Concentration Effect and Reaction Rate

Transcription

1 EXPERIMENT St. Clare's Girls' School DATE : F.6 Chemistry Purposes Concentration Effect and Reaction Rate 1. To investigate the dependence of reaction rate on concentration for the reaction between S 2O 3 2- (aq) and H + (aq). 2. To establish the rate equation for the reaction between S 2O 3 2- (aq) and H + (aq). Introduction Sodium thiosulphate, Na 2S 2O 3, reacts with dilute acids to form yellow precipitates of sulphur. S 2O 3 2- (aq) + 2H + (aq) S(s) + SO 2(g) + H 2O(l) Instead of measuring the rate of decrease in concentration of the reactants, rate of formation of a fixed amount of sulphur is selected as the variable for measurement. As the formation of sulphur depends on the consumption of S 2O 3 2- (aq), the rate of decrease in concentration of S 2O 3 2- (aq) is measured indirectly in the experiment. Safety Sulphur dioxide produced in the reaction is toxic. Never smell the gas directly. The experiment should be performed in a well-ventilated laboratory. Avoid skin contact with the chemicals. EYE PROTECTION MUST BE WORN Materials and Apparatus 1 M H 2SO 4(aq) 0.25 M Na 2S 2O 3(aq), deionized water Two 8-well reaction strips, micro-tip plastic pipette, stopwatch, 50 cm 3 beaker, micro-stirrer or toothpicks, cotton swabs, a piece of white paper, pencil, light table (if available). Experimental Procedures (A) IRRITANT Effect of varying concentration of S 2O 3 2- (aq) 1. Using clean micro-tip plastic pipettes, transfer drops of 0.25 M Na 2S 2O 3(aq) and deionized water to a clean 8-well reaction strip (Strip A) according to the following scheme: Well no. A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 Drops of Na 2S 2O 3(aq) Drops of DI water Transfer drops of 1 M H 2SO 4(aq) and deionized water to another 8-well reaction strip (Strip B) as follows: Well no. B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 Drops of H 2SO 4(aq) Drops of DI water

2 3. Rest a 8-well reaction strip on a piece of white paper and trace its shape by a pencil. Mark a cross (X) on each of the 7 well images. (Place the piece of white paper on top of a light table, if available). 4. Invert Strip A, stack it atop Strip B so that the wells of strip A is directly above those of strip B. 5. Hold the two strips firmly and lower them suddenly so that the solution mixtures in the wells mix together ( shake-down technique ). Start the stop watch at the same time. 6. Shake down all the solution to Strip B. Detach Strip B from the double arrangement and place it on the white paper over the array of crosses. 7. Record the time (t) taken for the total disappearance of each cross. 8. To prevent the colloidal sulphur from sticking onto the wells, use a micro-tip plastic pipette to withdraw the product mixtures immediately after the experiment and dispose them of into a waste beaker. Clean the wells with a wet cotton swab together with some detergent and finally rinse with tap water. (B) Fig.1 Experimental set-up Fig. 2 Viewing X disappearance Effect of varying concentration of H + (aq) 9. Using clean micro-tip pipettes, transfer 1 M H 2SO 4(aq) and deionized water to a clean 8-well reaction strip (Strip A) according to the following scheme: Well no. A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 Drops of H 2SO 4(aq) Drops of DI water Transfer 0.25 M Na 2S 2O 3(aq) and deionized water to another 8-well reaction strip (Strip B) as follows: Well no. B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 Drops of Na 2S 2O 3(aq) Drops of DI water Repeat steps (4) to (8).

3 Results Complete the following table: Relative conc. of S 2O 32 (aq) Part A ln[s 2O 3 2- (aq)] t /s Relative conc. of H 2SO 4(aq) Part B ln[h + (aq)] t /s Treatment of Data Start the Excel program and complete the above table. Highlight the figures in the ln[s 2O 3 2- (aq)] and t columns and executes the Graph Wizard function. Choose the X-Y scattered plot option and streamline the graph plotted by giving a title and labeling the axes. Discussion Questions 1. Deduce the order of reaction with respect to S 2O 3 2- (aq) from the graph of ln[s 2O 3 2- (aq)] against t. 2. Deduce the order of reaction with respect to H + (aq) by inspecting values of t. 3. Deduce the rate equation for the reaction.

4 EXPERIMENT St. Clare's Girls' School DATE : F.6 Chemistry Purposes Investigation of the Overall Order of Reaction between Hydrogen Peroxide and Iodide in Acidic Medium (Iodine Clock Reaction) To determine the kinetic order of the reaction between H 2O 2(aq) and I - (aq) in acidic media with respect to 1. H 2O 2(aq), 2. I - (aq) and 3. H + (aq). Introduction The kinetics of the reaction: H 2O 2(aq) + 2I - (aq) + 2H + (aq) I 2(aq) + 2H 2O(l) can be investigated by the introduction of a small and fixed amount of S 2O 3 2- (aq) and starch indicator. H 2O 2(aq) + 2I - (aq) + 2H + (aq) I 2(aq) + 2H 2O(l).. main reaction 2S 2O 3 2- (aq) + I 2(aq) S 4O 6 2- (aq) + 2I - (aq).monitor reaction Starch solution + I 2(aq) blue complex..indicator reaction The added S 2O 3 2- (aq) consumes the I 2(aq) produced from the main reaction. As long as there are S 2O 3 2- (aq) ions in the reaction mixture, I 2(aq) formed from the main reaction will be instantaneously consumed by the S 2O 3 2- (aq) ions and the starch indicator will not be affected. However, when all S 2O 3 2- (aq) ions are consumed, the I 2(aq) starts to form and will immediately turn the starch indicator to deep blue. The overall result is that upon mixing different amounts of H 2O 2(aq), I - (aq), H + (aq), S 2O 3 2- (aq) and starch indicator, no change will be observed at the start of the experiment, but the reaction mixture suddenly changes to deep blue after a period of time. The time elapsed before the development of the blue colour depends on the amount of S 2O 3 2- (aq) used. The greater the amount of S 2O 3 2- (aq) is used, the longer will be the time taken for the development of colour. Thus the reaction responsible by the S 2O 3 2- (aq) is also known as the monitor reaction, as it controls the time taken for the development of colour. Reactions using the above technique are collectively classified as clock reactions. If iodine is used to indicate the reaction time, it is called an iodine clock reaction. Likewise, if bromine is used, it is called a bromine clock reaction. Kinetic interpretation of clock reactions Time elapsed for colour development indicates the time (t) taken for the formation of a certain amount of iodine from the main reaction. 1/t would be proportional to the rate of formation of this amount of iodine. 1/t would also be proportional to the initial rate of decrease in concentration of I - (aq) or H 2O 2(aq) if the amount of iodine formed is small or if the amount of S 2O 3 2- (aq) used is small. Hence there is a need to use small amount of S 2O 3 2- (aq). Order of the reaction w.r.t. I - (aq) will be investigated by keeping concentrations of H 2O 2(aq) and H + (aq) constant while varying the concentration of I - (aq) in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 4 : 8. If the ratio of (1/t)

5 doubles each time, the order of reaction w.r.t. to I - (aq) will be determined as 1. If the ratio of (1/t) remains unchanged, the order can be regarded as zero. The experiment is then repeated for determining orders for H 2O 2(aq) and H + (aq). Safety Avoid skin contact with the chemicals. Materials and Apparatus About 20 cm 3 of each of the following solutions in labelled plastic bottles: 1.50% H 2O 2(aq) EYE PROTECTION MUST BE WORN IRRITANT 0.60 M H 2SO 4(aq), 0.60 M KI(aq), 0.08 M Na 2S 2O 3(aq), starch solution, deionized water. Two 8-well reaction strips, micro-tip plastic pipette, stop watch, microspatula. Experimental Procedures (A) Kinetic order w.r.t. iodide ion 1. Using a fresh and clean micro-tip plastic pipette, transfer 1 drop each of 1.5% H 2O 2(aq), 0.6 M H 2SO 4(aq) and starch indicator solution to 4 separate wells of a 8-well reaction strip (call it strip A) so that each well has a total volume of 3 drops. 2. Take another 8-well reaction strip (call it strip B), again using a fresh and clean micro-tip plastic pipette, transfer 1 drop of 0.08 M Na 2S 2O 3(aq) to each of the first 4 wells. 3. Into the same 8-well reaction strip, place 1 drop of 0.6 M KI(aq) to the first well, 2 drops to the second, 4 drops to the third and 8 drops to the fourth. Add 7 drops of deionized water to the first well, 6 drops to the second and 4 drops to the third so that the total volume of reactant mixture in each of the 4 well of strip B is 9 drops. (see Table A) 4. Stir the solution mixture in each of the wells of strip B with a microspatula. 5. Invert strip B and stack it atop strip A so that the first 4 wells of strip B is directly above the first 4 wells of strip A. 6. Hold the two strips firmly together by means of two small pieces of rubber tubing, one at each end and lower the strip combination suddenly ( shake-down technique) so that the two solution mixtures mix thoroughly (see Figure 2). Start the stop watch at the same time. 7. Turn the strip combination upside down repeatedly and look for the sudden appearance of a deep blue colour. Record the time taken. Carry on recording time until all the 4 wells have developed colour in the correct sequence. 8. Clean the reaction strips thoroughly with deionized water and empty the water in the wells.

6 Fig. 1 Size of 8-well reaction strip Fig. 2 The shake-down technique Table A Number of drops Strip A Strip B Well H 2O 2(aq) H 2SO 4(aq) Starch solution I - (aq) H 2O(l) M S 2O 3 2- (aq) 1 (B) Kinetic order w.r.t. H 2O 2 9. Repeat steps (1) to (8) according to Table B. Table B Number of drops Strip A Strip B Well I - (aq) 0.08 M Starch S 2O 2-3 (aq) solution H 2O 2(aq) H 2O(l) H 2SO 4(aq) (C) Kinetic order w.r.t. H Repeat steps (1) to (8) according to Table C. 8 0 Table C: Number of drops Strip A Strip B Well I - (aq) 0.08M Starch S 2O 2-3 (aq) solution H 2SO 4(aq) H 2O(l) H 2O 2(aq)

7 Results Variable Relative concentration t (s) Rel. initial rate,1/t (s -1 ) Deduced order 1 [I - (aq)] [H 2O 2(aq)] [H + (aq)] (If initial rate doubles when the concentration of a species is doubled, the reaction is first order with respect to that species) Discussion Questions 1. With the help of an appropriate sketch, illustrate the meaning of initial rate. 2. Why is it assumed that in order to obtain initial rate, time (t) has to be small? 3. Why are initial rate preferred to rates at other times of a reaction, i.e. instantaneous rates? 4. Why the amount of S2O32-(aq) added to the reaction mixture has to be small? 5. From the deduced order of each of the reactants, give a rate equation for the reaction. 6. A mechanism for the reaction consists of the following three elementary steps: H 2O 2(aq) + I - (aq) X + H 2O(l). (slow) H + (aq) + X Y. (fast) Y + H + (aq) + I - (aq) I 2(aq) + H 2O(l)... (fast) Suggest species for X and Y in the above elementary reactions in order that the rate expression for the rate determining step fits with the experimental rate equation.

8 EXPERIMENT St. Clare's Girls' School DATE : F.6 Chemistry Kinetics of Iodination of Propanone by Colorimetry Purpose To determine the rate equation of the reaction between acidified propanone solution and iodine. Introduction As the following reaction proceeds, CH 3COCH 3(aq) + I 2(aq) CH 3COCH 2I(aq) + H + (aq) + I - (aq) colourless (brown/yellow) colourless colourless the concentration of iodine decreases and the brown/yellow colour intensity of the reacting solution also decreases. The change in colour intensity allows the use of colorimetry to follow the reaction kinetics. For dilute solutions, absorbance is proportional to concentration. Decrease in concentration of species can be measured by the change in absorbance. Relative rate of disappearance of iodine, in terms of decrease in absorbance and not in terms of actual decrease in concentration of iodine, is measured from the absorbance vs time plot. This avoids the time-consuming conversion to concentration units using a calibration curve. Order of reaction with respect to each reactant is determined by separately doubling the concentrations of each of CH 3COCH 3(aq), H + (aq) and I 2(aq). A first order reaction with respect to CH 3COCH 3(aq) is confirmed when, while keeping the concentrations of I 2(aq) and H + (aq) constant, the initial rate of decrease in concentration of I 2(aq) (or the initial rate of decrease in absorbance) doubles as the concentration of CH 3COCH 3(aq) is doubled. Safety Avoid skin contact with chemicals. Materials and Apparatus EYE PROTECTION MUST BE WORN 1 M sulphuric acid, 1 M propanone solution 0.02 M iodine solution, deionised water, a datalogger with colorimeter accessories, computer, micro-tip plastic pipette, 5 cm 3 graduated pipette. IRRITANT

9 Experimental Procedures Part A: Calibration of the colorimeter 1. Set up the interface box and connect it to the computer. Calibrate the colorimeter as described in the manual that accompanies with the commercial datalogger. A blue filter should be used for the experiment. Part B: Kinetic runs 2. Start the program for colorimetry with graphical display. Choose the option for transmittance and a time interval of 10 minutes. 3. Using a clean graduated pipette, transfer 0.75 cm 3 of 1 M propanone and 0.75 cm 3 1 M sulphuric acid into a clean cuvette. Add 1.50 cm 3 of deionised water. Mix the solution well by capping the cuvette and inverting it upside down for three times. 4. Uncap the cuvette, and using a micro-tip plastic pipette, quickly add 30 drops of 0.02 M iodine solution. Cap the cuvette, lower it into the cell compartment of the colorimeter and start recording at the same time. 5. Stop recording when the transmittance signal flattens. 6. Convert the OY axis to absorbance scale and measure the initial rate of decrease in absorbance according to the software manual. Save the data file. 7. Repeat steps (3) to (6) with other runs according to the following scheme. Run Vol. of 1 M Propanone /cm 3 Vol. of 1 M sulphuric acid/cm 3 Vol. of deionised water/cm 3 No. of drops of 0.02 M I 2(aq) No. of drops of deionised water (Adjust volume or no. of drops accordingly to size of cuvette used) Fig. 1: Setup for colorimetric measurement.

10 Treatment of Data From the absorbance vs time plot, calculate the relative initial rate of decrease in concentration of iodine for the following cases: 1. Doubling the concentration of propanone Run Rel. concentration of propanone Initial rate of decrease in conc. of I 2(aq) Rel. initial rate of decrease in conc. of I 2(aq) Order w.r.t. propanone(aq) Doubling the concentration of sulphuric acid Run Rel. concentration of H + (aq) Initial rate of decrease in conc. of I 2(aq) Rel. initial rate of decrease in conc. of I 2(aq) Order w.r.t. H + (aq) Doubling the concentration of iodine solution. Run Rel. concentration of I 2(aq) Initial rate of decrease in conc. of I 2(aq) Rel. initial rate of decrease in conc. of I 2(aq) Order w.r.t. I 2(aq) Discussion Questions 1. Deduce the kinetic order of the reaction w.r.t. (i) propanone, (ii) H + (aq) and (iii) I 2(aq), and hence the experimental rate equation for the reaction. 2. The role played by H + (aq) in the reaction is suggested to involve the formation of a C(OH)=C- group (enol) from the CO- group (keto) [ketoenol tautomerism]. Propose a mechanism for the reaction that agrees with the experimental rate equation.

11 EXPERIMENT St. Clare's Girls' School DATE : F.6 Chemistry Introduction The reaction can be represented by To Determine the Activation Energy of the Reaction between Bromide Ion and Bromate(V) Ion in Acid Solution BrO 3 - (aq) + 5Br - (aq) + 6H + (aq) 3Br 2 (aq) + 3H 2 O (aq) The progress of the reaction may be followed by adding a fixed amount of phenol together with some methyl red indicator. The bromine produced during the reaction reacts very rapidly with phenol OH OH Br Br + 3 Br HBr Br Once all the phenol is consumed, any further bromine bleaches the indicator immediately. reaction to proceed to a given point may be determined. Therefore, the time for the Apparatus Beaker thermometer boiling tube burettes Bunsen burner stop-watch Chemicals 0.01 M phenol solution M KBr / M KBrO 3 solution 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 methyl red indicator Procedure 1. Place cm 3 of 0.01 M phenol solution, cm M KBr/ M KBrO 3 mixture and 10 drops of methyl red indicator into the FIRST boiling tube. 2. Place 5.00 cm 3 of 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 in the SECOND boiling tube 3. Place BOTH boiling tubes into a large beaker of water which is maintained between 49 C - 51 C by careful warming. Suitably clamp the FIRST boiling tube and place a thermometer in this solution. Allow the contents of the tubes to reach the temperature of the water bath (± 1 C) and wait until the temperature remains to be constant. 4. Pour the entire 5.00 cm 3 H 2 SO 4 into the clamped boiling tube, and swirl gently. 5. The clamped tube should remain in the water bath throughout the experiment. Record the time, to the nearest second, from the moment of mixing to that of complete disappearance of red colour. 6. Record also the temperature, to the nearest degree, of the content of the clamped tube at the end of the experiment. 7. Repeat this experiment, at about 45 C, 40 C, 35 C and 30 C. Record your result in the table below. run Temperature / C Temperature (T) / K Time (t) / sec In 1/t 1/ T

12 Questions 1. Why does the reaction not start until the contents of the boiling tubes are mixed? 2. What function does methyl red play in this experiment? (Hint: it is not acting as an indicator in the accepted sense.) 3. Why is it unsatisfactory to measure the reaction rate at high temperature such as 80 C? 4. Why is it not necessary to know far the reaction has proceeded at the point where the methyl red is decolourised? E 5. Arrhenius equation is given as k = Ae RT. What do k and E represent? 6. Can 1/t replace k in the Arrhenius equation? Why? 7. Derive another equation to relate ln k and 1/T. 8. Plot a suitable graph to calculate E. Show your calculation clearly. (R = 8.31 J K -1 mol -1 ) 9. Explain why temperature can affect reaction rate.

13 10. Explain the fact that the reaction with low activation energy proceeds faster. 11. What thermodynamic sign does E have? What does it signify? (Attach your graph here.)

14 EXPERIMENT St. Clare's Girls' School DATE : F.6 Chemistry Introduction For a weak acid, HX, dissociating according to the equation The dissociation constant, K a, is given by Determination of Dissociation Constants Of Weak Acids By ph Measurements K a HX H + + X - + [ H ][ X ] = equation 1 [ HX ] where [H + ], [X - ] and [HX] are the molar concentrations at equilibrium. Now if the acid is a weak acid (i.e. a weak electrolyte), and its salts are strong electrolytes. with one of its salts, it may be possible to assume that [HX] total acid concentration [X - ] total salt concentration Then for a mixture of the acid Using these assumptions, and rearranging equation 1, we have [ ] [ + K a HX H ] = and thus [ X ] + K a[ acid] [ H ] [ salt] total total If the concentrations of the acid and salt in the mixture are equal, i.e. when the acid in the mixture is exactly half-neutralized, [acid] total = [salt] total [ H + ] = K a ph = pk a Procedure 1. Calibrate a ph meter, using a buffer solution accurately known ph. 2. Pipette 20.0 cm 3 of 0.10 M ethanoic acid into a conical flask. 3. Titrate with 0.10 M sodium hydroxide solution, using phenolphthalein as indicator, until the solution is just pink. 4. Add a further 20.0 cm 3 of the same ethanoic acid solution to the flask and mix thoroughly. 5. Determine the ph of the resulting solution. 6. Repeat the above procedure but substituting for the acetic acid (a) 2-chloroethanoic acid, (b) 2,2-dichloroethanoic acid. 7. Calculate K a and/ or pk a of the three acids used. Questions 1. If the titre were, say 22.0 cm 3, should one add a further 25.0 cm 3 of acid, or a further 22.0 cm 3 of acid? Explain. 2. How do the values you obtained for K a compare with the literature values? Which values show the greatest divergence from the accepted values? What explanation can you offer for the divergence of these results from the accepted values? 3. What suggestions can you make to explain the relative values of K a for the three acids? 4. Could this method be used to determine the dissociation constant of weak bases? If you think so, suggest how you would determine K b for ammonia.

15 EXPERIMENT St. Clare's Girls' School DATE : F.6 Chemistry Purposes Acid-Base Titration Curves (Double Indicators) To determine the composition of the following mixture by double indicator method: 1. NaOH(aq) and Na 2CO 3(aq) 2. NaHCO 3(aq) and Na 2CO 3(aq) Introduction Consider a mixture of NaOH(aq) and Na 2CO 3(aq). takes place in two stages: Reaction between HCl(aq) and Na 2CO 3(aq) HCl(aq) + Na 2CO 3(aq) NaHCO 3(aq) + H 2O(l). (1) HCl(aq) + NaHCO 3(aq) NaCl(aq) + CO 2(g) + H 2O(l). (2) While that between HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq) completes in only one step: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H 2O(l).. (3) Solution mixture of reaction (1) at the equivalence point is alkaline, that of reaction (2) is acidic and that of reaction (3) is neutral. Thus the whole titration should experience three breaks in the ph curve, corresponding to the above three stages. Stages (1) and (3) can be indicated by phenolphthalein and that of stage (2) can be indicated by methyl orange. Stoichiometry confines each of the above stages reacts according to a mole ratio of 1 : 1. This means, say from equation (2), number of mole of HCl determined from the methyl orange titration is equal to the number of mole of NaHCO 3. Likewise, total number of moles of NaOH(aq) and Na 2CO 3(aq) in the solution mixture can be calculated according to the volumes of HCl(aq) added at the end point indicated by the colour change of the phenolphthalein indicator. Alternatively, the three break points also indicate the volume of HCl(aq) required for each reaction stage. ph HCl vs carbonate + NaOH Vol. of HCl

16 For the case of HCl(aq) vs a mixture of NaHCO 3(aq) and Na 2CO 3(aq), only two break points are expected. Volume of HCl(aq) added for each break point can be easily obtained by observing either the colour change at the end point or the shape of the titration curve. ph HCl vs carbonate + hydrogencarbonate Safety Vol of HCl Avoid skin contact with chemicals. Any acid or alkali spilt should be thoroughly washed with tap water. Materials and Apparatus EYE PROTECTION MUST BE WORN Phenolphthalein indicator, methyl orange indicator FLAMMABLE Standard 0.15 M and 0.2 M HCl(aq), solution mixture of NaOH and Na 2CO 3, solution mixture of Na 2CO 3 and NaHCO 3, deionized water, A commercial data logger with ph sensor, computer, magnetic stirrer, small beaker, burette and pipette, stand and clamp Experimental Procedures (A) 0.15 M HCl(aq) vs solution mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein indicator followed by methyl orange indicator 1. Setup the interface box and connect it to the computer. Arrange the setup for ph determination as described in the lab manual that goes with the commercial data logger. The ph sensor should be calibrated before use. 2. Pipette 25 cm 3 of the solution mixture into a small beaker and add 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Place a stirrer bar into the alkaline solution and rest the beaker on a magnetic stirrer which is covered by a white tile. Switch on the magnetic stirrer. Lower the ph electrode into the alkaline solution, ensuring that the glass bulb is completely immersed while the stirrer bar is spinning smoothly (see Fig. 1). Fig. 1 Setup for ph datalogging 3. Start the datalogging software and select the ph sensor with graph display screen format. Set the ph value limits from 0 to 13. The logging mode is set to manual operation with readings taken for each cm 3 addition of the titrant.

17 4. Fill the burette with 0.15 M HCl(aq). Open the stopcock of the burette and start recording at the same time. When approaching the first end point, as judged by the disappearance of the red colour of the solution in the beaker, adjust interval additions each to 0.50 cm 3. Allow time for the evolution of CO 2 gas bubbles as their presence round the glass bulb of the electrode may interfere with ph measurements. 5. Observe the colour change of the reaction mixture in the beaker and the display of ph variation in the monitor screen carefully when the titration passes the first end point. 6. Add 3 drops of methyl orange indicator when the reaction mixture becomes colourless. Look for the second end point and continue titration as in step 4 until a total volume of 50 cm 3 of the titrant has been added. 7. Save the data file. 8. Carefully empty the contents of the beaker, pay special attention to retain the small stirrer bar. Clean the ph electrode with D.I. water. (B) 0.20 M HCl(aq) vs solution mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogencarbonate using phenolphthalein indicator followed by methyl orange indicator 9. Repeat steps (2) to (8), using a solution mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogencarbonate. Results Table (A) Final burette reading/cm 3 Initial burette reading/cm 3 Volume of 0.15 M HCl used/cm 3 Phenolphthalein indicator Methyl orange indicator Table (B) Final burette reading/cm 3 Initial burette reading/cm 3 Volume of 0.20 M HCl used/cm 3 Phenolphthalein indicator Methyl orange indicator

18 Treatment of Data Part (A) 1. From the methyl orange end point, calculate the number of moles of 0.15 M HCl(aq) added and hence the number of moles of Na 2CO 3 in 25 cm 3 of the alkaline solution mixture. 2. From the phenolphthalein end point, calculate the number of moles of 0.15 M HCl(aq) added and hence the total number of moles of NaOH(aq) and Na 2CO 3(aq) in 25 cm 3 of the alkaline solution mixture. 3. Calculate the number of mole of NaOH(aq) in 25 cm 3 of the alkaline solution mixture. 4. Calculate the mass of Na 2CO 3(aq) and NaOH(aq) in 1 dm 3 of the solution mixture respectively. Part (B) 1. From the methyl orange end point, calculate the number of moles of 0.2 M HCl(aq) added and hence the number of moles of Na 2CO 3(aq) in 25 cm 3 of the alkaline solution mixture. 2. From the phenolphthalein end point, calculate the number of moles of 0.2 M HCl(aq) added and hence the number of moles of NaHCO 3(aq) in 25 cm 3 of the alkaline solution mixture. 3. Calculate the mass of Na 2CO 3 and NaHCO 3 in 1 dm 3 of the solution mixture respectively. Discussion Questions 1. Explain why some breaks of the ph curve are more significant but some are less significant. 2. Suggest and explain other indicators that can be used in place of methyl orange and phenolphthalein. 3. From the shape of the ph titration curve plotted and the criterion for the choice of indicator, comment on the reliability of the method as applied to the case of NaOH/Na 2CO 3 and Na 2CO 3/NaHCO 3 mixtures. 4. Can the same method be applied to determine the concentrations of Na 3PO 4 and NaH 2PO 4 in a solution mixture of the two salts? What factors should be considered?

19 EXPERIMENT St. Clare's Girls' School DATE : F.6 Chemistry K sp of Calcium Hydroxide Purpose To determine the solubility product of calcium hydroxide. Introduction Calcium hydroxide dissolves slightly and ionizes partly in water: Ca(OH) 2(s)+ aq Ca 2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) For a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide (lime water), concentration of OH - (aq) ions doubles that of the Ca 2+ (aq) ions, and K sp Ca(OH) 2(s) can be calculated if concentration of OH - (aq) is known. As volume of solution delivered is proportional to number of drops, the volume term in calculating number of mole, [(C)(Vol)/1000], can be replaced by number of drops. In this experiment, calcium hydroxide is dissolved in, including deionized water, NaOH(aq) of various known concentrations. The concentration of OH - (aq) in equilibrium with the solid calcium hydroxide is determined by micro-scale titration using plastic pipette containing standard hydrochloric acid. Conventional burette volume readings are replaced by number of drops from the plastic pipette. K sp Ca(OH) 2(s) is calculated from a derived concentration of Ca 2+ (aq) and an experimental concentration of OH - (aq). Materials and Apparatus Ca(OH) 2 solid, NaOH(aq) of strengths 0.05 M and M IRRITANT Phenolphthalein indicator Standard M HCl(aq) FLAMMABLE Well-plate, plastic pipette, micro-spatula, light table (if available) Experimental Procedures 1. Prepare saturated stock solutions of Ca(OH) 2(aq) according to the following scheme: Stock solution About 1g Ca(OH) 2(s) in each of the following 50 cm 3 liquids 1 Deionized water M NaOH(aq) M NaOH(aq) Cover the saturated stock solutions and leave them overnight. 2. Measure the temperature of the saturated stock solutions. 3. Using three separate wells and clean plastic pipettes, withdraw supernatant liquids of the saturated stock solutions 1, 2 and 3 and dilute ten times by using a dilution ratio of 8 drops: 72 drops of deionized water. Stir well with micro-spatula. 4. Place the well-plate on a light table (if available). Using a clean plastic pipette, transfer 25 drops of the diluted solution 1 into a well of the well-plate. Add one drop of phenolphthalein indicator. Clean and wash the same plastic pipette with deionized water.

20 Rinse and fill with M HCl(aq). Carefully titrate the diluted solution 1 (see figure 1) by adding drops of M HCl(aq) solution from the plastic pipette, until the red colour is discharged. Occasionally stir the solution. Record the number of drops of M HCl(aq) added. 5. Repeat step (4) with the diluted stock solutions 2 and 3. Fig. 1 Microscale titration Results Solution temperature = o C Stock solution No. of drops of M HCl (aq) Original conc. of OH - (aq) / M Treatment of Data Calculate the concentration of Ca 2+ (aq) in the stock solutions (1), (2) and (3) and complete the following table. Stock solution [Ca 2+ (aq)] [OH - (aq)] K sp = [Ca 2+ (aq)] [OH - (aq)] 2 / mol dm -3 / mol dm -3 / mol 3 dm -9 Discussion Questions 1. Write down the expression for the K sp of calcium hydroxide. 2. Explain the variation in concentration of Ca 2+ (aq) as the concentration of OH - (aq) increases. 3. Calculate an average value of K sp of calcium hydroxide and compare with the literature value from a data book. Comment on the discrepancy, if any.

21 EXPERIMENT St. Clare's Girls' School DATE : F.6 Chemistry A Test Tube Of Redox Reaction In this practical you will attempt to place a number of redox pairs in order of oxidizing strength by carrying out suitable experiments. The redox pairs concerned are: A I 2 + 2e - 2I - B SO H + +2e - H 2 SO 3 + H 2 O C ClO - + H 2 O + 2e - Cl - + 2OH - D Cl 2 + 2e - 2Cl - E Br 2 + 2e - 2Br - F Fe 3+ + e - Fe 2+ ClO - is called chlorate(i) (hypochlorite) ion, and H 2 SO 3 sulphurous acid. Procedure EXPERIMENT 1 Add a little of a solution of iron(iii) ions to a solution of iodide ions. been formed. The half equations involved are: A I 2 + 2e - 2I - F Fe 3+ + e - Fe 2+ Describe what happens and test to see if iodine has EXPERIMENT 2 Add a little sodium chlorate(i) solution to a solution containing iron(ii) ions. Decide whether or not Fe 2+ ions have been oxidized. (Hint: when chlorate(i) acts as an oxidizing agent, hydroxide ions are produced. What effect will this have on iron(ii) or iron(iii) ions?) EXPERIMENT 3 Add a little sodium chlorate(i) solution to a solution containing bromide ions. oxidized to bromine. Decide whether or not bromide ions have been EXPERIMENT 4 Add a little sulphurous acid to a solution containing iodine, I 2, and note the result. EXPERIMENT 5 Finally, decide the position of half-equation D by adding chlorine water to a solution containing bromide ions. For each of the above experiments, write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction and arrange the half-equations A to F in its correct position as found in the electrochemical series. EXPERIMENT 6 Use your final order of oxidizing power to predict whether chlorate(i) ions will oxidize iodide ions to iodine. prediction experimentally. Test your

22 Worksheet for Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic Compounds Name : Class : Date : / / 1. Describe the solid. 2. Report on the solubility in water. 3. Estimate the ph. 4. Heat a small amount of the solid in an ignition tube at first gently and then strongly. Report the observation. 5. Report the observation on a flame test. 6. Report on the action of 2M HCl on the solid. 7. Report on the action of 1M H 2 SO 4 on the solid. 8. Report on the action of conc. H 2 SO 4 on the solid. 9. Report on the action of 2M NaOH on the aqueous solution. 10. Report on the action of 2M NH 3 on the aqueous solution. 11. Report on the action of acidified KMnO 4 solution made from equal volumes of 0.2M KMnO 4 and 1M H 2 SO 4 on the aqueous solution. 12. Report on the action of Write your interpretation of the various observations reported above and comment on the chemical nature of the substance.