The Diels-Alder Reaction of Anthracene with Maleic Anhydride

Transcription

1 modular publisher:.a. Neidig 12 SYNT 717. laboratory. program in chemistry organic editor: Joe Jeffers The Diels-Alder Reaction of Anthracene with Maleic Anhydride prepared by L. G. Wade, Jr., Whitman College PURPOSE OF TE EXPERIMENT Use the Diels-Alder reaction to form a bridged polycyclic anhydride. Recrystallize the product and characterize it by using melting point and infrared spectroscopy. BACKGROUND REQUIRED You should be familiar with reflux techniques, vacuum filtration, recrystallization, melting point measurement, and infrared spectroscopy. EXPERIMENTAL OPTIONS Semi-Microscale Diels-Alder Reaction Microscale Diels-Alder Reaction BACKGROUND INFORMATION Otto Diels, Professor of Chemistry at the University of Kiel, Germany, and his student Kurt Alder published a paper in 1928 on additions of electron-poor alkenes and alkynes to electron-rich dienes to form cyclohexenes and cyclohexadienes. These [4 + 2] cycloadditions came to be known as Diels-Alder reactions. Diels and Alder received the 1950 Nobel Prize in chemistry for this work. The Diels-Alder reaction is one of the most useful synthetic reactions in organic chemistry. In one step the reaction forms a sixmembered ring with one or two double bonds from an open-chain compound, as shown in Equations 1 and 2 on the next page. A diene is the 4-1t-electroncomponent. It is electron-rich, like a nucleophile in a Lewis acid-base reaction. Simple dienes like 1,3-butadiene are sufficiently electron-rich to react, but electron-releasing groups such as alkyl groups (-R) or alkoxy groups (-OR) enhance a diene's reactivity. The 2-1t-electron component is called a dienophile ("lover of dienes"). Good dienophiles contain relatively electron-poor double bonds or triple bonds; at least one strongly electron-withdrawing group (W) is needed. Therefore, ethylene and acetylene are not good dienophiles. Because the reaction is concerted-that is, bond breaking and bond forming take place in the same step-the stereochemistry of the 1998 by Chemical Education Resources, Inc., P.O. Box 357, 220 S. Railroad, Palmyra, Pennsylvania No part of this laboratory program may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America

2 156 SYNT 717: The Diels-Alder ReaCtion of Anthracene with Maleic Anhydride (diene + (W dienophile (alkene) W IC adduct (Eq.l) ( + III C I (Eq. 2) diene dienophile (alkyne) adduct reactants and the symmetry of their molecular orbitals control the stereochemistry of the products. Using well-chosen reactants, a chemist can control the stereochemistry of a Diels-Alder product at up to four carbon atoms, as shown in Figure 1. o II a~ COOC3 + I -+- I ( ( C-OC3 ~ : C-OC3 = COOC3 II o (cis, but not trans) (trans, but not cis) but not OC3 C30. ( + (endo) (=N_ a~n (cis -1,2) Figure 1 (exo) and not (trans -1,2) (1,3) Stereochemical patterns of Diels-Alder reactions In this experiment, maleic anhydride is used as the dienophile. Maleic anhydride is an excellent dienophile because two strongly electron-withdrawing groups are attached to the double bond. The diene is anthracene, which is commonly thought of as an aromatic compound, and not as a diene. owever, in polynuclear aromatic compounds like anthracene, each individual ring may not be as well stabilized as an isolated benzene ring. Anthracene has only 141t electrons, compared with 18 needed for three fully independent aromatic rings.

3 156 SYNT 717: The Diels-Alder ReaCtion of Anthracene with Maleic Anhydride + (W (Eq.1) (diene dienophile (alkene) W IC adduct ( + III C I (Eq. 2) diene dienophile (alkyne) adduct reactants and the symmetry of their molecular orbitals control the stereochemistry of the products. Using well-chosen reactants, a chemist can control the stereochemistry of a Diels-Alder product at up to four carbon atoms, as shown in Figure 1. o II a~ COOC3 + I -+- I ( ( C-OC3 ~ : C-OC3 = COOC3 II o (cis, but not trans) (trans, but not cis) but not OC3 C30. ( + (endo) (=N_ 6<~N butnot C3~ U<CN (exo) and not (cis -1,2) Figure 1 (trans-1,2) (1,3) Stereochemical patterns of Diels-Alder reactions In this experiment, maleic anhydride is used as the dienophile. Maleic anhydride is an excellent dienophile because two strongly electron-withdrawing groups are attached to the double bond. The diene is anthracene, which is commonly thought of as an aromatic compound, and not as a diene. owever, in polynuclear aromatic compounds like anthracene, each individual ring may not be as well stabilized as an isolated benzene ring. Anthracene has only 141t electrons, compared with 18 needed for three fully independent aromatic rings.

4 SYNT 717: The Diels-Alder ReaCtion of Anthracene with Maleic Anhydride 157 When anthracene's center ring reacts as a diene, the product has two fully aromatic rings, each with six pi electrons, as shown in Equation 3. o \\ 00Jg + 19 (p- C \\o o \ O=C C (Eq. 3) anthracene (diene) maleic anhydride (dienophile) (adduct) Semi-Microscale Diels-Alder Reaction The reaction is carried out in xylene, which is actually a mixture of the three dimethylbenzenes,for three reasons.first, the 1400 C boiling point provides a good reaction temperature. Second, the xylene mixture does not freeze when it is cooled in ice water. Third, the reactants are more soluble in xylene than is the product, which crystallizes. The product is a relatively stable anhydride. Although anhydrides react with water in air, this one reacts slowly and is easily isolated and characterized before much hydrolysis occurs. There are several possible ways to name the product, but 9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10-a,j3-succinicanhydride is probably the simplest. Equipment 250-mL beaker* boiling chip Buchner funnel, with adapter condenser, with tubing electric flask heater 50-mL Erlenmeyer flask 125-mL filter flask, with vacuum tubing filter paper glass stirring rod 'for ice bath 10-mL graduated cylinder hot plate 2 melting point capillary tubes microspatula 25-mL round-bottom flask support stand 13 x 100-mm test tube 2 utility clamps 3-mL product vial watch glass Reagents and Properties substance quantity molarmass (g/mol).. anthracene 9,10-dihydroanthracene- 9,10-a,~-succinic anhydride* maleic anhydride potassium bromide xylene 'product 0.5 g g 100mg 27mL

5 158 SYNT 717: The Diels-Alder Reaction of Anthracene with Maleic Anhydride Preview Weigh anthracene and maleic anhydride Place weighed reagents in flask; add xylene Assemble a reflux apparatus eat anthracene and maleic anhydride at reflux for 30 min Cool the reaction mixture in an ice bath Use vacuum filtration to collect crude product Weigh the crude product Recrystallize the product from xylene Use vacuum filtration to collect purified product Dry and weigh the product on a watch glass Measure the melting points of both crude and purified product Take an IR spectrum of the product PROCEDURE Chemical Alert anthracene-irritant maleic anhydride-toxic and corrosive potassium bromide-irritant and hygroscopic xylene-flammable and irritant Caution: Wear departmentally approved safety goggles at all times while in the chemistry laboratory. 1. Reacting Anthracene with Maleic Anhydride Caution: Anthracene is irritating. Maleic anhydnde is toxic and corrosive. Xylene is flammable and irritating. Keep away from.flames or other heat sources. Use afume hood. Prevent eye, skin, and clothing contact. Avoid inhaling and ingesting these compounds. Weigh 0.5 g of anthracene and 0.25g of maleic anhydride. Place them in a 25-mLround-bottom flask.add 6mL of xylene. Add aboiling chip. Use the round-bottom flask to assemble the reflux apparatus shown in Figure 2. -waterout -water in electric flask heater Figure 2 Refluxapparatus for semi-microscale glassware

6 SYNT 717: The Diels-Alder Reaction of Amhracene with Maleic Anhydride 159 NOTE 1: The reactants do not dissolve completely at first. They gradually dissolve as the reaction takes place. 2. Purifying the Product 3. Characterizing the Product Turn on the water to the condenser. eat the mixture at reflux for 30 min, boiling vigorously for good mixing. [NOTE1] Cool the mixture to room temperature. Prepare an ice bath, using a 25Q-mLbeaker. Then cool the mixture in the icebath for 5 min. At the same time, pour 6 ml of xylene into a test tube and chillthe xylene in the icebath. Collect the crystallized solid by vacuum filtration, using a Buchner funnel. Rinse the crystals with 3 ml of ice-cold xylene. Weigh the crude product. Set aside a small sample to dry for a melting point measurement. For recrystallization, place the product in a 50-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 5-10 ml of xylene. eat the mixture gently on a hot plate until the xylene boils. Gradually add more xylene until all the product dissolves or until no more appears to be dissolving. Do not exceed 15mL total volume of xylene to dissolve the crystals. Allow the solution to cool to room temperature. Then cool the solution in an ice bath for 5 min. If necessary, scratch the bottom of the flask with a glass rod to induce crystallization. Collect the crystallized solid by vacuum filtration, using a Buchner funnel. Rinse the crystals with 3 ml of ice-cold xylene. Spread the product crystals thinly over a clean watch glass. Allow the crystals to dry for about half an hour, with occasional stirring. Weigh the product and record the mass. Place the product in a labeled product vial. Caution: Potassium bromide (KBr) is irrltating. Prevent eye, skin, and clothing contact. Avoid inhaling dust and ingesting KBr. Measure the melting points for both the crude product and the recrystallized product. Make a KBr pellet or a mineral-oil mull. Take an IR spectrum of the product. Compare the product spectrum with the spectra of maleic anhydride and anthracene, provided by your laboratory instructor. 4. Cleaning Up Place your recovered materials in the appropriate labeled collection containers, as directed by your laboratory instructor. Clean your glassware with soap or detergent. Microscale Diels-Alder Reaction Caution: Wash your hands thoroughly with soap or detergent before leaving the laboratory. Equipment 150-mL beaker* boiling chip condenser, with tubingt 5-mL conical vial+ 2 Erlenmeyer flasks, lo-ml 25-mL filter flask, with vacuum tubing filter paper glass stirring rod irsch funnel, with adapter 2 melting point capillary tubes microspatula Pasteur pipet, with latex bulb 1-mL pipet sand bath 'JI support stand 13 x 100-mm test tube thermometer, -10 to 260 0C.1

7 160 SYNT 717: The Diels-Alder Reaction of Anthracene with Maleic Anhydride 3-mL product vial 2 utility clamps 'for ice bath watch glass tor distilling column with elastomeric connector and pipe cleaner tor 10 x 100-mm reaction tube or I-mL micropipet 1sand in crystallizing dish on electric hot plate or sand in electric heating well with heat controller Reagents and Properties substance anthracene 9,1O-dihydroanthracene- 9,10-a,.P-succinicanhydride* maleic anhydride potassium bromide xylene 'product quantity molarmass (g/mol) 100 mg mg 100mg 6mL Preview Weigh anthracene and maleic anhydride Place weighed reagents in conical vial; add xylene Assemble a reflux apparatus eat anthracene and maleic anhydride at reflux for 30 min Cool the reaction mixture in an ice bath Use vacuum filtration to collect crude product Weigh the crude product Recrystallize the product from xylene Use vacuum filtration to collect purified product Dry the purified product on a watch glass Weigh the purified product Measure the melting points of both crude and purified product Take an IR spectrum of the product PROCEDURE Chemical Alert anthracene-irritant maleic anhydride-toxic and corrosive potassium bromide-irritant and hygroscopic xylene-flammable and irritant Caution: Wear departmentally approved safety goggles at all times while in the chemistry laboratory.

8 .- SYNT 717: The Diels-Alder Reaction of Anthracene with Maleic Anhydride Reacting Anthracene with Maleic Anhydride Caution: Anthracene is irritating. Maleic anhydride is toxic and corrosive. Xylene is flammable and irritating. Keep away from flames or other heat sources. Use afume hood. Prevent eye, skin, and clothing contact. Avoid inhaling and ingesting these compounds. Tare a 5-mL conical vial (or 10 x 100-mm reaction tube) and record the mass. Weigh 100 mg of anthracene and 55 mg of maleic anhydride and place them in the vial (reaction tube). Add 1.0 ml of xylene. Add a boiling chip. Fit the vial (tube) with a condenser, as shown in Figure 3. thermometer condenser II i'- distillingcolumn 5-mLvial elastomeric connector sand bath hot plate wet pipe cleaner reaction tube sand bath (a) (b) Figure 3 Reflux apparatus for (a) vial, or (b) reaction tube -'- NOTE 1: The reactants do not dissolve completely at first. They gradually dissolve as the reaction takes place. Turn on the water to the condenser (or add a wet pipe cleaner around the reaction tube). Use a C sand bath to heat the mixture at reflux for 30 min, boiling vigorously for good mixing. [NOTE1] Cool the mixture to room temperature. Prepare an ice bath, using a l50-ml beaker. Then cool the mixture in the ice bath for 5 min. At the same time, pour 2 ml of xylene into a test tube and chill the xylene in the icebath. Collect the crystallized solid by vacuum filtration, using a irsch funnel. Rinse the crystals with 1 ml of ice-cold xylene. Weigh the crude product. Set aside a small sample to dry for a melting point measurement. 2. Purifying the Product For recrystallization, place the product in a 10-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 1-2 ml of xylene. eat the mixture gently in a sand bath until the xylene boils. Gradually add more xylene until all the product dissolves or until no more appears to be dissolving. Do not exceed 3 ml total volume of xylene. If solid impurities remain, use a Pasteur pipet to transfer the solution to another 10-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Allow the solution to cool to room temperature. Then cool the solution in an ice bath for 5 min. If necessary, scratch the bottom of the flask with a glass rod to induce crystallization.

9 162 SYNT 717: The Diels-Alder Reaction of Anthracene with Maleic Anhydride Collect the crystallized solid by vacuum filtration, using a irsch funnel. Rinse the crystals with 1 ml of ice-cold xylene. Spread the product crystals thinly over a clean watch glass. Allow the crystals to dry for about 15 min. Weigh the product and record the mass. Place the product in a labeled product vial. 3. Characterizing the Product Caution: Potassium bromide (KBr) is irritating. Prevent eye, skin, and clothing contact. Avoid inhaling dust and ingesting KBr. Measure the melting points for both the crude product and the recrystallized product. Make a KBr pellet or a mineral-oil mull. Take an IR spectrum of the product and compare it with the spectra of maleic anhydride and anthracene, provided by your laboratory instructor. 4. Cleaning Up Place your recovered materials in the appropriate labeled collection containers, as directed by your laboratory instructor. Clean your glassware with soap or detergent. Caution: Wash your hands thoroughly with soap or detergent before leaving the laboratory.

10 SYNT 717: The Die/s-Alder Reaction of Amhracene with Maleic Anhydride 163 Post-LaboratoryQuestions 1. Calculate the percent yield for your product, before and after recrys talliza tion. 2. Calculate the percent recovery from the recrystallization. 3. The product of this reaction can be hydrolyzed by water. Show the product of hydrolysis. 4. Recrystallizing an anhydride (such as the product of this reaction) from water or from an alcohol is rarely a good idea. Explain why. 5. (a) Compare the carbonyl region of your IR spectrum with that of maleic anhydride. What are the similarities?what are the differences? (b) Does your IR spectrum allow you to confirm that the structure of the product is a combination of the two reactants? Brieflyexplain.