How Fast a Hydrogen Atom can Move Before Its Proton and Electron Fly Apart?

Transcription

1 Optis ad Photois Joural,,, 36- doi:.36/opj..6 Publishd Oli Ju ( How Fast a Hydrog Atom a Mo Bfor Its Proto ad Eltro Fly Apart? Abstrat Wi-Xig Xu Nwth Moitorig I., Oshawa, Caada dumpligat_@yahoo.om Rid Marh 7, ; risd April 5, ; aptd April 5, I this papr w disussd th bhaior of a hydrog atom i moig ad foud thr is a spd thrshold for hydrog atom. As log as th spd of hydrog rahs or byod its spd thrshold, th proto ad ltro i hydrog atom will fly apart. W also disussd th fft of th momt of hydrog atom o its absorptio sptrum whih is importat i sptrum aalysis. Kywords: Rdshift, Blu Shift, Spd Thrshold, Hydrog Ioizd, Tim Tral. Itrodutio Eisti s thoris of spial ad gral rlatiitis hag our opiio about th uirs [,]. Th w opts suh as tim iflatio ad urd spatim frqutly appard i sitifi publiatios. Som ida dlopd from Eisti s thory auss th imagiatio of th fitio ol writr ad thy writ a lot of books rgardig th tim tral [3,]. Matim, som sitists maily fous o how to mak th tim tral thortially possibl. Th raso why huma bigs ar so itrstd i tim tral is i that basd o th Eisti s thory, th popl a li muh logr by tim tral. This dram for log lif igits th huma bigs spulatio o th uirs w lid i. Util ow so may proposals about tim tral ha b publishd i sitifi jourals. Kurt Godl poitd out th losd tim lik urs (CTCs) may mak th tim tral possibl [5]. Dutsh also proposd a Hilbrtspa basd thory [6]. H. G. Wll dsigd th tim mahi whih a b usd for tim tral, just lik spa shuttl [7]. Morris t al. try to dlop th quatum mhais basd th losd tim lik ur, thrfor, th opt of worm hol is proposd [8]. E mor rtly, th quatum mhais of tim tral is still atily disussd i litraturs [9-]. I this papr, w will ot fous o th diffr amog th thoris rgardig th tim tral. Istad, w will study th bhaior of a hydrog atom i moig ad its fft o th xitatio sptrum of hydrog atom, whih may gi us som lu about th tim tral.. Spd Thrshold for Hydrog Atom For a systm iludig a fr ltro ad proto, total rgy of th systm is: ( m m ) () Whr m ad m ar th masss of proto ad ltro at rst rsptily. is th spd of light i auum. is th Lawr fator. Wh th proto ad ltro ombid togthr to form a hydrog atom, total rgy of systm boms mm m m, whr () 8 h m m If w alrat th hydrog atom, total rgy of systm irass. Wh total rgy of systm rahs or mor tha ( m ) m, th th proto ad ltro i hydrog atom will fly apart, that is, m m (m m ) 8 h m m m m 8 h m m m m 8 h (3) () (5) Copyright SiRs.

2 W. X. XU 37 m m m m 8 h m m m m 8 h ( ) ( ) 8 h ( m m ) whr ( )( ) 8 h( m m), (6) (7) (8) (9) () () For = ad =, w got th maximum spd of a hydrog atom a mo bfor its proto ad ltro fly apart is 5 7 m/s, whih is muh lowr tha th spd of light i auum spa. Figur shows th dpd of this spd thrshold o th mai quatum umbr. It is foud that with th mai quatum umbr irasig, th spd thrshold drass, whih a b fittd as f~/. Mor grally, this dpd of spd thrshold o th mai quatum umbr a b xprssd as f~k/, whr k is a ostat. This rsult is osistt with th fat that th ltro i outr shll of atom is asy to los durig th Figur. Th dpd of th spd thrshold o mai quatum umbr. alratio of hydrog atom. Pratially, i most ass, th a t b zro, th proto ad ltro will otiu to mo aftr thy fly apart. Figur shows th dpd of th spd of proto ad ltro just aftr thy fly apart o. It is otid that th spd of thrshold dos t iras liarly with th fial spd of proto ad ltro but at th bgiig, th spd of thrshold iras ry slowly wh th fial spd of proto ad ltro iras. Th raso why this situatio ourrd is du to th fat that th ltro has agular momtum wh it rotats aroud proto alld orbital agular momtum. Th iras of th fial spds of proto ad ltro at th bgiig oms from th rlas of th orbital agular momtum. With th mai quatum umbr irasig, this situatio boms wakr ad wakr, orrspodig to th smallr ad smallr th orbital agular momtum. Our work hr first tim dmostratd that th atom a b brok ito its parts by just alratig it. Most of popl kow that th ltro a b rmod from atom by radiatio or ollidig/bombardig by atom, ltro ad proto, but fw popl kow that th sam pross a b ralizd by just alratig th atom to or abo its spd thrshold rald abo. Si Eisti stup rlatiity thory, a lot of popl dram som day thy a tral with th spd of light, thrfor, thy a li logr. Ufortuatly, our work hr maks thir dram brok. For xampl, w ha two irtia frams, fram a at rst but fram b mos with spd of.5. Thr is a hydrog atom at rst i fram a. Now w hop to brig this hydrog atom from fram a to fram b, th w ha to alrat this hydrog atom at last up to.5 first. Basd o our work hr, bfor th hydrog atom rahs th spd of fram b (.5), th hydrog atom will b brok ito proto ad ltro wh its spd rahs 5 7 m/s, thrfor, w start with a hydrog atom from fram a but gt a fr proto ad a fr ltro i fram b istad. I fram b, th proto ad ltro ha a ha to rombi togthr to form a hydrog atom, ad at th sam tim, gi up th rgy i fram b. This pross will b th sam wh w try to brig a hydrog atom at rst i fram b to fram a. For a proto ad ltro to rombi ito hydrog atom, th probability of this pross dpds o th otratio of proto ad ltro, ad rlati spd of proto ad ltro. For a prso, if h/sh is brok ito parts, th probability for him/hr to b ristalld bak to him/hr is dfiitly too low to happ. Mayb o thiks to alrat th hydrog atom slowly ough to aoid th proto ad ltro i hydrog atom to fly apart. I fat, it is impossi bl baus basd o our rsult abo, as log as th Copyright SiRs.

3

4 38 W. X. XU Figur. Th dpd of th spd thrshold o th fial spd of proto/ltro (just flyig apart; mai quatum umbr - ). Copyright SiRs.

5 W. X. XU 39 spd of hydrog atom rahs th spd thrshold, th proto ad ltro i hydrog atom will fly apart (Figur 3 th loity orrspodig to diffrt alratio). Lawr iaria of trasformatio law is still alid ad all physial laws ar kpt th sam i both frams but th pross from th fram a to th fram b is ot always iaria xpt that th diffr i spd btw fram a ad fram b is muh lowr tha th spd thrshold. Our work hr rally a bad ws for thos to dram som day thy a mak a tim tral ad li logr but it is good ws for us to dlop w thology to study th strutur of mattr basd o our work hr. Our work also ops a way to alulat th atiatio rgy for th moluls i hmial ratio ad prdit th ratio mhaism. 3. Light Absorptio of Hydrog Atom i Moig For th light absorptio of hydrog atom i moig, w osidr two prosss hr. Pross a. h ~~~~ atom ~~~~~ atom ~~~~ ( ) ( ) Th momtum osratio: Th rgy osratio: (3) () () (5) h m m m m 8h 8h m m h m m 8h 8h h m m m m 8h 8h m m m m ( ) 8h 8h m m m m 8h 8h () (3) () (5) (6) m m m m 8h 8h m m m m 8h 8h ( )( ) ( )( ) m m m m 8h 8h (7) (8) (9) Q Q, whr Q m m 8h ad Q m m 8h () Copyright SiRs.

6 W. X. XU Figur 3. Vloity orrspodig o diffrt alratio (a : ; ; 3 mtr pr squar sod). Mak rarragmt, w gt, Q Q Q Q () Grally, irass with (Figur ). but if w hk, it is foud that xhibits up ad dow dpd o or. This up ad dow ariatio of oms from th ltro orbital agular momtum rlas durig th xitatio. This fat tlls us that wh w alrat th hydrog atom, th hydrog atom spd a t liarly iras or dras. This rsult is osistt with th disussio about th dpd of th spd thrshold o th mai quatum umbr i prious paragraph. From Equatio (3), w a gt, Q Q () h I fat, w a simplify th Equatio () by takig ad (3) W gt, ( Q Q) ( Q Q ) h h () First trm i Equatio () is th fudamtal frquy durig xitatio. Th sod trm i Equatio () is th frquy shift du to th momt of hydrog atom durig th xitatio. It is obious that this frquy shift dpds o both th spd of ad. hr xists th possibility that i som as, if iitial stat of hydrog atom or fial stat of hydrog atom iold i som othr pross, suh as hmial ratio or just ollisio ad thrfor, th ad b hagd, th th frquy shift trm i Equatio () may hag sig, that is, may hag from blu shift to rd shit or i rsa. If this situatio rally happd i our uirs, th th rd shift obsratio from th sky is ot ough for us to olud our uirs i xpasio, at last w ha to mak lar o othr pross iold i this rd shift as w disussd abo. Tabl lists th frquy shift (blu shift) for pross a. This blu shift irass with th spd of ad. But w do fid if =, th w obsrd th rd shift istad of blu shift. Pross b: atom ~~~~ ~~~~~ h atom ~~~~~ ( ) ( ) Now w osidr th pross b. Basd o th similar produr abo, w gt, Q Q Q Q (5) For th pross b, it is diffrt from th pross a i that th is always smallr tha, ot lik i pross a, always highr tha. But th = dpd o or is also up ad dow (Figur 5 ). Th raso for = up ad dow with or is th sam as i th pross a (Figur ). Similarly, w a gt th frquy for th pross b, Q Q Q Q h h (6) Th first trm i Equatio (6) is th fudamtal frquy, th sod trm dtrmis th frquy shift (Tabl ). As i pross a, this frquy shift for pross b also dpds o both ad. That mas if th iitial or fial stat of hydrog atom durig xitatio iold i diffrt pross whih auss th or Tabl. Th frquy shift for pross a ( ----> ; fudamtal frquy: s ) V(m/s) V (m/s) Frquy Shift (s ) Copyright SiRs.

7 W. X. XU Figur. Th rlatio btw, ad for pross a. Figur 5. Th rlatio btw, ad for pross b. hagd, th th frquy shift may hag sig as w disussd i pross a. Thrfor, w a t uiquly olud th hydrog atom moig away or toward us just basd o th frquy shift obsratio. Copyright SiRs.

8 W. X. XU Tabl. Th frquy shift for pross b ( ----> ; fudamtal frquy: s ). (m/s) (m/s) Frquy Shift (s ) 3. 3,3, ,9, ,57, ,699,9, ,57,3, ,53,67, ,3,7, I summary, w dtrmid th spd thrshold of hydrog atom ad fid this spd thrshold dpds o both th mai quatum umbr ad th spd of fial stat of proto ad ltro. W also alulat th frquy shift du to th momt of th hydrog atom durig its xitatio. Our work hr rals that th frquy shift dpds o both th spd of iitial ad fial stat of hydrog atom. Most importatly, i som ass, th frquy shift may hag sig, whih may fid appliatio i sptrosopy aalysis ad w thology may b dlopd.. Rfrs [] A. Eisti, Ubr Ei Di Erzugug ud Vrwadlug ds Lihts Btrfd, Aal dr Physik, Vol. 3, No. 6, 95, pp [] A. Eisti, Di Fldglihug dr Graitatio (Th Fild Equatios of Graitatio), Koiglih Prussish Akadmi dr Wissshaftrr, Vol. 98, 95, pp [3] B. Hrbi, Th Tim Tral, Fabr ad fabr, Lodo, 6. [] L Tmps N st Ri, Th Tim Tral, Allia Viafilm, Caada,. [5] K. Godl, A Exampl of a Nw Typ of Cosmologial Solutios of Eisti s Fild Equatios of Graitatio, Riws of Modr Physis, Vol., No. 3, 99, pp [6] D. Dutsh, Quatum Mhais Nar Closd Timlik Lis, Physial Riw D, Vol., No., 99, pp [7] H. G. Wll, Th Tim Mahi, William Hima, Lodo, 895. [8] M. S. Morris, K. S. Thor ad U. Yurtsr, Wormhols, Tim Mahis, ad th Wak Ergy Coditio, Physial Riw Lttrs, Vol. 6, No. 3, 988, p. 6. [9] M. Alubirr, Th Warp Dri: Hypr-Fast Tral withi Gral Rlatiity, Classial Quatum Graity, Vol., No. 5, 99, pp. L73-L77. doi:.88/6-938//5/ [] G. Stlihy, Quatum Physis arxi: (quat-ph), 7 Fbruary 9. [] S. Lloyd, L. Mao, R. Garia-Patro, V. Gioatti ad Y. Shikao, Quatum Physis, arxi:7.65 (quat-ph), 9 July. [] C. Smk ad C. Wuthrih, Oxford Hadbook of Tim, I: C. Calldr, Ed., Oxford Uirsity Prss, Oxford, 3 Otobr, 9. Copyright SiRs.