCE in Chemistry (9CH01) The Pharmaceutical Industry for AS ctober 2007
2 Edexcel, a Pearson company, is the UK s largest awarding body offering academic and vocational qualifications and testing to more than 25,000 schools, colleges, employers and other places of learning here and in over 100 countries worldwide. ur qualifications include GCSE, AS and A Level, GNVQ, NVQ and the BTEC suite of vocational qualifications from entry level to BTEC Higher National Diplomas and Foundation Degrees. We deliver 9.4 million exam scripts each year, with over 3.8 million marked onscreen in As part of Pearson, Edexcel has been able to invest in cutting-edge technology that has revolutionised the examinations system, this includes the ability to provide detailed performance data to teachers. References to third party material made in this specification are made in good faith. Edexcel does not endorse, approve or accept responsibility for the content of materials, which may be subject to change, or any opinions expressed therein. (Material may include textbooks, journals, magazines and other publications and websites.) Authorised by Roger Beard Prepared by Sarah Harrison All the material in this publication is copyright Edexcel Limited 2007
3 Contents Introduction 1 The pharmaceutical industry 3 The use of mass spectroscopy in the labelling of pharmaceutical products and the detection of steroids 3 Carbon nanotubes as vehicles to carry drugs into cells and nanoparticles 4 Choice of solvents in a given context 5 The use of microwaves in the pharmaceutical industry 6 Resources 8
4
5 Introduction This document is designed to help teachers to understand the contemporary context of the pharmaceutical industry. It should give teachers information on this context and on how to research it further if they wish. This document could also be given to students as introductory material. Issue 1 ctober 2007 Edexcel Limited
6 2 Issue 1 ctober 2007 Edexcel Limited 2007
7 The pharmaceutical industry The use of mass spectroscopy in the labelling of pharmaceutical products and the detection of steroids (Unit 1 topic 1.5c) The use of multiple parallel synthesis (MPS) generates a massive number of compounds, the majority of which will prove to have no value as potential drugs. There is no point wasting time and energy finding the structure of a compound unless it shows potential. The product is purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Industrial systems use replaceable canisters of varying sizes containing a stationary phase chosen to allow separation of the type of compounds produced. The mixture is forced through the system under high pressure. At the top of the column is an analyser, which detects when a solution of a different compound is coming off the top of the column and diverts it to a fresh receiver. In this way the mixture from the synthesis is purified and, if multiple products have been produced, they are separated. Figure 1 HPLC apparatus (on the right) linked to a mass spectrometer (on the left) The products from the HPLC are then characterised by measurement of their molar mass using a mass spectrometer. The unknown compounds are effectively labelled by their molar mass and not by their formula, which is not known at this stage. The mass spectrometer system used is set up so that the molecule tends not to fragment. It may analyse positive or negative ions depending on the groups present. For example, if a molecule has a group that will readily accept a proton then the analysis is of a positive ion, eg amines. In positive ionisation mode, a trace of methanoic acid is often added to aid protonation of the sample molecules; in negative ionisation mode a trace of ammonia solution or a volatile amine is added to aid deprotonation of the sample molecules. Issue 1 ctober 2007 Edexcel Limited
8 Mass spectrometry is also used in the detection of steroid drugs, which are illegal in sport. The sample is passed through a gas chromatogram with the output linked to a mass spectrometer. Mass spectrometry is used because it is very sensitive and can cope with very small concentrations of the drugs. Carbon nanotubes as vehicles to carry drugs into cells and nanoparticles (Unit 2 topic 2.3e) Nanoparticles are currently used in sun lotions containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles that help scatter the Sun s rays. Normal-sized particles would produce opaque creams, but lotions with the nanoparticles are transparent. Plasters containing silver nanoparticles that kill bacteria and squash rackets containing nanotubes for strength are also available. Figure 2 A section of a carbon nanotube (Source: Wikipedia) Various biomedical uses of C 60 derivatives have been proposed, including anti-hiv drugs, bone disorder drugs and antibiotics, but none has yet made an impact on the pharmaceutical world 1. The use of C 60 to transport drugs to the lungs of lung cancer suffers has been proposed. The active molecules are attached to the carbon skeleton and react when they reach the cancer cells. Some research seems to show that water-soluble forms of C 60 are possible and their use has caused some concern since such molecules are claimed to have caused damage to biological tissue, as they may cause the production of oxygen radicals. thers have questioned this research and shown that the molecules can mop up the radicals. In fact, an American company is developing an anti-oxidant drug based on C 60 that should be able to treat diseases that involve tissue damage such as Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer s disease 1. There is much information available on the internet and this could provide a source for discussion of the social aspects of How Science Works. 1 Putting the nano into chemistry Chemistry World, December Issue 1 ctober 2007 Edexcel Limited 2007
9 Choice of solvents in a given context (Unit 2 topic 2.5d) If a drug is water soluble it will quickly pass out of the system via the kidneys and into the urine. This may not allow a sufficient concentration to build up for the drug to be effective. If it is not water soluble it will tend to be absorbed into the cell membranes and by fatty tissue. The target in the body for the drug will determine what type of solubility is required and thus solubility is a key factor in drug design. Solubility depends on intermolecular forces. Polar compounds will have groups, such as amine, hydroxyl or carboxyl, attached to them, which can form hydrogen bonds with water or, in some cases, form ion-dipole bonds with metal ions such as sodium. These are hydrophilic groups and the molecules will be soluble in blood, lymph and aqueous tissue. Non-polar groups tend to have long carbon chains or other structural features that mean they do not form hydrogen bonds. These are called lipophilic groups. Aspirin and its related compounds can be used to illustrate several points of chemistry in this area. Aspirin is acetyl salicylic acid. C H C CH 3 Figure 3 Aspirin Aspirin is used as an analgesic (painkiller), an anti-inflammatory drug and as an antipyretic (fever reducer). It is sufficiently soluble in water to be used without modification to its structure to increase solubility. What features of aspirin make it soluble in water? The solubility is not high enough for the drug to be used as a solution: What features of the molecule reduce its solubility in water? The solubility of aspirin is increased by converting the compound to its sodium salt by neutralisation. What type of bonding exists between the acid group and the sodium? How does this increase the solubility? The conversion to the sodium salt does not alter the effectiveness of the drug. Acetyl salicylic acid is such a weak acid that the hydrochloric acid in the stomach regenerates the free acid. C - Na + C CH 3 Figure 4 Sodium acetyl salicylate sodium acetyl salicylate + hydrochloric acid acetyl salicylic acid + sodium chloride Issue 1 ctober 2007 Edexcel Limited
10 The molecule can be further modified to make it fat soluble by making the methyl ester of the acid. H C CH 3 Figure 5 Methyl salicylate Salicylic acid is: H C H Figure 6 Salicylic acid Further study Suggest what reagent would be needed to convert the salicylic acid into its methyl ester and the conditions necessary. Suggest what reagent would be needed to convert the salicylic acid into aspirin and the conditions necessary. The use of microwaves in the pharmaceutical industry (Unit 2 topic 2.13aiv) All chemical reactions go faster at a higher temperature and time wasted on heating is time lost. Experimental research on the use of microwave heaters in chemical laboratories began in the mid 1980s using domestic microwave ovens. The results showed promise but were irreproducible, and the procedure was often dangerous. Modern laboratory microwave heaters are much more powerful and precisely controllable. A reaction that was giving a product after 48 hours using conventional laboratory heating methods, produced an 84 per cent yield in very little time when heated with microwave radiation. Reactions that would need a heavy metal catalyst have been shown to proceed quickly without the catalyst using microwaves. The environmental advantages of not needing a heavy metal are clear. Medicinal chemists are able to carry out reactions in minutes that would have been run overnight. The time and energy-saving advantages are considerable. 6 Issue 1 ctober 2007 Edexcel Limited 2007
11 Figure 7 An industrial microwave heater can heat relatively large volumes of liquids very quickly A domestic microwave is pulsed, unlike the commercial laboratory microwave heaters which are continuous and much more powerful. Microwaves create an electric field, which causes polar molecules such as water or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMS) to try to line up with the field. Before they can line up the field switches to the opposite direction and the molecules try to swivel round and line up in the opposite direction. The microwave energy is effectively changed into thermal energy and the molecules heat those around them. If a mixture is heated in a closed vessel using microwaves it is possible to carry out the reaction at almost twice the boiling point of the solvent. Given that a 10 K rise in temperature can double the rate, the increase in rate over a 60 C rise would be 106 times. Modern microwave heaters can deal with up 1000 cm3 of liquid and can also operate a system under reflux. Issue 1 ctober 2007 Edexcel Limited
12 Resources Chemistry at the Races (Royal Society of Chemistry). This is an excellent resource for illustrating how science is involved in drug detection and shows how chromatography and mass spectroscopy are used in forensic science. Cutting Edge Chemistry (Royal Society of Chemistry). This should be available in most schools and provides useful introduction to the topic of nanotechnology and deals with how the C 60 allotrope of carbon was discovered and the formation of related materials and their properties including nanotubes Inspirational Chemistry Resources for Modern Curricula (Royal Society of Chemistry). This should be available in most schools and provides useful resource materials for use with students. Useful material is available online at: dcd/chemistry/mw.newscientist.html This is an article about microwave chemistry. This example about health and safety could provide a source for discussion. This website gives an excellent account of drugs detection, the problems and the techniques involved. 1572rl191007S:\LT\PD\SUPPRT\GCE in Chemistry Pharma Industry AS CS.doc.1-13/0 8 Issue 1 ctober 2007 Edexcel Limited 2007
13 ctober 2007 For more information on Edexcel and BTEC qualifications please contact Customer Services on or or visit our website: Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No Registered ffice: ne90 High Holborn, London WC1V 7BH. VAT Reg No
GCE. Chemistry. Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Chemistry (8CH01) Edexcel Advanced GCE in Chemistry (9CH01) Analysis of Chemicals for AS
GCE Chemistry Context study Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Chemistry (8CH01) Edexcel Advanced GCE in Chemistry (9CH01) Analysis of Chemicals for AS October 2007 Edexcel, a Pearson company, is the UK
More informationCHEMISTRY (SALTERS) 2849
XFRD CAMBRIDGE AND RSA EXAMINATINS Advanced GCE CHEMISTRY (SALTERS) 2849 Chemistry of Materials Thursday 23 JUNE 2005 Afternoon 1 hour 30 minutes Candidates answer on the question paper. Additional materials:
More informationGCE. Chemistry. Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Chemistry (8CH01) Edexcel Advanced GCE in Chemistry (9CH01) Analysis of Chemicals for A2
GCE Chemistry Context study Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Chemistry (8CH01) Edexcel Advanced GCE in Chemistry (9CH01) Analysis of Chemicals for A2 October 2007 Edexcel, a Pearson company, is the UK
More informationExaminers Report June GCE Chemistry 6CH07 01
Examiners Report June 2011 GCE Chemistry 6CH07 01 Edexcel is one of the leading examining and awarding bodies in the UK and throughout the world. We provide a wide range of qualifications including academic,
More information0654 CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES
CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2013 series 0654 CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES 0654/22 Paper 2 (Core Theory), maximum
More informationLIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION WHAT IS IN YOUR PAIN RELIEVER (Revised: 12-8-92) Headache, sore muscles, arthritis pain... How do you spell relief? Pain serves the useful function of alerting you when some component of a
More information, by reacting CH 3 with ethanoic anhydride, (CH 3
1 A chemist prepares and analyses some esters. (a) The chemist prepares an ester of propan-2-ol, H 3 H(H)H 3, by reacting H 3 H(H)H 3 with ethanoic anhydride, (H 3 ) 2. Using structural formulae, write
More informationMark Scheme (Results) November 2010
Scheme (Results) November 200 IGCSE IGCSE Chemistry (4335) Paper F Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WCV 7BH Edexcel is one of the
More informationAfternoon. Data Sheet for Chemistry (Salters) (Inserted)
ADVANCED GCE 2854/01 CHEMISTRY (SALTERS) Chemistry by Design THURSDAY 25 JANUARY 2007 Afternoon Additional materials: Scientific calculator Data Sheet for Chemistry (Salters) (Inserted) Time: 2 hours INSTRUCTINS
More informationExaminers Report January GCE Chemistry 6CH08 01
Examiners Report January 2012 GCE Chemistry 6CH08 01 Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications Edexcel and BTEC qualifications come from Pearson, the world s leading learning company. We provide a wide range of
More information+ = = A level. How Chemistry assessment works at AS and A level. AS assessment at a glance. First assessment: summer 2016.
ow Chemistry assessment works at and assessment at a glance First assessment: summer 2016. With being a stand-alone qualification from September 2015, it no longer forms part of students grades. As such,
More informationMock paper mark schemes
Mock paper mark schemes GCSE Edexcel GCSE in Mathematics Linear 40, Modular 44 Linear 0, Modular January 00 Edexcel, a Pearson company, is the UK's largest awarding body offering academic and vocational
More informationSPECIMEN. Candidate Number
Advanced Subsidiary GCE CHEMISTRY A F321 QP Unit F321: Atoms, Bonds and Groups Specimen Paper Candidates answer on the question paper. Additional Materials: Data Sheet for Chemistry (Inserted) Scientific
More informationDescribe in full the colour change at the end-point of this titration. ... (1)
Q1. (a) A solution of barium hydroxide is often used for the titration of organic acids. A suitable indicator for the titration is thymol blue. Thymol blue is yellow in acid and blue in alkali. In a titration
More informationMark Scheme (Results) January 2011
Mark (Results) January 011 GCE GCE Core Mathematics C (6666) Paper 1 Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 96750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WC1V 7BH Edexcel is one of
More informationPearson Higher Nationals in Construction and the Built Environment
Pearson Higher Nationals in Construction and the Built Environment SCHEME OF WORK UNIT: 29 Geotechnics & Soil Mechanics For use with the Higher National Certificate and Higher National Diploma in Construction
More informationTransition Pack for A Level Chemistry
Transition Pack for A Level Chemistry Get ready for A-level! A guide to help you get ready for A-level Chemistry, including everything from topic guides to days out and online learning courses. Commissioned
More informationfor sodium ion (Na + )
3.4 Unit 2 Chemistry 2 Throughout this unit candidates will be expected to write word equations for reactions specified. Higher tier candidates will also be expected to write and balance symbol equations
More informationCHEMISTRY Foundation Chemistry. OXFORD CAMBRIDGE AND RSA EXAMINATIONS Advanced Subsidiary GCE
OXFORD CAMBRIDGE AND RSA EXAMINATIONS Advanced Subsidiary GCE CHEMISTRY 2811 Foundation Chemistry Wednesday 8 JUNE 2005 Morning 1 hour Candidates answer on the question paper. Additional materials: Data
More information4.2 Bonding, structure, and the properties of matter
4.2 Bonding, structure, and the properties of matter Chemists use theories of structure and bonding to explain the physical and chemical properties of materials. Analysis of structures shows that atoms
More informationCHEMISTRY (SALTERS) 2854/01 Chemistry by Design
THIS IS A LEGACY SPECIFICATIN ADVANCED GCE CHEMISTRY (SALTERS) 2854/01 Chemistry by Design *CUP/T69315* Candidates answer on the question paper A calculator may be used for this paper CR Supplied Materials:
More informationExaminers Report June 2010
Examiners Report June 2010 GCSE Chemistry 6CH02 Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WC1V 7BH ii Edexcel is one of the leading examining
More information4. Carbonyl chemistry
4. Carbonyl chemistry 4.1. Oxidation of alcohols 4.2 Tests for aldehydes and ketones 4.3 Carbonyl functional groups 4.4 Reactions of carboxylic acids 4.5 Reductions of carbonyl groups 4.6 Esters 4.7 Preparing
More informationLimiting Reagent Synthesis of Aspirin Thomas M. Moffett Jr., SUNY Plattsburgh, 2007.
Limiting Reagent Synthesis of Aspirin Thomas M. Moffett Jr., SUNY Plattsburgh, 007. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is the most common medicinal drug in use today. Aspirin is an analgesic (pain reliever),
More informationMark Scheme (Results) Summer GCSE Chemistry 5CH2H/01
Mark Scheme (Results) Summer 2012 GCSE Chemistry 5CH2H/01 Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications Edexcel and BTEC qualifications come from Pearson, the world s leading learning company. We provide a wide range
More informationExaminers Report June IAL Chemistry WHC06 01
Examiners Report June 2016 IAL Chemistry WHC06 01 Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications Edexcel and BTEC qualifications come from Pearson, the UK s largest awarding body. We provide a wide range of qualifications
More informationExaminers Report June GCSE Chemistry 5CH3H 01
Examiners Report June 2013 GCSE Chemistry 5CH3H 01 Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications Edexcel and BTEC qualifications come from Pearson, the UK s largest awarding body. We provide a wide range of qualifications
More informationBoardworks GCSE Separate Sciences: Chemistry
Boardworks GCSE Separate Sciences: Contents Guide Boardworks GCSE Separate Sciences: CFCs and Alcohols 51 slides 21 Flash activities What are CFCs? Introducing CFCs Naming CFCs Properties and uses of CFCs
More informationIGCSE. Further Pure Mathematics. Edexcel IGCSE in Further Pure Mathematics (4PM0) Sample Assessment Materials (SAMs)
IGCSE Further Pure Mathematics Sample Assessment Materials (SAMs) Edexcel IGCSE in Further Pure Mathematics (4PM0) First examination 011 Edexcel, a Pearson company, is the UK s largest awarding body, offering
More informationCHEMISTRY (SALTERS) 2848 C#CnCzrsrfl7 OF /JATJ#L R656~1~&5
, Candidate OXFORD CAMBRIDGE AND RSA EXAMINATIONS Advanced Subsidiary GCE CHEMISTRY (SALTERS) 2848 C#CnCzrsrfl7 OF /JATJ#L R656~1~&5 Friday 17 JANUARY 2003 Morning 1 hour 30 minutes Candidates answer on
More informationExaminers Report June 2010
Examiners Report June 2010 GCE Chemistry 6CH08 Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WC1V 7BH ii Edexcel is one of the leading examining
More informationExaminers Report June GCE Chemistry 6CH01 01
Examiners Report June 2014 GCE Chemistry 6CH01 01 Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications Edexcel and BTEC qualifications come from Pearson, the UK s largest awarding body. We provide a wide range of qualifications
More informationChapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry
Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry The study of carbon compounds constitutes a separate branch of chemistry known as organic chemistry The
More informationMark Scheme (Results) January 2011
Mark Scheme (Results) January 211 GCE GCE Statistics S2 (6684) Paper 1 Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 449675 Registered Office: One9 High Holborn, London WC1V 7BH Edexcel is one of
More informationThe early periodic table
3.5 Unit 3 Chemistry 3 Throughout this unit candidates will be expected to write word equations for reactions specified. Higher tier candidates will also be expected to write and balance symbol equations
More informationMark Scheme (Results) November 2009
Mark Scheme (Results) November 2009 GCSE GCSE Mathematics (Linear) - 1380 Paper: Edexcel is one of the leading examining and awarding bodies in the UK and throughout the world. We provide a wide range
More informationMark Scheme (Results) January Pearson Edexcel International GCSE in. Pearson Edexcel Certificate in. Chemistry (4CH0) Paper 2C
Mark Scheme (Results) January 205 Pearson Edexcel International GCSE in Chemistry (4CH0) Paper 2C Pearson Edexcel Certificate in Chemistry (4CH0) Paper 2C Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications Edexcel and BTEC
More informationEster Synthesis And Analysis: Aspirin and Oil of Wintergreen. Vanessa Jones November 19, 2015 Thursday 8:30 Lab Section Lab Partner: Melissa Blanco
Ester Synthesis And Analysis: Aspirin and Oil of Wintergreen Vanessa Jones November 19, 2015 Thursday 8:30 Lab Section Lab Partner: Melissa Blanco INTRODUCTION For this lab, students attempted to synthesize
More informationPlymstock School. P.J.McCormack. Aspirin
1 AS Chemistry Introduction to AS Chemistry Plymstock School Introduction to A Level Chemistry - Answers P.J.McCormack Aspirin 2 Chemistry A Level Head of Department: Mr. P.J. McCormack Email: pmccormack@plymstockschool.org.uk
More informationMark Scheme (Results) January International GCSE Chemistry (4CH0) Paper 2C. Edexcel Level 1/Level 2 Certificate Chemistry (KCH0) Paper 2C
Mark Scheme (Results) January 203 International GCSE Chemistry (4CH0) Paper 2C Edexcel Level /Level 2 Certificate Chemistry (KCH0) Paper 2C Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications Edexcel and BTEC qualifications
More information10/16/17 ACIDS AND BASES, DEFINED WATER IS AMPHOTERIC OUTLINE. 9.1 Properties of Acids and Bases. 9.2 ph. 9.3 Buffers
ACIDS AND BASES, DEFINED A hydrogen atom contains a proton and an electron, thus a hydrogen ion (H + ) is a proton: Acids: Proton (H + ) transfer between molecules is the basis of acid/base chemistry Ø
More informationA level Chemistry Preparation Work
A level Chemistry Preparation Work This booklet is designed to help you prepare for you re A level studies in chemistry. Tasks have been selected to improve your grounding in key skills and concepts that
More informationMark Scheme (Results) June 2010
Mark Scheme (Results) June 00 GCE GCE Chemistry (6CH08/0) Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WCV 7BH Edexcel is one of the leading
More information(a) Name the alcohol and catalyst which would be used to make X. (2)
1 The chemical X is an ester with formula CH 3 COOC(CH 3 ) 3 which occurs in raspberries and pears. It can be prepared in the laboratory by refluxing ethanoic acid with an alcohol in the presence of a
More informationB410U10-1 S16-B410U10-1. CHEMISTRY Component 1 The Language of Chemistry, Structure of Matter and Simple Reactions
Surname Centre Number Candidate Number Other Names 2 GCE AS NEW AS B410U10-1 S16-B410U10-1 CHEMISTRY Component 1 The Language of Chemistry, Structure of Matter and Simple Reactions A.M. FRIDAY, 27 May
More informationWJEC England GCSE Chemistry. Topic 5: Bonding, structure and properties. Notes. (Content in bold is for Higher Tier only)
WJEC England GCSE Chemistry Topic 5: Bonding, structure and properties Notes (Content in bold is for Higher Tier only) Chemical bonds Compounds - substances in which 2 or more elements are chemically combined.
More information1 hour 45 minutes plus your additional time allowance
GE A Level 1094/01 EMISTRY 4 P.M. TUESDAY, 14 June 2016 1 hour 45 minutes plus your additional time allowance Surname Other Names entre Number andidate Number 2 WJE BA Ltd. J*(S16-1094-01)MLP 2 For Examiner
More informationName: Class: Date: ID: A
Name: Class: _ Date: _ ID: A Ch 2 Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of
More informationMark Scheme (Results) November 2009
Scheme (Results) November 2009 IGCSE IGCSE Chemistry (4335) Paper 2H Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WCV 7BH 4335_F Nov 2009 i
More informationMark Scheme (Results) January 2011
Scheme (Results) January 011 GCE GCE Chemistry () Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WC1V 7BH Edexcel is one of the leading examining
More informationUnit C1: Chemistry in our world Page 1 of 5
Unit C1: Chemistry in our world Page 1 of 5 Lesson Specification learning outcomes Edexcel 360 Science Specification match Edexcel 360 Science GCSE Science Students Book page reference Additional information
More informationMark Scheme (Results) January 2011
Mark (Results) January 2011 GCE GCE Mechanics (6677) Paper 1 Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WC1V 7BH Edexcel is one of the leading
More informationUnit 1: Chemistry in Action
Unit 1: Chemistry in Action Intermediate 1 Chemistry Learning Outcomes Substances Elements Everything in the world is made from about 100 elements. Each element has a name and a symbol. Chemists have arranged
More informationPersonalised Learning Checklists Edexcel Combined: Chemistry Paper 1
Edexcel (combined) Chemistry Topics (1SC0) from 2016 - Paper 1 (Topic 1 parts a&b) Topic Student Checklist R A G Describe how the Dalton model of an atom has changed over time because of the discovery
More informationMark Scheme (Results) Summer Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Physics (4PH0) Paper 2P
Mark Scheme (Results) Summer 015 Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Physics (4PH0) Paper P Pearson Edexcel Level 1/Level Certificate Physics (KPH0) Paper P Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications Edexcel and BTEC
More informationAspirin Synthesis. Figure 1 Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), C 9 H 8 O 4
Aspirin Synthesis Your team of scientists has been hired by the drug research division of Santa Monica Pharmaceuticals, a new start-up company formed by some SM alumni. You have been asked to evaluate
More informationMark Scheme (Results) January 2011
Scheme (Results) January 011 GCE GCE Chemistry () Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WC1V 7BH Edexcel is one of the leading examining
More informationGCSE Chemistry. Module C7 Further Chemistry: What you should know. Name: Science Group: Teacher:
GCSE Chemistry Module C7 Further Chemistry: What you should know Name: Science Group: Teacher: R.A.G. each of the statements to help focus your revision: R = Red: I don t know this A = Amber: I partly
More informationPRACTICAL QUESTIONS TEST TUBE REACTIONS 4&11 Questions. Dr Chris Clay
PRACTICAL QUESTIONS TEST TUBE REACTIONS 4&11 Questions Dr Chris Clay http://drclays-alevelchemistry.com/ Q1.(a) A sample of solid chromium(iii) hydroxide displays amphoteric character when treated separately
More informationMark Scheme (Results) January 2011
Mark (Results) January 0 GCE GCE Core Mathematics C (666) Paper Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 96750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WCV 7BH Edexcel is one of the leading
More informationPHYSICAL SCIENCES: PAPER II
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION NOVEMBER 2014 PHYSICAL SCIENCES: PAPER II Time: 3 hours 200 marks PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY 1. This question paper consists of 14 pages, a
More informationPaper Reference. Wednesday 18 January 2006 Morning Time: 1 hour
Centre No. Candidate No. Paper Reference(s) 643/0 Edexcel GCE Chemistry Advanced Subsidiary Unit Test 3B Wednesday 18 January 006 Morning Time: 1 hour Materials required for examination Nil Paper Reference
More informationhij GCSE Additional Science Chemistry 2 Higher Tier Chemistry 2H SPECIMEN MARK SCHEME Version 1.0
hij GCSE Additional Science Chemistry 2 Higher Tier Chemistry 2H SPECIMEN MARK SCHEME Version.0 Copyright 20 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA)
More informationFOR EXAMINER S USE You may use the Data Sheet for Chemistry. You are advised to show all the steps in any calculations.
OXFORD CAMBRIDGE AND RSA EXAMINATIONS Advanced Subsidiary GCE CHEMISTRY 2811 Foundation Chemistry Tuesday 11 JANUARY 2005 Morning 1 hour Candidates answer on the question paper. Additional materials: Data
More informationMark Scheme (Results) June 2010
Scheme (Results) June 00 GCE GCE Chemistry (6CH0/0) Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WCV 7BH Edexcel is one of the leading examining
More information2 Answer all the questions.
ERRY ILL TUITI R A EMISTRY A2 PAPER 17 2 Answer all the questions. 1 A chemist was investigating the reactions of benzene, phenol and cyclohexene with bromine. She found that they all reacted with bromine
More informationCHEMISTRY Unit 2 Energy, Rate and Chemistry of Carbon Compounds
Surname Centre Number Candidate Number Other Names 2 GCE AS/A Level 2410U20-1 NEW AS S16-2410U20-1 CHEMISTRY Unit 2 Energy, Rate and Chemistry of Carbon Compounds P.M. FRIDAY, 10 June 2016 1 hour 30 minutes
More informationI can calculate the rate of reaction from graphs of a changing property versus time, e.g. graphs of volume against time
UNIT 1 CONTROLLING THE RATE OF REACTION I can calculate the rate of reaction from graphs of a changing property versus time, e.g. graphs of volume against time I can use the reciprocal of to calculate
More informationExaminers Report/ Principal Examiner Feedback. Summer Pearson Edexcel International GCSE in Chemistry (4CH0 2C)
Examiners Report/ Principal Examiner Feedback Summer 2016 Pearson Edexcel International GCSE in Chemistry (4CH0 2C) Pearson Edexcel Level 1/Level 2 Certificate in Chemistry (KCH0 2C) Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications
More informationMark Scheme (Results) January International GCSE Chemistry (4CH0) Paper 2C. Edexcel Level 1/Level 2 Certificates Chemistry (KCH0) Paper 2C
Mark Scheme (Results) January 204 International GCSE Chemistry (4CH0) Paper 2C Edexcel Level /Level 2 Certificates Chemistry (KCH0) Paper 2C Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications Edexcel and BTEC qualifications
More informationGCSE. Edexcel GCSE Astronomy (1627) This Examiners Report relates to Mark Scheme Publication code: UG Summer 2005.
GCSE Edexcel GCSE Astronomy (1627) This Examiners Report relates to Mark Scheme Publication code: UG016299 Summer 2005 Examiners Report Edexcel GCSE Astronomy (1627) Edexcel is one of the leading examining
More informationExaminers Report June GCE Chemistry 6CH08 01
Examiners Report June 2012 GCE Chemistry 6CH08 01 Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications Edexcel and BTEC qualifications come from Pearson, the world s leading learning company. We provide a wide range of qualifications
More informationDepartment Curriculum and Assessment Outline
Timing Department: Science Year Group: 0 Teaching, learning and assessment during the course: Chemistry (Combined) C/C States of matter/methods of Separating and purifying substances C3 Atomic structure
More informationMark Scheme Mock Paper
Mark Scheme Mock Paper GCSE GCSE in Mathematics Specification A Higher Tier Paper 2 (Calculator) Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London
More informationMark Scheme (Results) Summer 2010
Mark Scheme (Results) Summer 2010 GCE Statistics S1 (6683) Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WC1V 7BH Edexcel is one of the leading
More informationPearson Edexcel AS and A level Chemistry
Pearson Edexcel AS and A level Chemistry What s Changed? Level Topic Spec Points New Content Included Content Not Included in the New Specification Implications of the New Spec 1-5 Greater clarity in terms
More informationFull file at Chapter 2 Water: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions
Chapter 2 Water: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions SUMMARY Section 2.1 Summary Water is a polar molecule, with a partial negative charge on the oxygen and partial positive charges on the hydrogens.
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level *1499884392* CHEMISTRY 9701/21 Paper 2 Structured Questions AS Core October/November
More informationCHERRY HILL TUITION OCR (SALTERS) CHEMISTRY A2 PAPER Answer all the questions. O, is formed in the soil by denitrifying bacteria. ...
2 Answer all the questions. 1 itrous oxide gas, 2, is formed in the soil by denitrifying bacteria. (a) Give the systematic name for nitrous oxide. ne model of the bonding in nitrous oxide includes a dative
More informationSurname. Number OXFORD CAMBRIDGE AND RSA EXAMINATIONS ADVANCED GCE F324 CHEMISTRY A. Rings, Polymers and Analysis
Candidate Forename Centre Number Candidate Surname Candidate Number OXFORD CAMBRIDGE AND RSA EXAMINATIONS ADVANCED GCE F324 CHEMISTRY A Rings, Polymers and Analysis WEDNESDAY 27 JANUARY 2010: Morning DURATION:
More informationChapter 13. Properties of Solutions. Lecture Presentation. John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO
Lecture Presentation Chapter 13 Properties of John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO are homogeneous mixtures of two or more pure substances. In a solution, the solute is dispersed
More information4.2.1 Chemical bonds, ionic, covalent and metallic
4.2 Bonding, structure, and the properties of matter Chemists use theories of structure and bonding to explain the physical and chemical properties of materials. Analysis of structures shows that atoms
More informationElements, compounds, Mixtures
Elements, compounds, Mixtures Model Answers 1 Level IGCSE(9-1) Subject Chemistry Exam Board Edexcel IGCSE Module Double Award (Paper 1C) Topic Principles of Chemistry Sub-Topic Booklet Elements, Compounds,
More informationEdexcel Chemistry Hodder Answers
Chemistry Hodder Answers Free PDF ebook Download: Chemistry Hodder Answers Download or Read Online ebook edexcel chemistry hodder answers in PDF Format From The Best User Guide Database 12. Chemistry for
More informationLab 3: Solubility of Organic Compounds
Lab 3: Solubility of rganic Compounds bjectives: - Understanding the relative solubility of organic compounds in various solvents. - Exploration of the effect of polar groups on a nonpolar hydrocarbon
More informationAdvanced Subsidiary Unit 1: The Core Principles of Chemistry
Write your name here Surname Other names Pearson Edexcel GE entre Number hemistry Advanced Subsidiary Unit 1: The ore Principles of hemistry andidate Number Friday 22 May 2015 Morning Time: 1 hour 30 minutes
More informationSaba Al Fayoumi. Tamer Barakat. Dr. Mamoun Ahram + Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan
1 Saba Al Fayoumi Tamer Barakat Dr. Mamoun Ahram + Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan What is BIOCHEMISTRY??? Biochemistry = understanding life Chemical reactions are what makes an organism (An organism is simply atoms
More informationCHEMISTRY (SALTERS) 2854/01 Chemistry by Design
THIS IS A LEGACY SPECIFICATIO ADVACED GCE CHEMISTRY (SALTERS) 2854/01 Chemistry by Design *OCE/T69316* Candidates answer on the question paper A calculator may be used for this paper OCR Supplied Materials:
More informationPaper Reference. Unit Test 6B (Synoptic) Thursday 25 January 2007 Afternoon Time: 1 hour 30 minutes
Centre No. Candidate No. Paper Reference 6 2 4 6 0 2 Surname Signature Paper Reference(s) 6246/02 Edexcel GCE Chemistry Advanced Unit Test 6B (Synoptic) Thursday 25 January 2007 Afternoon Time: 1 hour
More informationExaminers Report June GCSE Chemistry 5CH3H 01
Examiners Report June 2014 GCSE Chemistry 5CH3H 01 Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications Edexcel and BTEC qualifications come from Pearson, the UK s largest awarding body. We provide a wide range of qualifications
More informationThis document consists of 12 printed pages and a Data Sheet for Chemistry.
ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY GCE 2811/01 CHEMISTRY Foundation Chemistry WEDNESDAY 6 JUNE 2007 Morning Additional materials: Scientific calculator Data Sheet for Chemistry (Inserted) Time: 1 hour INSTRUCTIONS TO
More informationPearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE Chemistry Advanced Paper 2: Advanced Organic and Physical Chemistry
Write your name here Surname Other names Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE Centre Number Candidate Number Chemistry Advanced Paper 2: Advanced Organic and Physical Chemistry Sample Assessment Materials for first
More informationPaper Reference. Thursday 18 January 2007 Morning Time: 1 hour
Centre No. Candidate No. Paper Reference(s) 6243/02 Edexcel GCE Chemistry Advanced Subsidiary Unit Test 3B Thursday 18 January 2007 Morning Time: 1 hour Materials required for examination Nil You may use
More informationSpectroscopy and Chromatography
Spectroscopy and Chromatography Introduction Visible light is one very small part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The different properties of the various types of radiation depend upon their wavelength.
More informationwhite precipitate white precipitate, dissolves in excess of NaOH brown precipitate Identity of Q Identity of R Identity of S...
Q1.The table below shows observations of changes from some test-tube reactions of aqueous solutions of compounds Q, R and S with five different aqueous reagents. The initial colours of the solutions are
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level *3660957283* CHEMISTRY 9701/23 Paper 2 Structured Questions AS Core May/June
More informationLondon Examinations IGCSE
Centre No. Candidate No. Paper Reference(s) 4437/5H London Examinations IGCSE Science (Double Award) Chemistry Paper 5H Higher Tier Tuesday 16 November 2010 Afternoon Time: 1 hour 30 minutes Materials
More informationChapter 02 Chemical Composition of the Body
Chapter 02 Chemical Composition of the Body 1. In an atom, the number of Student: A. Protons always equals the number of neutrons B. Of protons always equals the number of electrons C. Of neutrons always
More informationGCE. Chemistry A. Mark Scheme for June Advanced Subsidiary GCE. Unit F321: Atoms, Bonds and Groups. Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations
GCE Chemistry A Advanced Subsidiary GCE Unit F321: Atoms, Bonds and Groups Mark Scheme for June 2013 Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UK awarding body,
More informationMark Scheme (Results) November GCSE Physics 5PH1H/01
Mark Scheme (Results) November 2011 GCSE Physics 5PH1H/01 Edexcel is one of the leading examining and awarding bodies in the UK and throughout the world. We provide a wide range of qualifications including
More information