THE CANADIAN NEUTRON FACILITY

Transcription

1 PHYSICS IN CANADA LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA Vol. 55, No. 1 JANUARY /FEBRUARY 1999 JANVIER /FÉVRIER 1999 SPECIAL ISSUE THE CANADIAN NEUTRON FACILITY Featuring articles by J. C.D. Milton, W.E. Buyers et alw.j.l. Bishop et ai, and D.A. Bromley. Editorial by J.S.C. McKee.

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3 PHYSICS IN CANADA LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA Vol. 55 No. 1 January/February 1999 janvier à février 1999 INDEX Editorial - The Canadian Neutron Facility: the Future of Neutron Physics in Canada, byj.s.c. (jasper) McKee... 2 Letters / Lettres 3 Calendar / Calendrier 4 Science Policy/ La politique scientifique 5 SPECIAL FEATURE / EN VEDETTE The Tedfest, by J.C.D. Milton 9 FEATURE ARTICLES / ARTICLES DE FOND The Neutron Beam Laboratory at The Canadian Neutron Facility, by William J.L. Buyers and John H. Root 11 The Canadian Neutron Facility: A Reactor-Physics Perspective, by William E. Bishop, Jeremy J. whitiock, and C. Bruce Wilkin 23 Canadian Physics and Technology in the 21 st century, by D. Allan Bromley 31 DEPARTMENTS / RUBRIQUES Ph.D. Degrees in Physics Awarded at Canadian Universities in 1998 / Doctorats décernés en physique dans les universités canadiennes, Books Received - Book Review / Livres reçus - Critique de livre 40 Employment Opportunities / Possibilités d'emplois Inside Back Cover Printed by: M.O.M. Printing Advertising Rates & Specifications / Tarifs publicitaire et dimensions (effective - January, en vigeur - janvier, 1999) Specifications / Dimensions Single Issue/ Numéro unique (Jan., Mar., July, SepL, Nov.) Congress Issue / Numéro du Congrès (May / Mai) One-Year Contract / Contract d'un an (6 issues / 6 numéros) Per / par insertion Full page / pleine page 8% x 11'/, $ $ $ Vi page vert. - 3]6 x9% horiz. - 7Vi x % S $ $ Vertical '/«page 3'/t x 4% $ $ $ Lines / lignes C/j" minimum) 4*" Cover / 4"** couverture 2 nd & 3* Coyer/ 2""* ou 3*"" couverture 3 '/> x Vi $35.00 $40.00 $ % x 11 '/4 $ $ $ % x 11 % $ $ $ each additional colour 1 $225; Bleed S140 / 225 S pour chaque couleu addibonelle: fond perdu 140 S typesetting and art time extra / Une an Tonce non prêt i photograph 1er sera facturée au prix coûtant. Deadline for copy - 2 months wior to issue date. / Délai d' icceptalion pour l'annonce - mois avant la date de parution Published )an7feb.. Mit J Ap., May/)une, Jul.,/Aug.. SeptVOcl.. NovVDet / Publié jan^fév., mars/avr., mai/ uin uil.,/août., seplvoct., novydéc. FRONT COVER / PAGE COUVERTURE Schematic plan view of the CNF reactor showing the split core, the CANDU development facilities including horizontal fuel loops, and neutron beam tubes including a cold source. Vue en plan du réacteur du CCN rélévant le coeur fractionné, les installations de mise au point CANDU, et notamment les boucles de combustible horizontales, ainsi que les tubes de faisceaux de neutrons, y compris une source froide.

4 EDITORIAL The Journal of the Canadian Association of Physicists La revue de l'association canadienne des physiciens et physiciennes ISSN EDITORIAL BOARD / COMITÉ DE RÉDACTION Editor / Rédacteur en chef J.S.C. (Jasper) McKee Accelerator Centre, Physics Department University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2 (204) ; Fax: (204) e-maii: mckee@physics.umanitoba.ca Associate Editor / Rédactrice associée Managing / Administration Francine M. Ford C/o CAP/ACP Honorary Associate Editor / Rédacteur associé honoraire Béla Joôs Physics Department. University of Ottawa 150 Louis Pasteur Avenue Ottawa. Ontario K1N6N5 (613) x6755: Fax:(613) joos@physics.uottawa.ca Book Review Editor / Rédacteur à la critique des livres André Roberge Department of Physics and Astronomy Laurentian University Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C1 (705) x2234: Fax: (705) andre@gollum.phys.laurentian.ca Advertising Manager / Directeur de la publicité Michael Steinitz Department of Physics St Francis Xavier University. P.O. Box 5000 Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5 (902) : Fax: (902) msteinit@juliet.stfx.ca Recording Secretary / Secrétaire d'assemblée Rod H. Packwood Metals Technology Laboratories E-M-R, 568 Booth Street Ottawa, Ontano K1A 0G1 (613) : Fax: (613) rpackwoo@nrcan.gc.ca John G. Cook Institute for Microstructural Sciences National Research Council (M-50) Montreal Rd Ottawa. Ontario K1A 0R6 (613) ; Fax: (613) john.cook@nrc.ca Caria C. Miner Sen. Manager, Advanced Materials & Processes Bell Northern Research Ottawa. Ontario K1Y4H7 (613) ; Fax: (613) miner@nortel.ca René Roy Département de physique, Université Lavai Cité Universitaire, Québec G1K 7P4 (418) ; Fax: (418) roy@phy.ulaval.ca David J. Lockwood Institute for Microstructural Sciences National Research Council (M-36) Montreal Rd-, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6 (613) ; Fax: (613) david.lockwood@nrc.ca ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION RATE / ABONNEMENT ANNUEL: $40.00 Cdn + GST or HST (Cdn addresses), $40.00 US (US addresses) $45.00 US (other/foreign addresses) Advertising. Subscriptions, Change of Address/ Publicité, abonnement, changement d'adresse: Canadian Association of Physicists / Association canadienne des physiciens et physiciennes, Suite 112. McDonald Bldg., 150 Louis Pasteur. Ottawa. Ontario K1N 6N5 Phone: (613) ; Fax: (613) CAP@physics.uottawa.ca Website: Canadian Publication Product Sales Agreement No /Envois de publications canadiennes numéro de convention CAP/ACP All rights reserved. / Tous drois réservés - E D I T O R I A L - THE CANADIAN NEUTRON FACILITY: THE FUTURE OF NEUTRON PHYSICS IN CANADA It is now high time that the science of nature should return to the plainness and soundness of observations on material and obvious things. Robert Hooke, 1665 In the spirit of this quotation from an experimenter par excellence, materials science has recently found itself front and centre in the consciousness of many practising physicists. The physics of today's often complex advanced materials - high temperature superconductors, nanostructures, novel alloys, multicomponent magnetic materials, polymers, glasses, and biomaterials - places our discipline at the heart of research in this area. In particular, the most versatile, precise and reliable diagnostic tool available to the contemporary materials scientist is neutron scattering. Complementary probes such as those available from synchrotron light sources and secondary ion beams can do much to unravel the mysteries of new materials and characterise their surfaces. However, without adequate facilities for neutron experiments many problems relating to fabrication and engineering processes, to the basic understanding of the structure of materials and their behaviour under stress, cannot be solved. Canada desperately needs a new world class facility in order to maintain its pre-eminent stature and capability in neutron physics and to take advantage of over forty years of research, development and excellence in the field. The current proposal for funding of a Canadian Neutron Facility (CNF) is one of considerable foresight and imagination. It incorporates the hopes and desires of the neutron physics community into those of biologists, chemists and engineers requiring a big science facility for a myriad of small science experiments. On the other hand, the proposed facility will also enable research and development in support of the CANDU reactor business to be carried out independently of the good offices of competitors and service providers in other countries. It will build on the technical experience and training of two generations of Canadian scientists and engineers. PHYSICS IN CANADA January/February 1999

5 EDITORIAL The neutron reactor that will fulfil this mission is described in the pages which follow this editorial. There is also an outline of the physics and materials science appropriate to such a facility. Significant to the proposal is the establishment of a national laboratory capable of servicing research scientists in a userfriendly way, with in-house technical support and service provision. Operation of the pioneering 40 year old NRU research reactor at Chalk River will cease in 2005, but in the meantime the neutron scattering program is being used and operated as a national facility by NRC; a template for the administrative structure of the proposed CNF. As we contemplate a rigorous and globally competitive future for neutron scattering, the words of Daniel Hudson Burnham, the designer of Lakefront Park in Chicago come to mind: "Make no little plans, they have no power to stir men's souls." The proposal for the CNF is not a little plan. Clearly, it is imaginative in concept, building as it does on contemporary Canadian Maple Technology. But more than that, it links a multi-billion dollar per year nuclear industry to a lively and mature neutron scattering community capable of the finest frontier research in materials science. The house that Bertram Brockhouse built through his earlier Nobel Prize winning research will now be transformed and reconstructed with the arrival of a new high flux neutron reactor that can attract worldwide interest, attention, and financial support. Without it, the future of materials science in Canada will be seriously jeopardized. Without a reciprocal facility, access of Canadian researchers to laboratories abroad is likely to become limited and expensive. With it, everything is possible and the future of both fundamental research in materials science and a homegrown CANDU industry are assured. The proposal deserves and requires the wholehearted support of all readers of this journal. Jasper McKee Editor, Physics in Canada (mckee@physics.umanitoba.ca) LETTER / LETTRE SIGInt, by Nate Gerson (1998 Nov/Dec. issue) I was delighted to read the two articles in the November/December issue of Physics in Canada by Nate Gerson, which provided some of the history and reminiscences of ionospheric and communications research in the Canadian Arctic in the 40's and later, in which the Ionospheric Research Laboratory of the US Air Force Cambridge Research Center played such an important and crucial role. This was later enhanced by the Defence Research Telecommunications Establishment (DRTE) of DRB at Shirley Bay, which is now the David Florida Laboratory of the Canadian Space Agency. My main purpose in writing is to record, with gratitude, the massive and generous contributions which Nate and his colleagues of AFCRL made in the early 1950's and beyond to the development of Canada's infant space research programmes. He arranged AFCRL Contracts in support of: a) Auroral Research, at the then Institute for Upper Atmospheric Physics (now Institute for Space and Atmospheric Science) of the University of Saskatchewan, b) Laboratory and Theoretical Space Spectroscopy in the P-hysics Department of the University of Western Ontario, in which I was involved, and c) the Stormy Weather Group and Observatory at McGill. Many people who are currently in leadership positions in the Canadian Space Programmes, were supported during their graduate work by these contracts, which ran for years. We were encouraged, by Nate and his colleagues, to emphasize science and postgraduate education with long term open ended projects, and were subject to the absolute minimum of the administriva which today sadly infects all aspects of research support, through grants and by contracts. The generosity to Canada of US funding agencies such as USAF, ONR, NASA of those and later days still amazes me. Perhaps everyone was far more innocent then. Undoubtedly it was through the inspired efforts of Nate Gerson that the Space Research programme of Canada was nourished from its infancy into its adolescence. His endowment in us all is still paying huge dividends. We should all be grateful to himo and to AFCRL for their generous support. Oh that such support were available now! R.W. Nicholls, Prof. (Emeritus), York University (nicholls@yorku.ca) LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA janvier à février,

6 CALENDAR CALENDAR / CALENDRIER 1999 MARCH ll lh International Conference on Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials, Oxford, England. For more information contact: Prof. Tony Cullis, University of Sheffield, Fax: +44-(0) a.g. cullis@sheffield.ac.uk X-99:18 th International Conference on X- ray and Inner-Shell Processes, Chicago, Illinois, USA. For more information contact: Fax: (630) ; x99@cinl.gov Cette Revue 1999 MAY 9-13 Scientific Meeting of the Canadian Geophysical Union, Banff, Alberta, Canada. For more information contact mastroh@ucalgary.ca JUNE CAP Conference, Univ. of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB; CAP@physics.uottawa.ca 1999 JULY 3-7 IV Liquid Matter Conference (IV LMC), Granada, Spain. For more information contact Prof. Pedro Tarazona, Departamento de Fisica Teôrica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autônoma de Madrid, E MADRID (Spain), pedro@fluid5.fmc.uam.es; Fax: th International Conference on the Structure of Surfaces (ICSOS-6), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Contact: K.A.R. Mitchell, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1; Fax: (604) AUGUST Electronic Properties of Two-Dimensional Systems, Ottawa, ON, Canada. For more information contact: Pawel Hawrylak, Tel: (613) , Fax: (613) , pawel.hawrylak@nrc.ca 1999 DECEMBER 4-5 Workshop on Organic Materials for Microelectronics, National Research Council Bldg. M-50, Ottawa, Ontario. For more information contact: Ms. Jean Sproule, Tel: (613) , jean.sproule@nrc.ca 2000 JULY World Congress (WC 2000) on Medical Physics and Bioengineering, Chicago, Illinois, USA. For more information please contact: William Hendee by at whendee@post. its.mcw.edu APS MEETINGS and Beyond The APS Calendar of Meetings can be found on the APS Home Page under Meetings Information, address: APS CENTENNIAL MEETING, March 20-26, 1999, Atlanta, Georgia 2000 March Meeting, March 20,h -24 th, 2000, Minneapolis, MN 2001 March Meeting, March 12-16, 2001, Seattle, WA FUTURE CAP CONFERENCES 2002 March Meeting, March 19-22, 2002, Indianapolis, IN est disponible sur microfilm ou microfiche Les volumes antérieurs de cette publication sont également disponibles sur microfilm ou michro fiche. Pour de plus amples renseignements, veuillez communiquer avec : IL Micromedia Limited Canada 's Infortyiation People 20 l ïctoria Street. Toronto. Ontario M5C 2.V8 (416) Annual Congress, June 6-9, 1999 University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB Annual Congress, June 4-7, 2000 York University, Toronto, ON Annual Congress, June 17-20, 2001 University of Victoria, Victoria, BC. For more information, checkout - then go to the Congress Section 4 PHYSICS IN CANADA JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1999

7 LA POLITIQUE SCIENTIFIQUE SCIENCE POLICY/LA POLITIQUE SCIENTIFIQUE LOBBYING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ON YOUR BEHALF: The CAP continues to effectively represent Canadian physicists PRESSIONS EXERCÉES AUPRÈS DU GOUVERNEMENT FÉDÉRAL L'ACP poursuit sa représentation efficace des physiciennes et physiciens canadiens REPORT ON THE 1998 OCTOBER CAP/CSCYCFBS JOINT LOBBY by Francine Ford, CAP Science Policy Officer Paul Martin, in his February 1998 budget speech, said: There can be few things more critical to determining our economic success in the next century than a vigorous, broadly-based research and development effort. The fact is the more R&D that is done in Canada, the more jobs that will be created for Canadians. The federal government then proceeded to give us good news by restoring the base budgets of the three granting Councils to the 1994 levels. This effectively increased the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC) budget by 17 percent. Coupled with the previous year's decision to create the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), with initial funding of $800M, this was a most welcome influx of support for the research community in Canada. Changes Since the Last Federal Budget The enthusiasm and confidence that the federal government displayed earlier this year has been replaced by a vigilant, "wait-and-see" attitude as the Government waits for the economic impact of the "Asian economic flu" and other international influences to be more clearly revealed. Thus, the attitude on Parliament Hill is that Canadians will have to wait until the budget announcement, expected in February 1999, to find out the direction the federal government will be able to take with respect to financial support for R&D. There appears to be a quiet confidence that Paul Martin likes consistency and would not want to throw existing and newly instituted R&D programs and activities off track. Given the Government's publicly stated priorities for 1999 of health care, tax cuts, and deficit reduction, it is quite likely that, for political reasons, any new budget money for R&D will first go towards health research in its broadest definition. It is now to be hoped that the government support other new initiatives including the construction of COMPTE RENDU SUR LES PRESSIONS EXERCÉES CONJOINTEMENT PAR L'ACP/SCC/FCSB EN OCTOBRE 1998 par Francine Ford, agente de la politique scientifique de l'acp Dans son exposé budgétaire de février 1998, Paul Martin a déclaré : Rien ne saurait être plus déterminant pour notre réussite économique au cours du prochain siècle qu'un effort énergique en recherche-développement (R-D). Le nombre d'emplois qui seront créés pour les Canadiens, sera proportionnel à l'effort déployé en R-D au Canada. Le gouvernement fédéral nous a ensuite annoncé une bonne nouvelle en rétablissant au niveau de 1994 les budgets de base des trois conseils subventionnaires, ce qui a eu pour effet d'augmenter de 17 % le budget du Conseil de recherches en sciences naturelles et en génie (CRSNG). Combiné à la décision de l'année précédente de créer la Fondation canadienne pour l'innovation (FCI) et de la doter d'un budget initial de 800 millions de dollars, cet appui a été fort apprécié des milieux de la recherche au Canada. Changements depuis le dernier budget fédéral L'enthousiasme et la confiance manifestés plus tôt cette année par le gouvernement fédéral ont fait place à une attitude attentiste, car il est depuis dans l'expectative que se précisent les effets de la crise économique asiatique et d'autres facteurs internationaux. Selon l'attitude observée sur la colline parlementaire, les Canadiens devront patienter jusqu'à l'annonce du budget, prévue pour février 1999, avant de connaître l'orientation que le gouvernement fédéral pourra donner au soutien financier de la R-D. Nous sommes enclins à croire que le souci de cohérence de Paul Martin lui interdira de mettre en péril les programmes de R-D bien établis et ceux récemment créés. Le gouvernement ayant qualifié publiquement de priorités pour 1999 les soins de santé et la réduction des impôts et du déficit, il est fort probable que, pour des raisons politiques, les nouveaux crédits destinés à la R-D aillent à la recherche sur la santé, dans son sens le plus large. Il faut donc espérer que le gouvernement appuiera d'autres initiatives nouvelles, LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA janvier à février,

8 SCIENCE POLICY large, multi-disciplinary facilities such as the proposed new Canadian Neutron Facility (CNF) in Chalk River? CAP, CSC, and CFBS Lobbying Champions The CAP is a member of the Canadian Consortium for Research (CCR), a group consisting of (23) organizations that helped produce a document entitled Closing the Gap: Investing in Knowledge for a Better Canada, which was presented to the House of Commons Standing Committee on Finance on October 26,1998. A copy of this brief can be found on the following website ( under the "What's New" section. This document provided the background for the Canadian Association of Physicists (CAP), Canadian Society for Chemistry (CSC), and Canadian Federation of Biological Societies (CFBS), as we prepared for, and embarked, on the 4th year in a row of concerted lobbying efforts of federal politicians and senior government and granting council officials. Since the lobby sessions were scheduled for October (immediately following the CAFs Fall Council meeting), the CAP was represented by: Michael Steinitz, President; Marie D'lorio, Vice-President ; Eric Svensson, Past President; Gordon Drake, Vice-President Elect; Francine Ford, Executive Director and Science Policy Officer; and Don McDiarmid, Director of Professional Affairs and Science Policy Consultant. Michael Bancroft, President and Judith Pôe, Vice-President represented the CSC, while the CIC was represented by both Terrance Rummery, Chair and Roland Andersson, Executive Director. The CFBS was represented by Donal Hickey, President of the Genetics Society, Thomas Moon, a biology professor at the University of Ottawa, and Jennifer Arnold, a Ph.D. student at Carleton University. Francine Ford of the CAP undertook the time-consuming task of coordinating the many meetings. Key Messages Over the October period, the key messages delivered by the three-society lobby group were: 1. An expression of thanks and appreciation to the government for the increased R&D funding in the and federal budgets. dont la construction de vastes complexes multidisciplinaires comme le Canadian Neutron Facility (CNF) dont on veut doter Chalk River. L'ACP, la SCC et la FCSB, champions du lobbying L'ACP est membre du Consortium canadien pour la recherche (CCR), formé des 23 organismes qui ont contribué à réaliser le document intitulé Réduire l'écart : investir dans le savoir pour un Canada meilleur et présenté le 26 octobre 1998 au Comité permanent de la Chambre des communes sur les finances. Le texte de ce document est reproduit sous la rubrique «Nouveautés» du site Web L'ACP, la SCC et la FCSB se sont inspirées de ce document au moment d'amorcer la quatrième année consécutive de pressions concertées auprès des politiciens fédéraux et des hauts fonctionnaires du gouvernement et des conseils subventionnaires. Aux séances de pression prévues pour les 26 et 27 octobre (à la suite de l'assemblée tenue à l'automne par le conseil de l'acp), l'acp était représentée par le président Michael Steinitz et la vice-présidente Marie D'Iorio ainsi que par le président sortant Eric Svensson, le vice-président élu Gordon Drake, la directrice et agente de la politique scientifique. Francine Ford, le directeur des affaires professionnelles et consultant en politique scientifique Don McDiarmid. Le président Michael Bancroft et la vice-présidente Judith Pôe représentaient la SCC, tandis que le président Terrance Rummery et le directeur exécutif Roland Andersson représentaient l'icc. Par ailleurs, Donal Hickey, président de la Société de génétique, Thomas Moon, professeur de biologie à l'université d'ottawa, et Jennifer Arnold, étudiante au doctorat à l'université Carleton, représentaient la FCSB. Francine Ford de l'acp s'est chargée de la fastidieuse tâche de coordonner les nombreuses réunions. Messages clés Voici les messages clés que le groupe de pression, formé des trois organismes, ont transmis les 26 et 27 octobre : 1. Mots de remerciement et de reconnaissance adressés au gouvernement pour l'augmentation des crédits attribués à la R-D dans les budgets de et PHYSICS IN CANADA January/February 1999

9 LA POLITIQUE SCIENTIFIQUE The very great need for continuing and ongoing strategic investments in R&D if Canada is to develop a competitive "knowledge-based" economy. That additional infrastructure and/or operating money would be badly needed in the next few years. NSERC will require an additional $50 - $100M per year in operating money for technical and research salaries, and maintenance to capitalize on CFI investments. b. In the most recent competition, the National Centres for Excellence (NCE) program was able to fund only 3 new Centres (out of 73 initial applications). The NCE budget needs to be doubled, from $50M to $100M, so it can fund other extremely deserving applications, such as the proposed NCE in Photonics, which placed fourth in the recent competition. Several proposed large multi-disciplinary facilities need funding and operating money, which must originate primarily with the Federal Government. These include the Genome Canada Facility, the aforementioned Canadian Neutron Facility, the Canadian Light Source, and TRIUMF in British Columbia. By creating these large multi-disciplinary facilities, Canada will have a suite of R&D tools for large and small projects at the cuttingedge of research and innovation well into the next century. It was pointed out that these particular facilities make possible a vast array of "small science", rather than being devoted to one "big science" experiment. 5. The need to support basic research as the foundation of new innovative technologies. 6. The importance of implementing the above recommendations to help stop the "brain-drain" of our best students and young innovators to other countries, particularly the United States. Canada would then be in a much better position to attract top R&D people from other countries. Over the two-day period, teams consisting of 1-2 representatives from each Society met with the following M.P.s: Mr. Peter Adams, Chair, Liberal Caucus Committee on Higher Education and Research; Mr. Tony Valeri, Parliamentary Secretary to Paul Martin; Mr. Joe Fontana, Chair, Liberal Caucus; 2. Nécessité fort pressante pour le Canada de poursuivre les investissements stratégiques en R-D pour favoriser le développement d'une économie axée sur le savoir. 3. Infrastructures et crédits de fonctionnement supplémentaires tout à fait essentiels au fil des prochaines années. a) Pour faire fructifier les investissements de la FCI, le CRSNG aura besoin de crédits supplémentaires de fonctionnement de 50 à 100 millions de dollars par année pour les salaires des techniciens et des chercheurs et pour l'entretien. b) À l'occasion des dernières demandes, le programme des centres nationaux d'excellence (CNE) n'a pu financer que trois nouveaux centres (sur un total de 73 demandes). Le budget des CNE doit être majoré de 50 à 100 millions de dollars si l'on veut financer d'autres demandes suscitant un intérêt inégalé, comme celle du CNE en photonique, classée quatrième. 4. Plusieurs grands projets d'installations multidisciplinaires ont besoin de financement et de crédits de fonctionnement qui doivent provenir surtout du gouvernement fédéral. De ce nombre, mentionnons le Centre canadien sur le génome, le Canadian Neutron Facility mentionné plus haut, le Canadian Light Source et TRIUMF, en Colombie-Britannique. Ces vastes installations multidisciplinaires procureront au Canada une large panoplie d'outils de R-D pour réaliser, bien avant dans le prochain siècle, de grands et petits projets à la fine pointe de la recherche et de l'innovation. On a signalé que ces installations permettent de mener à terme un vaste éventail de «petits projets scientifiques», au lieu d'un seul «grand». 5. La nécessité d'appuyer la recherche fondamentale à titre d'assise de nouvelles technologies innovatrices. 6. L'importance de donner suite aux recommandations précédentes pour stopper «l'exode de cerveaux» qu'est le départ de nos meilleurs étudiants et des jeunes innovateurs à l'étranger, en particulier aux États-Unis. Le Canada serait alors plus en mesure d'attirer les spécialistes étrangers d'élite en R-D. Au cours de ces deux journées, des équipes d'un ou deux représentants de chaque association ont rencontré les députés suivants : M. Peter Adams, président du comité du caucus libéral sur l'enseignement supérieur et la recherche; M. Tony Valeri, secrétaire parlementaire de M. Paul Martin; M. Joe Fontana, président du caucus libéral; LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA janvier à février,

10 SCIENCE POLICY Ms. Susan Whelan, Liberal, Chair - Industry Committee; Mr. Chris Axworthy, NDP, Science Critic; Mr. Peter McKay, PC In addition, we met with: Ms. Marjory Loveys, Prime Minister's Office; Dr. Tom Brzustowski, President, NSERC; Mr. Peter Simeoni, Auditor General's Office; Mr. David Waters, Assistant Deputy Minister, Finance; Mark Henderson, Editor, Research Money; Peter Calami, Science Reporter, The Toronto Star Each of the teams reported that they were able to engage in a very useful dialogue and that their messages were well received. There appears to be a growing realization of the importance of increased R&D funding and activity (in industry, government, and academia) as Canada prepares for the new millennium. Copies of the "thank you" letters sent to each of these individuals can be found on the CAP's website ( Conclusion Every scientist in Canada must strive to promote, both at the national and local levels, the importance of research to Canada. We encourage every CAP member to contact his/her local MP to request their support for enhanced investments in R&D. If you work at a university, please encourage your Dean of Science to invite all M.P.s in the region to visit the university and meet with the researchers and, perhaps most important, the graduate students involved in the research projects. The collective strength of our government lobbying will help to ensure that Canada's science community as a whole will become increasingly healthy and effective and make greater contributions to a better quality of life for all Canadians. M me Susan Whelan, députée libérale, présidente du comité de l'industrie; M. Chris Axworthy, critique scientifique du NPD; M. Peter McKay, PC; De plus, elles ont rencontré : M me Marjory Loveys du Cabinet du premier ministre; Le D r Tom Brzustowski, président du CRSNG; M. Peter Simeoni, Bureau du vérificateur général; M. David Waters, sous-ministre adjoint aux Finances; M. Mark Henderson,rédacteur en chef de Research Money M. Peter Calami, chroniqueur scientifique du Toronto Star. Toutes les équipes ont déclaré qu'elles avaient pu engager des discussions utiles et que leurs messages avaient été bien reçus. Les gens semblent de plus en plus sensibles à l'importance d'accroître le financement de la R-D et les activités en ce domaine (dans l'industrie et dans les milieux gouvernementaux et universitaires), au moment où le Canada s'apprête à entrer dans le nouveau millénaire. Les lettres de remerciement envoyées à toutes les personnes rencontrées sont reproduites dans le site Web de l'acp ( Conclusion Tous les scientifiques canadiens doivent s'efforcer de promouvoir, au niveau tant national que local, l'importance de la recherche au Canada. Nous incitons chaque membre de l'acp à prendre contact avec son député pour lui demander d'appuyer l'augmentation des investissements en R-D. Si vous oeuvrez en milieu universitaire, veuillez demander au doyen de la faculté des sciences d'inviter tous les députés de la région à rencontrer sur place les chercheurs et surtout, peut-être, les étudiants des 2 e et 3 e cycles travaillant à des projets de recherche. La force collective de nos campagnes de pression auprès du gouvernement contribuera à améliorer l'efficacité et la santé de la collectivité scientifique du Canada et cette collectivité pourra ainsi procurer à tous les Canadiens et Canadiennes une meilleure qualité de vie. INVITATION The Editorial Board welcomes articles from readers suitable for, and understandable to, any practising or student physicist. Review papers and contributions of general interest are particularly welcome. Le comité de rédaction invite les lecteurs à soumettre des articles qui interessaient et seraient compris par tout physicien, ou physicienne, et étudiant ou étudiante en physique. Les articles de synthèse et d'intérêt général sont en particulier bienvenus. 10 PHYSICS IN CANADA January/February 1999

11 EN VEDETTE (THE TEDFEST) THE TEDFEST BY J.C.D. MlLTON At its Fall Convocation on Tuesday, 24 November 1998, the University of Toronto bestowed the Degree of DSc, honor is causa, on Professors A.E. Litherland and D.A. Bromley, thus honouring two of Canada's outstanding nuclear physicists. Harry Gove presented Allan Bromley to the Chancellor, Hal Jackman, and Doug Milton presented Ted Litherland. Both Harry and Ted pointed out in their presentations that the 50s and 60s were a time of explosive growth in our understanding of nuclear physics. Erich Vogt has called it the Golden Age of nuclear physics. It was a time when Canada led the world, and the physicists at Chalk River were at the forefront of almost every sub-discipline of nuclear physics: nuclear structure probed by accelerators, beta rays, neutron capture gamma rays, and fast neutrons; weak interactions; and fission. They were able to do so because they had superb facilities - the NRX and NRU reactors, excellent equipment - the very best amplifiers, scalers, and kicksorters, the first silicon particle detectors and the first lithium drifted germanium detectors, dedicated and expert technicians, and of course, theoretical physicists who believed what the experimentalists were doing was important. Perhaps more crucial than anything else, they had a knowledgeable management that passionately believed in the value of basic research and understood the process through which it was done. Ted and Allan were two of the key people working on the van de Graaff accelerators, the 3 MV home-made single-ended machine in the early 50s, and beginning in 1958, the world's first tandem accelerator, the EN tandem. The unprecedented precision and flexibility of the EN tandem made Chalk River the envy of physicists around the world and opened up the field of heavy-ion physics. Allan Bromley is sometimes called the father of heavy-ion physics. Ted was honoured first of all for his work on the 3 MV machine through which, and with his insight and courage, the first proof that the collective model could be applied to a light nucleus, in this case 25A1. It led to a great simplification of our understanding of the spectra of such nuclei and directly to the Unified Model. Ted went on to make critical contributions to The physicists at Chalk River were at the forefront of almost every sub-discipline of nuclear physics: nuclear structure probed by accelerators, beta rays, neutron capture gamma rays, and fast neutrons; weak interactions; and fission. nuclear structure research, primarily through the introduction, with John Ferguson, of new gamma-ray angular correlation techniques. In 1966, Ted was recruited by the University of Toronto, and in 1967, he, along with Harry Gove and Ken Purser, realized the unique value of a tandem accelerator in measuring exquisitely minute quantities of 14C. Thus was born Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS); for his contribution the University of Toronto made him a University Professor. Ted subsequently became the Director of Isotrace, a facility that leads the world in the introduction of new AMS techniques. Meanwhile, Allan had been commandeered by Yale, where he immediately persuaded High Voltage Engineering to build a more powerful tandem, the MP, dubbed by Allan, the Emperor tandem. With this, and a subsequent larger tandem his laboratory graduated more PhDs in nuclear physics in the next 25 years than any other institution in the world. Allan was made Sterling Professor of the Sciences at Yale and is now Dean of Engineering. In the meantime, among many others things, he has been the President of the AAAS, the APS, and was Assistant to President Bush for Science and Technology, the first science advisor to hold Cabinet rank. It is beyond the scope of this article to list the many honours that Ted and Allan have received. To honor the occasion, David Rowe had organized a Symposium, The Impact of Nuclear Physics, which took place in the Best Institute on Monday afternoon and Tuesday morning with Denys Wilkinson as the keynote speaker. His talk was billed as "How the Nucleus has Changed", but was in fact a masterful summary of our present view of the nucleus, and suggestions of what to expect in the future. It is no longer sufficient to think of the nucleus as consisting of only neutrons and protons, but mesons and isobars and three body interactions are essential. However important quarks are in the Standard Model, they have not yet proved useful in understanding the nucleus. Doug Milton (dmilton@intranet.ca) is a former Vice- President at AECL. He is currently retired and resides in Deep River, Ontario. LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA janvier à février

12 SPÉCIAL FEATURE (THE TEDFEST) Ted Litherland's title was "Deuteron Stripping, 14C, and Rotational Bands in Light Nuclei", but in fact it was an intriguing scientific autobiography set to the five movements of Berlioz' Symphonie fantastique. Marie Nadeau, under the title of "Negative ions and 14C" summarized the recent large increase in our knowledge of negative ions, especially that provided by her own work, and outlined the problem of calibrating 14C dates from years, where the tree ring data give out, back to years or so. Recent work indicates a huge peak in 14C production in the atmosphere at about years BP. This is thought to correlate with a period when the earth's magnetic field was very low. Such a peak greatly complicates extracting a date from a 14C measurement. The Tuesday morning sessions were opened with a very upbeat talk by Erich Vogt entitled "Where do we go from here?", a talk which was actually closely related to the title. Noting the intimate connection between new facilities and new knowledge, he pinned his hopes on 5 new facilities: The Jefferson Laboratory electron accelerator (CEBAF), the Brookhaven heavy-ion accelerator RHIC, the 50 GEV Kaon facility at KEK, the radioactive ion accelerator ISAC at TRIUMF, and the heavy water neutrino detector, SNO, in Sudbury. With these facilities Erich believes we will go beyond the Standard Model, investigate quark-gluon plasmas, and the weak interaction. Along the way we will pick up new insights into the r and rp processes with their waiting points and maybe a few more new elements. As Erich tells it, the epicycle model of Ptolomey fitted the then known universe very well, but Alfonso X, King of Spain who had spent years learning the Ptolomeic Model mused that he wished the Creator had come up with something simpler. Our present model of the universe, the big bang and the Standard Model, do amazingly well, but many of us wish the Creator had come up with something simpler, and maybe even a quantum mechanics that Einstein could believe in. In his short talk, "Probing the nucleus with photons", Andrew Sandorfi told us about the advances being made in this field from the early measurements of the electrofission of 24Mg to the present extremely impressive data being obtained on protons and 4He. Bromley told us about "Heavy Ions - Past and Future". He took us from the past of the EN tandem, Ge(li) detectors and 100 channel transistorized kicksorters, the nuclear map and high spin, to the new world of quark-gluon plasmas, hot tubes and strangelets, with nuclear densities 20 to 70 times our presently investigated ones. His facility of the future was, naturally RHIC, but within RHIC the marvelous new instruments Brahms, Phenix, Phobos, Star and Cobex would play a crucial role. These instruments should enable us to investigate the "Little Bang" and perhaps uncover MEMOS, strangelets, and strange matter. We might seem to be present at the creation. CONGRÈS DE L'ACP ! CAP CONGRESS June 6-9 juin University of New Brunswick Université du Nouveau-Brunswick frederl Eredericton DEADLINE EOR ABSTRACTS: ÂBSTRAi March 1, 1999 DATE LIMITE POLR RÉSI RÉSUMÉS: 1 er mars, 1999 EOR MORE INEORMATION/EORMS On the Web: (congress section) Program Committee - CAP@physics.uottawa.ca Local Organizing Committee - ahamza@unb.ca Tel: CAP Office (613) POUR DE PLUS AMPLES RENSEIGNEMENTS/FORMULAIRES Internet: (Sous congrès) Courlel: Comité scientifique - CAP@physlcs.uottawa.ca Comité local - ahamza@unb.ca Tél: Bureau de l'acp (613) PHYSICS IN CANADA January/February 1999

13 ARTICLE DE FOND ( THE NEUTRON BEAM LABORATORY...) THE NEUTRON BEAM LABORATORY AT THE CANADIAN NEUTRON FACILITY by William J.L. Buyers and John H. Root The National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), in consultation with universities and industry, are jointly proposing a new Canadian Neutron Facility (CNF) to support next-generation neutron-based materials research and innovation in Canada for the twenty-first century. The facility will include a cold neutron source and a suite of neutron beam instruments that will dramatically expand Canada's ability to undertake research in physics, chemistry, biology and materials science. A NEW CANADIAN NEUTRON BEAM LABORATORY The proposed Canadian Neutron Facility (CNF), will be centred on a new, medium-flux research reactor based on AECL's MAPLE design. The CNF has been designed as a dual-purpose facility that supports in-core fuels and materials irradiation research and an ambitious neutron beam laboratory. The CNF neutron beam laboratory will support NRC's program to meet the materials research requirements of a broad community of scientists and engineers from universities, industries and government laboratories across Canada and throughout the world. Neutron beam research is a key element in Canada's scientific framework. Building on the pioneering work of Canadian Prof. Bertram Brockhouse, who won the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics, Canada's neutron scattering community continues to be recognized world-wide for contributions to a number of scientific fields. The information obtained by neutron beam experiments fills a knowledge gap that cannot be filled by other techniques, including synchrotron X-rays, muon-beams, magnetic resonance or by a wide variety of microscopy methods. Neutron beam methods are NRC and AECL are jointly proposing a Canadian Neutron Facility which will be centred on a new, medium-flux research reactor based on AECL's MAPLE design particularly powerful when applied to problems in magnetism at the atomic level, to materials that contain a lot of hydrogen, and to specimens that need to be studied inside specialized environments. The neutron probes length scales from 0.01 nm to 300 nm. Moreover it is easy to measure the motion of atoms and spins, and on time scales from microseconds to fractions of a picosecond. The neutron beam laboratory will be operated as a national user facility. It is expected that 300 to 400 projects will flow through the CNF neutron laboratory each year. Projects will span the range from industrial problem-solving to investigating the physics of new materials. Most of these projects will involve on-site participation by students and young scientists from all parts of the country, so the CNF facility will help to attract, train and retain highly qualified people in Canada. The expertise developed at the CNF will make it possible for Canadians to gain effective access to major international laboratories. The CNF will incorporate a cold neutron source in the reactor. These cold neutrons will open the door to many new advances in science and technology not previously possible in Canada. The CNF neutron beam laboratory will encompass 11 neutron instrument stations at the outset and will include the capacity to expand over the 40 year lifetime of the facility. This project will ensure that Canada can retain and advance its global position in neutron beam research on advanced materials into the 21st century. William Buyers (William.Buyers@nrc.ca) and John Root (John.Root@nrc.ca) are with the National Research Council of Canada, Chalk River Laboratories Chalk River, Ontario, K0J1J0. LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA janvier à février,

14 FEATURE ARTICLE ( THE NEUTRON BEAM LABORATORY...) THE CASE FOR A NEW CANADIAN NEUTRON SOURCE Materials science is the enabling technology for a broad range of economic activity. Materials research is particularly important for a country such as Canada since it is the ability to control and understand materials properties that facilitate the transformation of raw materials into competitive value-added products. The 1994 NSERC review of Major Materials Research Facilities noted' 11 that "The economic competitiveness of all nations is intimately linked to their innovative capabilities in materials based technologies. To be competitive in the manufacturing of value-added products, the ability to develop new materials is essential." Although the neutron comes by splitting a nucleus, the scattering of neutrons slowed to low energy is small scale science on the properties of ordinary and extraordinary materials. Neutron beams provide tremendous insight into a wide range of scientific phenomena, thereby supporting condensed matter and materials physics, as well as other scientific disciplines like chemistry, biology and materials engineering. The ability to test fundamental theories for structure and dynamics in a condensed matter environment is every bit as revealing as the highest energy particle source. At the same time ordinary industrial materials and processes can be improved by neutron examination. Neutron beam instruments are key tools to support the physical and biological sciences and advanced materials research. The modern view is that neutron beam research is "small-scale science performed in a shared, large-scale facility", not "big science". Canada's reputation for world class research in neutron scattering can be traced back to the pioneering work performed at Chalk River by Bertram Brockhouse who shared the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics with Clifford Shull of the USA. Neutron diffraction shows "where the atoms are" in crystal structures, amorphous materials and fluids. This structural information is often a key that unlocks our understanding of the performance of materials. The energies of the scattered neutrons show "how the atoms move" and frequently provide a clear picture of the interatomic forces at work in materials. The behaviour of materials, from the level of quantum fluctuations to bulk averages can be studied by the versatile neutron probe. Neutron beams therefore contribute to the full richness and challenges of modern science, and enable new theories to be tested against experiments in realistic condensed-matter environments. In Canada today there is an urgent need for action: the NRU reactor, the source of neutrons for Canada's neutron beam laboratory will be shut down before the end of the year This will represent retirement from 48 highly-productive years underpinning Canada's nuclear industry and a strong user program in Canadian science; there is an increasing demand for knowledge of advanced materials worldwide; the OECD projects a shortage of continuous neutron sources worldwide [2 '; a new reactor takes 6 years to build. To address this need, the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), in consultation with universities and industry, are jointly proposing a new Canadian Neutron Facility (CNF) to support next-generation neutron-based materials research and innovation in Canada for the twenty-first century. The CNF is being presented as a key component of a revitalized materials infrastructure. The purpose of the CNF is two-fold: The CNF will include a neutron beam laboratory to meet the needs of Canadian universities and industry for scientific research The CNF will provide an essential testing facility to advance the CANDU power reactor design and ensure the future competitiveness of the Canadian nuclear industry. The CNF Project is planned to begin in 1999, with projected start up of the reactor in The total estimated cost for the base reactor plus CANDU and neutron-beam program facilities at the Chalk River site is $388 million. Why is a joint proposal chosen? The NRC has a particular interest in the CNF proposal. Since the transfer of the neutron beam program from AECL in 1997, NRC carries responsibility for the Neutron Program for Materials Research at Chalk River. As Canada's foremost R&D agency, the NRC plays a role 12 PHYSICS IN CANADA January/February 1999

15 ARTICLE DE FOND ( THE NEUTRON BEAM LABORATORY...) of ensuring that the material research infrastructure is in place to meet the needs of Canada's research community. However, it would be very costly for Canada to build a reactor dedicated to neutron beam research. As leader of Canada's nuclear industry, AECL must ensure that key research and product development facilities are available to support existing customers, and to continue to evolve its CANDU and research reactor products. AECL's goals are to remain competitive in the global marketplace, and to ensure that CANDU technology is available to Canada in the future when the need for new and environmentally sound electricity arises. The joint proposal will provide neutrons to meet the needs of AECL as well as the Canadian scientists and engineers represented by NRC, and, as such, is a cost-effective solution for Canada to provide a new source of neutrons. THE URGENCY OF THE CNF PROJECT All industrialized and some newly industrialized countries have access to neutron beams from research reactors. However, because of the growing international awareness of the critical importance of neutrons for advanced materials development, the global demand is now exceeding supply. Neutron beam access is heavily oversubscribed world-wide and particularly in North America. The OECD projections show that this situation will worsen over the next twenty years 2 '. Australia, China, Egypt, Germany, a, Holland, Japan,, and Thailand have identified the requirement for advanced materials research facilities in the twenty-first century and are already constructing, or planning to construct, new steady-state research reactors. The USA has this year approved a start on the large US$1.3B pulsed neutron source at Oak Ridge. In Canada the need for a new source has long been recognized. In 1994 NSERC carried out a major review to identify which materials research facilities would be most valuable to Canada in the future 111. The NSERC Committee on Materials Research Facilities (CMRF) concluded that: Canada should make an immediate commitment to develop a fully-equipped reactor-based national source for neutron beam research. In the same year AECL presented "The Case for the Replacement of the NRU Research Reactor" 31, which also described the conceptual design of a dual-purpose facility to test fuels and materials for CANDU reactors and to serve as a national facility for neutron scattering experiments in materials science. AECL held a national workshop on the proposal in January 1995, but did not then present the project to government for funding as all government departments were then undergoing a detailed program review. The situation is now urgent because the present neutron source at the NRU reactor in Chalk River will be shut down by the year The urgency has been emphasized in the International Assessors' Report ' 4 in the Review of Canadian Academic Physics, 1997 Given the outstanding tradition of neutron scattering in Canada and the limited life left to the existing facilities, we support the Bacon Committee's (NSERC's 1994 Committee on Materials Facilities) recommendation for renewal of Canada's facilities for research using neutron beams. This is made more urgent by the currently uncertain future of neutron beam resources in the U.S. as compared to the situation in Europe and Japan. In 1998, NRC carried out a detailed overview and analysis of future trends in materials science and engineering. Key conclusions of the NRC forecast f5i are that There is a critical need and strategic opportunity for a new neutron beam source in Canada. Neutron beam sources are part of an essential suite of materials probes to which advanced industrial economies must have access in order to respond to the challenges of materials research... Future access to high flux neutrons is a critical issue for the future growth of the Canadian neutron scattering and materials research community at large. The National Research Council believes that the dual-purpose Canadian Neutron Facility will be an essential component for revitalizing the materials research infrastructure for Canada. Several generations of Canadian materials researchers will be trained on this facility, providing a continuous knowledge base in Canada, and a centre that will retain Canadian talent. If the CNF is not available when the NRU closes, there is a risk that Canada's expertise in neutron scattering, and in operating a national user facility, will dissipate, possibly to the point of extinction. LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA janvier à février,

16 FEATURE ARTICLE ( THE NEUTRON BEAM LABORATORY...) On the other hand, with the completion of the Canadian Neutron Facility, along with the Canadian Light Source Synchrotron Facility in Saskatchewan, and the upgrading of TRIUMF in British Columbia, Canada will have a materials research infrastructure that includes major facilities for cutting-edge research and innovation well into the next century. HOW NEUTRONS WILL BE EXPLOITED IN CANADA Materials Through the Eye of the Neutron The value of neutron beam measurements to probe and characterize materials is a consequence of the special way that neutrons interact with matter. The unique properties of the neutron are needed to complement other materials probes such as NMR, microscopy, ultrasonics, electromagnetic testing, optical spectroscopy, muon spin resonance and X-rays; each provides different information. For example, neutrons and synchrotron X-rays determine different aspects of the structure and dynamics of materials. Neutrons see the nucleus of an atom, and also the magnetic electrons, while X-rays mainly see the electrons around atoms. Both techniques are needed to perform materials research in chemistry, physics, biology, materials science and engineering as has been recognized in a report to the OECD Megascience Forum 6 >: Even in the long term, both neutron scattering and synchrotron radiation research will continue to be indispensable, because the two techniques cannot replace each other (nor be replaced by third methods); indeed they complement and extend each other's range and opportunities. Neutron beams are well matched in wavelength and energy to the spacings and fluctuation energies of materials. They see the structure and dynamics of solids and liquids, metals and insulators, magnets, superconductors and ceramics, polymers and biological materials, all with considerable ease. They are the ideal weak probe of materials, and the cross-section is well known, so what is learned is about the material itself not about the probe interaction. Historically, neutron scattering was perceived as only feasible with large samples. But today, by reflecting them through small angles, neutrons can reveal the structure of interfaces, synthetic nanostructures and lipid membranes down to 1 nm. Although the sample volumes are then tiny, the neutron reflectivity is easily measurable, because most materials approach 100% reflectivity within the critical angle for external reflection. Neutrons penetrate many centimetres into most materials so that truly representative sampling of bulk materials is possible. Also, it is straightforward to scan the interior of intact objects to make maps of internal stress, internal structures or variable densities of constituents in a composite material. Similarly, it is easy for neutron beams to pass through the walls of furnaces, cryostats and other devices that apply controlled conditions to materials that are being tested. Materials can be studied while they are subjected to high temperatures, low temperatures, high magnetic fields, corrosive environments, controlled humidity or specific electrochemical conditions. Therefore, with neutron beams, materials can be tested in a wide range of realistic conditions that simulate the various stages of materials, such as synthesis, processing, fabrication, service and failure. Neutron scattering can provide insights about most materials, including metals, ceramics, composites and fluids. Neutrons have a magnetic moment that interacts with the magnetic electrons around atoms. The interaction is simple and well-known, making neutron beams an absolute reference technique for determining the structure and dynamics of magnetic materials. Nearly all that is known about magnetic structure is based upon neutron diffraction. (The same is true for magnetic dynamics.) According to the European Science Foundation [7 ', magnetic powder diffraction is, and will continue to be, in spite of the advances in magnetic X-ray diffraction, the primary technique and the simpler tool for obtaining information about the arrangement of magnetic moments in crystalline solids. Scattering of neutrons from magnetic crystals, magnetic thin films and multi-layer structures provides unique insights into the mechanisms responsible for hard-magnets, superconductivity and giant magneto-resistance, pointing the direction for improvements in motors, electronics and computer information storage devices. Neutrons interact directly with the nucleus of the atom, and so determine the centre of mass of an atom free of electronic influences. The strength of the interaction varies from one nucleus to another but is similar in magnitude, making it as easy to see light atoms as heavy atoms. This ability is very helpful 14 PHYSICS IN CANADA January/February 1999

17 ARTICLE DE FOND ( THE NEUTRON BEAM LABORATORY...) when investigating systems with mixtures of light and heavy atoms such as lithium batteries, or metal-hydride storage devices. Hydrogen also has a very large cross-section allowing it to be mapped non-destructively, for example, in industrial alloys where hydride formation can lead to cracking, Neutrons can distinguish isotopes of the same type of atom because the scattering from the different nuclei is different. Most notable is the huge difference between light hydrogen and heavy hydrogen (deuterium), a property that can be exploited to unravel the complex structures of biological materials and polymers, where hydrogen is a major constituent. By substituting varying amounts of deuterium for hydrogen, the "contrast" of particular features of a molecular structure can be adjusted to make them readily observable, or to eliminate them from the signal. This "tuning" of the neutron response is a great help in understanding drug-membrane interactions, in tracking the mechanisms of polymerization, and in establishing the processes by which gels and colloids are formed - for example, in food processing. Some scientists, who may only know neutrons through Kittel's textbook from the 1960s, may still think that neutrons are used for lattice spacings and phonon frequencies, and that large single crystals are needed. Nothing could be farther from the truth today- large spatial scales, density modulation of the neutron refractive index, relaxational processes and nanostructured films are all amenable to study as we have seen. The Neutron Beam User Community The neutron beam laboratory of the CNF will be operated as a national user facility for the benefit of scientists and engineers from universities and industries. It will form a national centre at which researchers from across the nation can access advanced instrumentation and obtain the scientific support necessary to solve problems. The Neutron Program for Materials Research (NPMR) at Chalk River's NRU currently operates such a program. A small team of scientists and technicians at the CNF will ensure that each user or user team can make the best use of the laboratory resources and get expert help with the experiment. The 200-member Canadian Institute for Neutron Scattering (CINS) represents the user community. It is composed of scientists and engineers from various disciplines and from coast to coast. The mandate of CINS is to support and encourage scientific research using neutron beams. CINS operates training events such as summer-schools and workshops on special topics in neutron scattering. CINS helps young students with partial travel support to enable them to work at the neutron beam laboratory. CINS is the organization that coordinates the establishment of priorities for the development of neutron scattering facilities in Canada. In 1994 a CINS report on a National User Facility for Neutron Beam Research ' 8 described the essential characteristics of a facility similar to the present CNF neutron beam laboratory. In most cases, users are not career neutron-scattering professionals. They travel to the neutron laboratory to obtain key information that is needed by their research program but is not available at their home institution. It is expected that 300 to 400 user projects (each of which involves one to four users) will flow through the CNF neutron laboratory each year, tripling the level of activity achieved presently at the NRU research reactor. Sufficient local support from facility scientists is essential for these users. The high throughput of users from many fields will demand that the staff of the neutron laboratory have a broad scientific knowledge. New Science and Technology at the CNF The CNF will incorporate a cold neutron source for the first time in Canada. This device cools thermal neutrons from the reactor moderator in a small chamber of cold (20 K) liquid hydrogen before they are extracted as a beam. The intensity of cold neutrons in these beams is ten times greater from the CNF than is possible from NRU. The wavelengths of the cold neutrons are in the neighbourhood of 4 Â, and the typical energies are in the region of 5 mev, well suited for applications in emerging fields such as biophysics and soft materials. The cold neutron source will enable Canada to compete with European research centres where cold neutrons have long been exploited. Cold neutron sources have been operated reliably for many decades inside research reactors. A typical cold neutron source is an annular vessel 2-3 cm thick, which contains about a litre of hydrogen that re-moderates and slows the neutrons as they scatter within the fluid. A ~2 kw refrigerator cools the hydrogen either in a thermo-siphon using boiling hydrogen, or in a LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA janvier à février,

18 FEATURE ARTICLE ( THE NEUTRON BEAM LABORATORY...) supercritical single-phase system operating at about 15 atmospheres. Liquid deuterium could also be used because it absorbs fewer neutrons. However, because neutrons travel farther in deuterium than in hydrogen before scattering, a liquid deuterium cold source must be larger and requires larger containment. At 5 mev the neutron flux gain is only modestly better 3000 Fig.l Growth of users in Japan at JAERI reactor after cold source was Installed In than that of a hydrogen-based cold source. - Number of Users - - Number of Proposals V. - a A. m A A y *"* Critical external reflection is the technique by which neutrons from one beam port may be transmitted over large distances inside coated glass guides to serve several instruments in a large guide hall. With a nickel coating, neutrons are reflected within a critical angle in degrees of 0.121, where 1 is the wavelength in X. Long wavelengths work best in guides because more neutrons are transmitted as the beam divergence increases. Huge gains in transmitted flux can be obtained with supermirror coatings. By depositing alternating layers of metal with different refractive indices, the layers having a continuously varying thickness, one in effect makes a synthetic monochromator that extends the angle for total reflection, vertically and horizontally, up to three times that of nickel so as to give an order of magnitude gain in transmitted flux. Cold sources and supermirror guide technology have revolutionized neutron beam optics. The cold neutron source at the CNF will open the door to many new applications that have not previously been possible in Canada. Cold neutrons facilitate measurements of structures with larger length scales than those of the interatomic plane spacings in crystals, so it is easier to study systems such as the flux lattice in superconductors, magnetic domains, polymers, biological membranes, blood cells, surfaces and buried interfaces such as giant magnetoresistance multilayers, colloids, gels, networks of microcracks, 1985 YEAR f J A f A Growth of neutron beam users after a cold neutron source was installed at the JRR-3 reactor in Japan. ' A i A precipitates and fractal structures associated with growth. Cold neutrons also increase the energy-resolution of neutron spectroscopy measurements, making it possible to move beyond the regime of crystal-lattice vibrations to track phenomena such as spin fluctuations in hi gh-tem peratu re superconductors, highly correlated electron systems, spin chains and ladders, the curing of concrete and polymers, the diffusion of hydrogen in metals, entrapment of molecules in zeolites and relaxation rates in liquid crystals. Cold neutron beams are extremely attractive to scientists. After installing a cold source in 1990 at the JRR-3 reactor in Japan the number of users simply took off as Figure 1 shows. The Canadian Neutron Beam Laboratory in a Global Context The Canadian Neutron Facility will be a medium-flux reactor with a cold neutron source and a suite of advanced instruments for programs in several emerging fields. It will produce world-class research on materials as a stand-alone laboratory, and is expected to meet most of the needs of Canadian scientists. The CNF neutron beam laboratory will be part of an international network that includes the Institut Laue-Langevin reactor in France, the ISIS spallation source in the UK and the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) being designed in the USA. The CNF neutron beam laboratory will be Canada's doorway to a worldwide network of neutron users and scientific expertise. No one laboratory can provide all the instruments needed to solve every problem. On the basis of the investment in the CNF, however, Canadian scientists with specialized needs will be able to access a large pool of advanced instruments that are available at the leading foreign neutron beam laboratories. 16 PHYSICS IN CANADA January/February 1999

19 ARTICLE DE FOND ( THE NEUTRON BEAM LABORATORY...) Thermal guides BT6 Cold Guides BT5 BT: Beam Tube FN: Fast Neutron HRF: Hydraulic Rabbit Facility HTF: Horizontal Test Facility IR: Irradiation Sites VTF: Vertical Test Fuel Sites Fig. 2 Plan view of the CNF reactor core, showing the split core, the CANDU test sites, and the layout of neutron beam tubes. The cold neutron source is in the large BT4 beam tube which feeds a fan of neutron guides leading to the guide hall. It will also feed the world's highest cold-neutron flux to a sample at the OTAS direct-view spectrometer (the angled tube that ends in the reactor hall). BT1 SCOPE OF THE CANADIAN NEUTRON BEAM LABORATORY General Description of the Neutron Beam Laboratory The Neutron Beam Laboratory will be built as an integral component of the CNF while being as self-sufficient as possible, with supporting laboratories, workshops, storage space and offices. Nevertheless, in sharing the reactor with AECL/ CANDU researchers, there will be significant overlap of space, resources and function with the AECL part of the CNF. The facilities for neutron research will be provided by the NRC, but will utilize beam tubes that are integral to the reactor (Figure 2) and space provided in the reactor building. The neutron beam laboratory will share common services with the rest of the CNF. Some coordination will be required to rationalize security access of visiting users and NRC staff, appropriate procedures for radiation and industrial safety, shipping of materials in and out of the laboratory and so on. The apportionment of operating costs will be addressed once the ownership and best management structure for the CNF has been decided. Included in the project are the beam tubes and guides shown in Figure 2, and the instruments that they will serve, as shown in Table 1. TABLE 1 The CNF Beam Facilities for Materials Research 6 thermal beam tubes in the reactor hall 5 instruments relocated from NRU BT1, BT2, BT3, BT5, BT7, BT8 1 cold source with seven neutron guides 1 new instrument - direct view of cold source BT4 30m by 60m guide hall BT4 5 new instruments in the guide hall 1 thermal source with two neutron guides Provision for 23 instrument stations BT6 The Layout of Neutron Beam Instruments at the CNF A consensus of Canadian users at a CINS workshop in 1997 is the basis for the selection of neutron beam instruments to be included at start-up of the CNF neutron beam laboratory ' 9. These 11 instruments are included in the project costs and are denoted as "Start-up" or "Phase 1". Additional instruments will be added over the lifetime of the CNF, which has an LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA janvier à février,

20 FEATURE ARTICLE ( THE NEUTRON BEAM LABORATORY...) Canadian Neutron Facility f \ // Diffract ometcr ^ A y Far Extreme Condition» CoW-Natron Z ^ B P ^ Î T ^ - t ^ Prompt «B * _ ^ T S» ^ " - EmHtkMl ' \ K 'iilit^^^-j juy," - '. ^^^^^H^^^^E^SjVye^-^^^SIHBBfci^-^ Spectrometer *«chopp«m \ ~ i y t l ^ ^ f c W T // ^ s X ipectromeln 'PJk \ JJ -sj^wgjl ^ Jadtograpfcy- Tomography MME «eactor CAMOU \ Te»t FacMltlet \ «"«tometer Potarluble Heftectometer W u ' -, I X Horiwmal Scattering \ / f J CoUriuMe Keflectometer 1 f QuaM-lAUt ' J STtESS Back Scattering... X ÏÏÏÏTS^ OTAS. A m n X - idw Q O"*!""*"» / M IMmxmM W x ^ ^ / n A S l^./l LAUE \ X / / L METRES Guide Hall Spin Echo Spectrometer Reactor Hall Fig. 3 Layout of neutron beam instruments around the CNF reactor core and in the cold-neutron guide hall. Phase 1 instruments shown in red, guides in green, and Phase 2 instruments in blue. ultimate capacity of 23 instrument stations. Meeting the needs of a wide user community will ensure that the neutron beam laboratory is a viable and evolving facility over the next 40 years. The layout of instruments in the CNF neutron beam laboratory is shown in Figure 3. The instruments included in the proposal are: Thermal neutron high-resolution powder diffractometer (HRPD) Stress scanner (STRESS) Materials testing diffractometer (MATD) Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) Optimized Triple Axis Spectrometer (OTAS), with direct view of the cold source Polarized thermal neutron triple axis spectrometer (PTAS) Vertically Scattering Polarizable Reflectometer (VESPR) Diffractometer in a Blockhouse (DinaB) Disc Chopper Spectrometer (DCS) Bio-materials Diffractometer (BMD) Crystal Alignment and Monochromator Development (CAMDEV) Phase 1 - Neutron Beam Instrumentation at Start-up With minor modifications four out of the five existing thermal neutron instruments can be transferred from the NRU to the CNF. The NSERC-AECL DUALSPEC spectrometer will be cut in two to give a thermal high resolution powder diffractometer (HRPD) and a polarized triple axis spectrometer (PTAS). The following is a list of new instruments to be constructed for the CNF. Every instrument will be constructed to meet state-of-the-art specifications. Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) Instrument. The SANS is a versatile probe of microstructures over length scales from 1 nanometre to 1 micron. It provides information about the size, shape and surface-roughness of particles in a matrix. In a SANS experiment, it is relatively simple to apply realistic conditions such as temperature, pressure, magnetic fields, ph and humidity to explore the evolution of microstructure in specimens. The SANS can provide unique insights into the behaviour of materials in many scientific disciplines: biological sciences, soft-condensed matter, polymer chemistry, materials science and physics. Some systems that might be of interest to physicists would include the characterization of magnetic domains, the structures of flux lattices in superconductors and the fractal dimensionality of aggregations, such as colloids and gels. The SANS instrument will be exploited immediately by the strong Canadian biophysics community who are interested in the properties of membranes, drug-membrane interactions and lung surfactants. 18 PHYSICS IN CANADA January/February 1999

21 ARTICLE DE FOND ( THE NEUTRON BEAM LABORATORY...) Vertically-Scattering Polarizable Reflectometer (VESPR) A reflectometer will be the work-horse instrument for studying surfaces and interfaces. This instrument measures the scattering-length density profile as a function of depth and provides information about interface roughness, and gradients of atomic composition on a length scale from 5 to 3000 A. It is envisaged that the reflectometer will serve the following disciplines: surface science, corrosion chemistry, material science involving thin films, stratified structures and polymer layers, and membrane biology. Physicists may be tantalized by experimental results on liquid-gas and liquid-solid interfaces, magnetic multilayers, surface magnetism, polymers on substrates, surfactants, capillary waves and model biophysical membranes, when they can be made optically flat. Diffractometer in a Blockhouse (DinaB) This instrument will provide a new capability to handle experiments that require special protection for personnel. For example, highly radioactive or toxic specimens and pressurized components all present an increased risk. In-situ measurements involving toxic solvents or toxic-reaction byproducts, or an operating engine will also lead to increased risk. By housing a diffractometer in a reinforced blockhouse structure, built in the guide hall outside the containment around the reactor, with regulation-compliant ventilation, fire-protection, radiation-shielding and sound proofing, the risk to personnel will be minimized. The protection of the blockhouse will permit neutron diffraction to be applied to a wide range of materials systems, serving the disciplines of chemistry, materials science and industry. Example projects include: evaluation of radiation damage on crystal structures in nuclear alloys, phase transitions in nuclear fuels, oxidation reactions at high temperature, non-invasive thermometry in operating engines, in-situ operation of batteries and fuel cells, fouling of polymer reaction vessels and stresses in pressure vessels. Quasi-elastic Time-of-Flight Spectrometer - Disc Chopper (DCS) A high-resolution neutron spectrometer can acquire data in the quasi-elastic scattering regime and hence provide information on diffusional motions in solids and liquids. The same instrument also provides high-resolution, low-energy-transfer inelastic scattering spectra from magnetic and vibrational excitations. With a tuneable incident energy (0.36 to 20 mev) and adjustable resolution (0.002 to 1.2 mev), this instrument will provide physicists with new information on diffusion in liquids and suspensions, diffusion of hydrogen in metals and protonic conductors, diffusional effects near order-disorder phase transitions, kinetics of hydration reactions, interaction of hydrofluorocarbons with zeolites, slow motions of large biological and macromolecular structures, local dynamics in colloids, microemulsions and liquid crystals and magnetic domain motion in magnetic materials. Optimized Triple-Axis Spectrometer with direct view of cold source (OTAS) One of the unique opportunities presented by the CNF is the existence of a beam port that views the cold source directly and exits on the reactor face. This permits the extraction of a beam with a fairly wide angular divergence and does not impose the energy cut-off associated with the wavelength dependence of the critical angle of a cold-neutron guide. The OTAS is optimized for extracting the maximum flux possible from the cold source and will offer the highest monochromatic flux of neutrons at the sample position for E < 25 mev available in the world today. It will rank with the best instruments worldwide for the investigation of highly-correlated electron systems, high-temperature superconductors, amorphous materials and any system where high sensitivity to weak signals is a prerequisite. Crystal Alignment and Monochromator Development Facility (CAMDEV) It is essential that neutron diffraction be applied to assess the quality of a so-claimed single-crystal specimen and to align it in preparation for installation in a furnace or cryostat. A diffractometer that can accomplish this function can also evaluate the mosaic spread and quality of crystal monochromators at various stages of development. For multiple-crystal monochromators, the alignment of each element must be optimized in a systematic way, based on neutron diffraction measurements. This instrument will support the single-crystal neutron scattering experiments of users from chemistry, physics and materials engineering disciplines. It will also enhance LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA janvier à février,

22 FEATURE ARTICLE ( THE NEUTRON BEAM LABORATORY...) the core competency of the neutron beam research laboratory. Bio-Materials Diffractometer (BMD) The bio-materials diffractometer (BMD) will be a double axis diffractometer with some uncommon features such as a two-dimensional detector and velocity selector commonly found on small-angle neutron scattering instruments. These along with other features (e.g., variable sample-to-detector distance and tunable wavelengths) will make the BMD a powerful tool for structures with length scales between 4 Â and 1500 À, typical of biological systems. Phase 2 Neutron Beam Instruments to be added over the lifetime of the CNF The design of new instruments will made by participatory teams formed to build and operate an experimental station. Teams will design innovative instruments that are highly optimized for their particular research program. In return, participatory teams will have preferred access to a majority of the instrument beam time. The instruments suggested in Fig. 2 are examples of what might be possible, but in no way are meant to limit the choice of the users. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS With the CNF MAPLE reactor at its full power of 40 MW, the peak unperturbed (no beam tubes) thermal-neutron flux outside is slightly greater than 4 x n m' 2 s' 1 as calculated using the MCNP and WIMS-AECL/3DDT codes. This is comparable to NRU. Members of CINS voted overwhelmingly in favour of a reactor with this performance, combined with a cold neutron capability, in a poll carried out by the organization in For the current configuration (shown in Figure 2) the perturbed thermal-neutron fluxes at the noses of the beam tubes will be in the range of n m 2 s" 1. The beam tubes will have thin walls constructed from low-neutron-absorbing materials such as aluminum or zirconium alloys. Beam tubes will be filled with helium gas, to minimize loss of neutron flux, and equipped with rotating collimator/gate assemblies. The beam tubes will be located to optimize the neutron beam flux at the specimen location, and the thermal beam tubes will be as tangential to the core segments as practical to maximize the ratio of thermal neutrons to background gamma and fast-neutron radiation. OPERATION OF BEAM FACILITIES All stakeholders will be invited to provide input to a management structure for the CNF as a whole. This will ensure equitable access to all users from universities, industries both non-nuclear and nuclear, and government. The management structure will reflect the facility's national character and its focus on serving users' needs. It must be established from the start of construction of the CNF and through its operating lifetime, to advise on design, to establish the general policy and strategic direction, to resolve scheduling conflicts among the users, and to secure funding to operate the CNF over the long term. Users would access the neutron beam facility by submitting experiment proposals for peer review. There will be no user fees for work that is published and passes peer review. Proprietary work for industry would be arranged by contract. For the neutron beam program a key requirement is convenient, rapid, round-the-clock access to the instrument stations in the guide and thermal halls. Access from a parking lot by magnetic card via a single portal is envisaged. Administrative barriers that might limit off-shore user scientists with respect to research at the CNF need to be overcome. A regular cycle of full flux operation, with a schedule published months in advance, are among the requirements for a national user facility where visiting researchers must incur large travel costs and schedule their beam time at international facilities, and this has already been deemed feasible. A high level of cooperation is required to ensure that both AECL and NRC as partners within the CNF facility satisfactorily meet the requirements of the stakeholders. AECL will own, license and operate the reactor. The operation and maintenance of neutron beam instruments will remain the responsibility of NRC. PROJECT COST ESTIMATE AND SCHEDULE The neutron beam laboratory is estimated to cost $90M out of a total CNF project cost of $388M. The breakdown tables below include risk and contingency. 20 PHYSICS IN CANADA January/February 1999

23 ARTICLE DE FOND ( THE NEUTRON BEAM LABORATORY...) TABLE 2 Cost Estimate Based on Deliverables TABLE 3 Project Cash Flow Neutron Beam Laboratory Component Estimate ($1000) (incl. Contingency and Risk) Instruments (Cold Neutrons) 21,214 Instruments (Thermal Neutrons) 10,537 Guides (Cold & Thermal) 8,573 Cold Source & Refrig. System 17,279 Data Acquisition System 2,672 Ancillary Equipment 2,500 Guide Hall (Bldg. & Services) 13,981 Commissioning 5,880 Project Management 7,033 TOTAL 89,669 The AECL-CNF project is based on a 72-month duration; however, much of the NRC instrument commissioning work can only be completed after a source of neutrons is available. The NRC component of the CNF project will therefore extend to cover a period 24 months beyond the AECL completion date. NRC and AECL are jointly seeking new funding from the government of Canada. The proposal does not compete for funds that are already allocated for research such as the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI) or NSERC. As such the CNF does not compete with the Canadian Light Source which is currently before the CFI. In any case neutron and X-ray scattering are complementary techniques both of which are required for materials research. Moreover, the combination in CNF of a materials research national user facility with an engineering test facility that is essential for a major Canadian industry is unique. A broad interdisciplinary centre which extends from the science of new materials to industrial engineering research needs to be considered in a different way than a dedicated science proposal. This is not only because of the sharing of the costs, but also because it offers the possibility of benefits from the partnership that are greater than the sum of the parts. Year Cost/Calendar Year 98CDN$M TOTAL S90M TABLE 4 CNF Project Milestones MILESTONES Engineering Funding Approval month 0 Construction License Approval month 30 Construction and Installation Complete month 60 Nuclear Commissioning Complete month 72 Beam Instrument Commissioning Complete month 96 SUMMARY The Neutron Beam Laboratory at a new Canadian neutron source has been the topic of discussion for over a decade in Canada's neutron scattering community. After many studies, and attempts to bring a definite proposal forward, it finally appears that the pieces may soon fall into place. The CNF proposal is ambitious but cost effective, supporting two major research communities in Canada. The neutron beam laboratory at the CNF will ensure that Canada continues to build on the legacy of Bert Brockhouse and apply neutron scattering to the ever-widening vistas of experimental science. The laboratory will attract and retain talented Canadian scientists in the country and serve as a key resource for a nation that is aiming for an innovative, LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA janvier à février,

24 FEATURE ARTICLE ( THE NEUTRON BEAM LABORATORY...) knowledge-based economy founded on science and technology. REFERENCES 1. Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (1994), "Major Materials Research Facilities in Canada's Future", Report of the NSERC Committee on Materials Research Facilities (CMRF) (Bacon Committee), Ottawa. 2. Richter, D. and Springer, T. (1998), "A Twenty Years Forward Look on Neutron Scattering for Condensed Matter Science and Materials Research in the OECD Countries and Russia", OECD Megascience Forum, Paris. Go to 3. AECL (1994), "The Case for the Replacement of the NRU Research Reactor", RC-1310, available with permission from AECL. 4. Canadian Association of Physics (1997) in conjunction with NSERC, "International Assessors' Report of the Review of Canadian Academic Physics", page OECD Megascience Forum 1998, from the Report of The Neutron Sources Working Group which quotes reference [7]- 7. "Scientific prospects for neutron scattering with present and future sources", European Science Foundation (May 1996 ).ISBN This is an excellent reference document that assesses the potential of the technique in a wide range of fields. 8. T.E. Mason and W.J.L. Buyers (1994), "A National User Facility for Neutron Beam Research", Canadian Institute for Neutron Scattering, CINS/ICDN R6, available from National Research Council, Neutron Program for Materials Research, Chalk River, ON, KOJ1JO. 9. Root, J.H. (1998). "The New Canadian Neutron Beam Research Facility: Report on a workshop sponsored by the National Research Council and the Canadian Institute for Neutron Scattering", University of Toronto, December 13,1997, available from National Research Council, Neutron Program for Materials Research, Chalk River, ON, KOJ 1JO. 5. National Research Council Canada (1998) "Future Prospects for Neutron Beam Research and Technology Development in Canada". CORPORATE PROFILE - ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) is a Crown corporation employing 3,600 staff and owned by the Federal Government of Canada. AECL develops, markets, sells, and builds CANDU power reactors, MAPLE research reactors, MACSTOR waste storage facilities and provides engineering and other technical services to nuclear utilities. AECL also markets a wide range of products and services to customers at home and abroad in both nuclear and non-nuclear industries. Since 1952, AECL has been the leading force helping Canada reach and maintain its first-rank position in nuclear power development. AECL has been a corporate member of the CAP since AECL's mandate is to develop and grow the CANDU business, thereby contributing to the Canadian economy and generating thousands of well-paid jobs for Canadians, and maintaining nuclear power as a clean electricity option for Canada. AECL's Chalk River Laboratories, located about 200 km north on Ottawa, has world-class expertise in metallurgy, chemistry, engineering and biology, R&D activities supporting the CANDU business. The site also provides most of the world's supply of medical isotopes, used for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and other illnesses. AECL's engineering, sales and marketing work is led from its Sheridan Park facility in Mississauga. AECL is currently constructing two dedicated isotopeproducing reactors at Chalk River for MDS Nordion, and is in the bidding process with the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization to supply a new research reactor. Both of these projects are based on MAPLE technology. Jointly with the NRC, AECL is also proposing the construction of the Canadian Neutron Facility for Materials Research (CNF), again based on MAPLE technology, to provide an essential testing facility to advance the CANDU design, and to provide an advanced materials research capability for Canadian universities and industry. 22 PHYSICS IN CANADA January/February 1999

25 ARTICLE DE FOND ( THE CANADIAN NEUTRON...) THE CANADIAN NEUTRON FACILITY: A REACTOR-PHYSICS PERSPECTIVE by William E. Bishop, Jeremy J. Whitlock, and G. Bruce Wilkin The National Research Council (NRC) and Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), in partnership with universities and industry, are jointly proposing a new reactor as a successor to the NRU reactor located at AECL's Chalk River Laboratories, 190 km northwest of the nation's capital, Ottawa. NRU began operation in 1957, and will not operate beyond 2005 (see Reference 1 for a brief description of NRU and other AECL research reactors). The proposed Canadian Neutron Facility, or CNF, will be a state-of-the-art facility intended as a key component of a revitalized national materials-research infrastructure for the twenty-first century. The facility will provide an advanced neutron-based materials-research capability to meet the needs of Canadian universities and industry, and will provide an essential neutron-irradiation facility to advance the CANDU power-reactor design, and ensure the future competitiveness of the Canadian nuclear power industry. The heart of the facility is a research reactor that provides the intense source of neutrons required for irradiation and scattering experiments. The reactor is a 40 MW version of AECL's MAPLE pool-type research reactor 2i. Facilities for material irradiation, i.e., bombarding materials with neutrons to study their behaviour under conditions experienced in power reactors, are provided in the reactor. Adjacent to the radiation shield in the reactor hall, and in the adjoining guide hall, are facilities where the properties of materials are investigated by studying the behavior of neutrons as they are scattered by collision with the material's molecules. The neutrons are transported from the reactor to the experimental stations through neutron beam tubes and guide tubes. This paper describes the physics of the CNF reactor and its performance in meeting the requirements for advanced CANDU and materials development. A complementary paper in this issue prepared by John Root and Bill Buyers describes the application of neutrons that will be used external to the reactor. REACTOR PHYSICS Nuclear fission occurs in the heaviest elements, such as uranium plutonium and others, because of their high ratio of neutrons to protons. The fundamental physical process within every nuclear reactor, be it for power generation or research, is a sustained nuclear fission chain reaction [3,4]. This phenomenon, proposed shortly after the discovery of fission in 1939, exploits the fact that free neutrons are both created and consumed by the fission reaction. Thus the process can be selfperpetuating if given the right conditions. Nuclear fission occurs in the heaviest elements, such as uranium, plutonium and others, because of their high ratio of neutrons to protons. The nuclei of these elements can be provoked into splitting, or "fissioning", into two roughly equal halves, by the introduction of an extra neutron. Along with the two "half" pieces, called fission products, the reaction releases two or three free neutrons, and about 200 MeV of energy. This energy, originally the extra binding energy required to assemble the heavy nucleus in the first place, is largely manifested in the kinetic energy of the two fission products. As the fission products slow down in the nuclear fuel they transfer this energy to the fuel itself, which then heats up. Whereas a power reactor optimizes the amount of this heat that can be extracted, the neutrons produced in the fission reaction are the product of interest for research reactors like the CNF. William E. Bishop (bishopw@aecl.ca), Jeremy J. Whitlock (whitlockj@aecl.ca), and G. Bruce Wilkin (wilkinb@aecl.ca), are all at the Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, in Chalk River, Ontario, KOJ 1J0. LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA janvier à février

26 FEATURE ARTICLE (THE CANADIAN NEUTRON...) A sustained nuclear-fission chain reaction is achieved if a single released neutron can be made to induce another fission event. Since there are two or three neutrons released in each event, steady-state multiplication is possible if some means is employed to remove the extraneous Fig. 1 neutrons from the process. Normally this is achieved through simple absorption in the non-fissionable materials of the reactor, and to a certain extent in research reactors like the CNF, by physically removing the neutrons from the reactor core for experiments. Control of the overall chain reaction is typically provided by special movable absorption devices. When withdrawn or inserted into a reactor core, these devices cause the chain reaction to increase or decrease at an exponential rate determined by their degree of movement. One way to achieve complete shutdown of a reactor core is to totally insert these devices. Reactors are commonly fuelled with uranium, using the isotope U-235 as the principle source of fission. Although U-235 is a minor (0.7%) constituent of natural uranium, its probability of fissioning, at certain incident neutron energies, is thousands of times greater than that of the more abundant isotope, U-238. This is only true for slow-moving neutrons, however, so most reactors are designed with a moderating material surrounding the fuel, whose purpose is to moderate, or slow down via multiple collisions, the fast-moving neutrons produced by fission. Ideal efficiency is achieved if the neutrons reach the lowest possible kinetic-energy level before encountering another U-235 nucleus; that is, they retain energy comparable to the thermal energy of the moderating medium itself, and are thus commonly called "thermal" neutrons. This process requires a reduction in energy by over six orders of magnitude, a task for which some materials are better than others. One of the best moderators is heavy water, or deuterium oxide, which is water comprised almost exclusively of the second isotope of hydrogen, H-2. Ordinary, or "light", water is actually much better at knocking down the energy of neutrons, but it also absorbs neutrons and requires uranium enriched in the U-235 isotope to counter these extra losses. When either light or heavy water is used as a moderator, it can also be employed as a medium for removing the heat of fission from the fuel itself, and from this fundamental concept stems the working principle of both light-water and heavywater reactors. Reactor Core Heavy Water Reflector» Utilization of thermal (slow) neutrons in a research reactor. HOW RESEARCH AND POWER REACTORS DIFFER When most people hear the term "nuclear reactor" they think of power reactors, and not the lower profile research reactors that drive experimental programs in materials research and component testing, or create exotic medical and industrial isotopes. A nuclear reactor is a prolific source of neutrons for these applications, producing millions of neutrons per cubic centimetre that are superfluous to the chain reaction itself. It is the optimization of this neutron supply that determines many of the differences between research and power reactors. Research reactors are generally low-power, lowpressure, and low-temperature machines, enabling simple operation and simple manipulation of irradiation targets within or near the core itself. Whereas power reactors conserve neutrons within the fuelled regions as much as possible, research reactors are specifically engineered to "leak" neutrons into regions where experimental applications await (see Figure 1). In addition, the CNF, like many research reactors, is fitted with several "beam tubes" that extend this neutron usage beyond the walls and shielding of the reactor itself, transporting neutrons down guide tubes to experiments in either the reactor hall or a neighboring laboratory. 24 PHYSICS IN CANADA January/February 1999

27 ARTICLE DE FOND ( THE CANADIAN NEUTRON...) Another distinguishing requirement of research reactors is the need to supply neutrons over a vast energy range, from over one MeV to well below one ev. This is typically achieved by designing a reactor core with both high power per unit volume, and high power per unit mass of U-235 (specific power density). Although both factors tend to make multipurpose research reactors small in size, a modern design like the CNF achieves even smaller mass (and therefore fueling cost) by maximizing its "slow" neutron flux in a surrounding blanket of heavywater reflector. In addition, localized "super-cooling" of neutrons can be achieved with liquid hydrogen, such as in the CNF's Cold Neutron Source. SELECTION OF THE CNF REACTOR Fig. 2 With the advancing age of the NRU reactor, the CANDU research and development centres within AECL began in the early nineties to document the requirements to be met by a successor to NRU. At the same time, the Canadian Institute for Neutron Scattering (CINS) developed the requirements for materials research using extracted neutron beams. In order to test new CANDU fuel and fuel-channel materials it was necessary to test full-scale fuel bundles, pressure tubes, and calandria tubes not only under current CANDU extreme conditions, but also to aid development of next-generation CANDU designs with higher-efficiency heat-transfer systems. It was envisaged that the advanced CANDU designs would also have greater tolerance to reduced cooling accidents. New materials would be tested for corrosion resistance and the aging effects of irradiation. In addition to the current materials research carried out in Canada using thermal energy neutrons, the new facility was to have a Cold Neutron Source to supply neutrons with very low energy (~5 mev peak), providing the ability to examine larger structures Sectional View of the CNF reactor. within materials, and to examine dynamics at higher energy resolution. After examining the capabilities of various current research-reactor designs it was concluded that none could be readily modified to meet the requirements of a new facility. Consequently, in 1993 AECL engineers and scientists developed a reactor concept, based upon its MAPLE technology, that would meet the documented requirements for both CANDU development and neutron-scattering research. Originally the Canadian Neutron Facility, or CNF, was to be a standalone facility capable of siting anywhere in Canada ' 5. In 1998 the facility concept was revised to reduce costs and to rely on the infrastructure already available at AECL's Chalk River Laboratories. DESCRIPTION OF THE CNF REACTOR AECL developed its generic MAPLE research reactor concept in the early eighties, as a technology that could be easily configured to meet the diverse needs of the research-reactor market, and serve as a successor to the NRU reactor. The concept was designated "MAPLE", for Multipurpose Applied Physics Lattice Experimental (as often happens, the words chosen to fit an acronym signifying the Canadian source of the concept). One MAPLE configuration is in operation in South Korea as the HANARO reactor, and a pair of MAPLE configurations under construction at Chalk River will be dedicated to medical isotope production. Various new MAPLE configurations were evaluated to assess the ability to accommodate test sections for the irradiation of full-diameter CANDU pressure and calandria tubes in a horizontal orientation, containing full-size CANDU fuel bundles. The radial and axial power distribution in the bundle, as well as the bundle power history, were to simulate those experienced in current and advanced CANDU designs. As illustrated in Figures 2, 3, and 4, the concept chosen that best meets these requirements is a LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA janvier à février

28 FEATURE ARTICLE (THE CANADIAN NEUTRON...) 36-site core separated into two halves, with the space between containing three horizontal test sections, each capable of being fitted with a fulldiameter CANDU fuel channel. The section length allows irradiation of up to three fuel bundles per channel. Each test section is connected to a cooling system to simulate current CANDU and advanced CANDU coolant conditions. Fig. 3 The split core, typically labeled the "driver" core to signify its primary role as a neutron source, is cooled and moderated by two separate light-water circuits, and surrounded by a two-meter diameter tank of heavy water. The heavy water is both a reflector of neutrons to help sustain the fission chain reaction, and a source of thermal neutrons for experimental facilities located within its large volume. This region includes not only the horizontal test sections between the core halves, but also numerous sites for material irradiations and the entrance ports for the neutron beam tubes. array of 18 elements. Each element contains particles of uraniumsilicide dispersed in an aluminum matrix. A finned aluminum sheath extruded around this matrix, with plugs welded to each end, prevents direct water contact with the fuel matrix and facilitates heat transfer. The uranium is enriched to 20% in U-235, providing a low-enriched uranium (LEU) fuel which is an internationally recognized standard for proliferation resistance. The fuel elements and bundle assemblies are manufactured at Chalk River Laboratories. Sectional view of CNF reactor pool and process piping. Reactor power and flux are controlled by moving hafnium metal absorbers into and out of the 18- element fuel sites under computer control, in response to flux measurements at various locations around the reactor, and overall power level determined from coolant flow and temperature measurements. Reactor safety systems drop these absorbers into the core, and dump the heavy water from the reflector vessel, to rapidly shut down the reactor under upset conditions. Included with these facilities are four additional fuelled sites outboard of the driver core, designed to provide intense fast-neutron fluxes for the examination of the corrosion properties of various coolants and materials. Also, since CANDU fuel development is a stepwise process, two more vertical test sections in the reflector can accommodate partial CANDU fuel bundles, up to seven elements in size. In addition to these and other smaller irradiation sites, the reflector accommodates several beam tubes that penetrate both the reflector wall and the surrounding pool. These include one large tube of conical section to accommodate the Cold Neutron Source. The driver core itself contains four internal sites where material specimens can be irradiated at high fluxes to simulate, in accelerated time, the irradiation aging of reactor materials. Each fuelled site in the driver core contains a fuel bundle consisting of either a hexagonal array of 36 fuel elements, or a cylindrical The entire reactor assembly is located at the bottom of a 16-meter deep pool of light water, which provides radiation shielding and a heat sink for decay-heat removal when the reactor is shut down. All refuelling operations, as well as manipulation of irradiation specimens, are carried out under shutdown conditions using long-handled tools from the top of this pool. PHYSICS ANALYSIS OF CNF REACTOR Design Goals The design of the CNF reactor was intended to achieve several key goals. First and foremost, it must be a neutron source that simultaneously meets the requirements of all users in materials-research and CANDU-fuel-development communities. It must achieve this first goal while remaining a compact, low-power core with reasonable fueling requirements, and hence economic viability. Finally, the reactor 26 PHYSICS IN CANADA January/February 1999

29 ARTICLE DE FOND ( THE CANADIAN NEUTRON...) must operate safely and within its design parameters at all times, and incorporate a high level of diversity and passive engineering in its safety and operating systems. Reactor Physics Modeling Overview LIGHT WATER POOL COLD SOURCE VESSEL COLD NEUTRON BEAMS HEAVY WATER REFLECTOR FAST NEUTRON SITE In analysing the reactor's VERTICAL TEST SECTION performance against these IRRADIATION SITE design goals, it is fundamental to Fig. 4 know with accuracy the power distribution throughout the core, and the response of that power distribution to time- and space-dependent material perturbations. The quantities of interest are the effective neutron multiplication factor (or reactivity) which determines the time dependence of the overall fission rate, as well as the neutron flux distribution in space, energy, and time. The power and material-heating distributions are in turn calculated from the fluxes and are used to determine the thermalhydraulic behaviour of the reactor; that is, the capability of the cooling system to effectively remove the heat generated in the fission process. The analysis also includes reactivity control and instrumentation required to provide reliable and safe operation of the reactor, as well as the neutronic performance of the irradiation and beam research facilities. Modern computer capability makes this task much more manageable and accurate than when nuclear reactors were first designed. Reactor physicists at AECL use two complementary methodologies for characterizing the neutronic behaviour of the CNF: deterministic and stochastic. Both methodologies use sets of cross-section data which tabulate the Layout of CNF Reactor 3 HORIZONTAL TEST SECTIONS THERMAL NEUTRON BEAM TUBES 36-ELEMENT FUEL SITES 18-ELEMENT FUEL SITES IN-CORE IRRADIATION SITE CANDU REACTOR TEST FUEL interaction probabilities between the neutrons and the materials encountered in the reactor core. Deterministic Methodology Deterministic calculations seek solutions to the Neutron Transport Equation, a description of neutron balance borrowed from Boltzmann's model for transport within a dilute gas. The equation takes the form where the term on the left is the rate of change of neutron flux,, in neutrons per m 2 per second, and the terms on the right are, respectively, two "source" terms for spectral in-scattering and fission, and two "sink" terms for collisions and leakage. With appropriate boundary and initial conditions, the transport equation is solved for the neutron distribution over the phase space of the problem, r,e,q,t (space, energy, direction, and time, respectively). The level of detail inherent in the transport equation is typically too onerous for full-reactor calculations. Fortunately, sufficient accuracy can be achieved in these cases by ignoring angular dependence, reducing the range of energy dependence to a handful of energy groups, homogenizing spatial detail over a LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA janvier à février

30 FEATURE ARTICLE (THE CANADIAN NEUTRON...) coarse mesh, and applying a diffusion approximation to the leakage term using Fick's Law, s-z^r^r,/). The resulting Multigroup Neutron Diffusion Method has been the workhorse of reactor-core analysis around the world for decades, and is sufficiently accurate in cases where material properties vary slowly with space, directional dependence is low, and sources and sinks of neutrons are minimized. Accuracy depends largely on the coarse-mesh, multigroup cross-section and diffusion parameters, which must be derived from more rigorous transport solutions over smaller, representative geometries. The deterministic methodology is embodied in the WIMS-AECL/ 3DDT code set. WIMS-AECL 161 repeatedly solves the full transport equation for small portions of the core and reflector, using a fine spatial mesh and a fine energy-group structure. The results are then "collapsed" into course-mesh, few-energy group cross-section and diffusion parameters for use in the 3DDT time-independent diffusion code 7 '. 3DDT then solves for the neutron flux throughout the entire reactor model. AECL is in the process of replacing 3DDT with a new time-dependent diffusion code to allow more rigorous analysis of spatiallydependent neutron dynamic behaviour, similar to that already employed by AECL in the analysis of CANDU power reactors. Stochastic Methodology Many special techniques have been developed to improve the accuracy of deterministic methods for difficult reactor geometries, but in recent years, advances in computer power have enabled the use of full-reactor stochastic, or probabilistic, calculations. This is known as the Monte Carlo technique, since it is based on a random statistical sampling process. The Monte Carlo method simulates the physical histories of individual particles from birth to death, and tallies the results over millions of histories until a sufficiently accurate statistical picture emerges. The histories are tracked by sampling a probability distribution for all possible events in a particle's life (e.g., scattering, absorption, and fission in the case of neutrons) and using pseudo-random-number generation to decide the outcome of each event. Since discrete numerical meshes are not required, geometric representation in Monte Carlo models are capable of a high degree of fidelity. Monte Carlo does not provide results throughout all of phase space, but instead focuses on specific tallies requested by the analyst. Unlike deterministic methods, it is limited in accuracy only by the statistical power of its sample size, and the accuracy of its probability distributions. Since modern computing power makes it practical to generate millions of histories, as well as employ a continuousenergy cross-section database, Monte Carlo calculations often achieve accuracies appropriate for benchmark calculations. The ability to model difficult geometries also makes them ideal for specialized problems that can't be easily solved with deterministic methods. AECL uses the MCNP Monte Carlo transport code [8] developed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. It uses continuous-energy cross sections and has a very powerful geometry modelling package that supports 1 st - and 2 nd -degree surfaces and 4 th -degree elliptical tori, together with a repeating geometry capability that simplifies whole-reactor modelling down to individual fuel elements. MCNP also contains a number of variance-reduction techniques to help reduce computer run times. Validation Validation of the analysis results is an essential part of the safety analysis and licensing of any nuclear facility. Validation is the process which demonstrates that the calculated behaviour of a system is consistent with reality. The process must consider the entire chain of analysis methodologies, each of which contains a number of sources of error, including: simplifying assumptions and inadequacies in the models, uncertainties in correlations, data libraries, and data describing the state of the reactor, and uncertainties in the data provided by the "upstream" analyses in the chain. The accuracy of each computer program is determined using available experimental data or the results from another validated program. The uncertainty in the inputs is determined through validation of the source of the data (including any upstream codes), and the uncertainty in the outputs is determined via sensitivity analyses on the inputs, and forms the uncertainty in the input to any downstream codes. The goal is to place an estimate of the accuracy on each of the "key" parameters that support the operating license. 28 PHYSICS IN CANADA January/February 1999

31 ARTICLE DE FOND ( THE CANADIAN NEUTRON...) ACHIEVING DESIGN GOALS The performance of the CNF has been analysed using the methodologies just described. Figure 4 shows the layout of the split driver core and the various user facilities. At an operating power of 40 MW, the peak thermal (slow) neutron flux in the heavy water reflector is about 4 x neutrons m'v 1, a value comparable to that of the current NRU reactor. CANDU fuel bundles irradiated in this region will develop powers from 400 kw to 1000 kw depending on their position within the three horizontal test channels. On a more detailed level, the power profiles within all test bundles can be calculated, and this analysis used to develop localized flux-shaping strategies that provide a more uniform irradiation environment in the extreme cases. An added level of complexity is introduced when advanced CANDU fuels are irradiated, with varying U-235 enrichments, compositions, and geometries. These fuel types are all under consideration by AECL for future application in CANDU reactors, and may therefore require analysis one day in the CNF horizontal test sections. Since there is significant neutron interaction between the central test sections and the driver core, it is important that the matrix of test cases used in the analyses includes these exotic fuels. The performance of the other experimental facilities has been similarly estimated, ensuring that the CNF meets the test conditions required for each of the experimental programs. An important part of the design is the relatively large region of thermal flux provided in the surrounding heavy-water reflector. Monte Carlo calculations accurately predict the neutron flux at key positions within this region, and this information, coupled with more general flux profiles across the core and reflector produced with diffusion theory, is used to optimize the placement of the numerous irradiation sites and entrance ports for the neutron beam tubes. All of these items represent neutron "sinks" and therefore compete with each other, as well as with the core itself, for neutrons. This is especially true for the large cold-neutron guide tube, which must be located so as to maximize the neutron "brightness" of the liquid hydrogen Cold Neutron Source as seen by the guide tubes, without depressing the flux on that side of the reactor core beyond what can be accommodated in the design. In a similar fashion, the performance of the fast-flux facilities in the CNF has been analysed to determine compliance with specifications. Unlike the thermal neutron facilities, however, these are not necessarily all neutron sinks. The four in-core fast-neutron irradiation sites can be considered as such, but the four fast-neutron sites located in the reflector each include irradiation rigs surrounded by an annular array of 58 fuel elements that are "driven" by the neighboring core. Their interaction with the core is, in fact, a mutually beneficial process, and a significant fraction of the core's thermal power, and much of the irradiation flux provided to the outboard CANDU bundles in the central test rigs, are derived from these four peripheral sites. In addition to this characterization of test facilities, an analysis of the response of the core itself to various operating perturbations has been conducted. This includes the long-term response to depletion of U-235 in the fuel (called burnup) during the interval of approximately one-month between subsequent refuelings. At each of these intervals about 19% of the core's fuel is replaced by fresh fuel. This "topping up" is required to maintain a prescribed amount of excess reactivity within the core, which is essentially a reserve needed to overcome negative reactivity perturbations during a typical operating cycle. Excess reactivity is eroded as more and more neutron-absorbing fission products build up over time in the fuel, while U-235 is simultaneously depleted. The analysis of perturbations also includes a complete safety analysis of the core. An important component is the simulation of the two safety systems; that is, the effect on core power of dropping all eight control absorbers, and dumping the heavy-water reflector. Both actions terminate the fission chain reaction in the core at a rate dependent upon the core's current operating state, including the spatial flux distribution and the time since last refueling. The detailed response of the two systems to varying conditions is thus essential knowledge provided by the physics modelling. Another important aspect of the safety analysis is the determination of the fission power distribution on a fuel element-by-element basis, and as a function of axial position, fuel burnup, and core state. This distribution is required to ensure that fuel-element linear-power ratings do not exceed safety limits under all possible operating and upset conditions. Monte LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA janvier à février

32 FEATURE ARTICLE (THE CANADIAN NEUTRON...) Carlo modeling is an efficient tool for providing this detailed information. The response to spatial flux distribution within the core must include the analysis of "subharmonic modes", or transient solutions to the Neutron Transport Equation. This analysis is of particular importance in the control of a reactor with a split core, like the CNF, where a certain amount of neutronic decoupling may be present between the two core halves. Subharmonic modes are normally, by design, suppressed in a reactor core, and one must demonstrate that they cannot be excited by sufficient insertion of positive or negative reactivity in key locations. Time-dependence is an added factor in this analysis, and for this reason it is planned to utilize a three-dimensional spatial kinetics diffusion-theory model in completing the characterization of the CNF reactor. This dynamic modelling will be similar to that already employed by AECL in the analysis of CANDU power reactors. Finally, the inherent safety features of the fission reaction within the CNF core can also be modeled. These are embodied in reactivity feedback mechanisms, such as the response of overall neutron multiplication in the core to changes in coolant temperature and density, and fuel temperature. The "inherent" safety lies in the negative nature of this feedback; that is, as either the fuel or coolant heats up, or the coolant becomes less dense (for example, due to boiling), the rate of fission slows down rapidly in the core, reducing the production of heat. CONCLUSION The reactor proposed for the Canadian Neutron Facility utilizes a compact, low power, but complex core arrangement to achieve high neutron fluxes in inreactor test facilities and in beam tubes that provide neutrons to experimental facilities located outside the reactor pool. The performance of these facilities meets the requirements for the future development of the CANDU power reactor and advanced materials into the next century. The design of the reactor is heavily reliant upon the availability of valid modern physics analysis tools that can efficiently predict the neutron flux distribution in the reactor, not only from the point of view of testfacility performance, but also the safe operation of the reactor. AECL has utilized two complimentary neutron-transport computer code sets, WIMS-AECL/ 3DDT and MCNP, to analyse the behavior of the CNF reactor. AECL is adopting a new code for research-reactor analysis, similar to that used in CANDU power-reactor analysis, which will predict time-dependent spatial flux distributions and provide a more thorough analysis of special-case transient conditions. The reactor-physics codes at AECL are reliable and efficient tools for modern reactor design, and the result of forty years of development and verification. REFERENCES 1. R.F. Lidstone, "The Evolution of Canadian Research Reactors: 1942 to 1992," Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Report, AECL-10760, A.G. Lee, R.F. Lidstone and J.V. Donnelly, "Developing the MAPLE Materials Test Reactor Concept," Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Report, AECL-10638, J.J. Duderstadt and L.J. Hamilton, Nuclear Reactor Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, A.F. Henry, Nuclear Reactor Analysis, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, A.G. Lee, R.F. Lidstone, W.E. Bishop. E.F. Talbot and H. Mcllwain, "A Description of the Canadian Irradiation- Research Facility Proposed to Replace the NRU Reactor," Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Report, AECL-11231, J.V. Donnelly, "WIMS-AECL, A User's Manual for the AECL Version of WIMS," Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Report, AECL-8955, J.C. Vigil, "3DDT, A Three-Dimensional Multigroup Diffusion-Burnup Program," Los Alamos National Laboratories Report, LA-4396, J.F. Briesmeister, éd., "MCNP-A General Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code, Version 4B," Los Alamos National Laboratories Report, LA-12625, PHYSICS IN CANADA January/February 1999

33 ARTICLE DE FOND (CANADIAN PHYSICS... ) CANADIAN PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 21 ST CENTURY (Based on a speech presented at the Canadian Neutron Facility Workshop, November 2 nd /3 rd, 1998, in Ottawa) by D. Allan Bromley It is always a pleasure for me to be back in the Ottawa valley. I grew up about 100 miles northwest of here, and I hold three degreesbachelors, masters, and doctorate-from Queen's University. Fifty years ago, in 1948,1 had the privilege of working in the National Research Council in Ottawa. In a very real sense, I have the feeling of "coming home" when I come back to this area. Because many whose knowledge is both deeper and more detailed than mine concerning the fundamental and industrial uses of neutrons are here today, I shall focus instead on broader issues of policy and of how the proposed Neutron Beam Research Laboratory fits into the national and international frameworks of science. A Vision for Canada in the 21 s1 Century The Honourable John Manley Minister of Industry September 29, 1997 House of Commons One of the characteristics of a Canadian education in the technical fields has always been that Canadians typically know much more mathematics than do their colleagues elsewhere in the world. I was very much impressed by the vision articulated by my good friend, the Honorable John Manley, Minister of Industry, a little over a year ago in the House of Commons, as excerpted on Figure 1.1 show here three quotations from his address, and the last two are particularly important: One could not ask for a better statement of national policy concerning research and development. The question, then, is how effectively is Canada implementing this new vision, and how does the proposed new Neutron Beam Research Laboratory (NBRL) facility fit within it." Let me begin, however, on a more general note, and make a few comments concerning Canadian research that are based in part on my own experience at Queens, for five years at the Chalk River Laboratories of Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited, and while I was in Washington, through my interactions with the leaders of the Canadian scientific establishment. "What our government has set out in the Speech from The Throne is nothing less than a new economic framework for the country. It is a framework based on seizing the opportunities presented by the global knowledge economy to create jobs and wealth in all sectors of the economy from high technology, to primary resources, to services." "Our vision will challenge Canadians - to be the best in the world." "By investing in Canada's research facilities, and government and university laboratories, we will maintain 1 one of the best research and development infrastructures in the world." Fig. 1 John Manley's Vision for Canada I can certainly say from personal experience that the Canadian educational system is of excellent quality. Certainly in my day, it provided a foundation for a subsequent career that was second to none, and the Canadian students that I see in American universities today still are the products of an outstanding educational experience. It bears noting, incidentally, that one of the characteristics of a Canadian education in the technical fields has always been that Canadians typically know much more mathematics than do their Prof. Bromley, Sterling Professor of the Sciences and Dean of Engineering, Dunham Laboratory, Yale University, 10 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut , U.S.A. d.bromley@yale.edu LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA janvier à février

34 FEATURE ARTICLE (CANADIAN PHYSICS... ) colleagues elsewhere in the world, and as one of the most fundamental of our intellectual tools, this is of continued value. R&D M a parcwitag* of OOP for G-7 oourtrlm Total R4D/GDP United States- y ~>0 -«^Japan, Canada France ^ UnMvd Kingdom But at the same time, I must emphasize that by the standards of the other G-7 countries-france, Fig. 2 Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States, Canadian researchers have been systematically underfunded in their research activities. I believe that this is true both in academic and in industrial settings. In the latter, one of Canada's problems is that so much of its industrial research is funded from foreign sources, and this has the ancillary effect that the number of attractive, high-technology jobs for young Canadians is less than otherwise would be the case. Canada, for decades, and even now, is a net exporter of its most important resource: bright, young trained minds. Although reasonable people can certainly argue the point, it has always been my impression that part of the problem has been that funding agencies in Canada have tended to focus almost exclusively on grants to individuals rather than on block grants to groups of individuals with similar interests. This has made it difficult to build up the critical mass of instrumentation, of technical support, and of tradition that is characteristic of research practices in most other G-7 countries. It is important, however, that I emphasize that where Canadians have had local access to frontier facilities, as is the case at TRIUMF, as was the case at Chalk River, and as will be the case at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, they have-and will- become world leaders. Canadian investment in research and development, something generally recognized as an investment in the national future, has remained roughly constant at about 1.5% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), for decades. This has been the case despite the fact that on several occasions, as for example in response to the recommendations of the Fyfe Committee in the 1970's, U* the Trudeau Government promised to increase Nond*f«raM RAD/GDP its investment to 2.8% of the Gross Domestic Product, but unfortunately never came close to that goal. Figure 2 simply compares the investments in R&D made by a number of G-7 countries over the period from 1981 to 1996, expressed as percentages of the Gross Domestic Products. This figure separates total R&D, and non-defence R&D, and the difference reflects, in part, at least, the fact that the U.S., for the last half of the 20th century, has carried a significant fraction of the national security burden for countries such as Germany and Japan. R&D as a percentage of GDP for G-7 countries It bears noting that Canada and Italy are at the low end of these rankings, but in 1997 and 1998 (beyond the end of these graphs), Italy has shown a striking increase, leaving Canada at the bottom. This Italian increase reflects the fact that the government has contacted a large number of its most affluent citizens, pointing out that an examination of their income tax returns would suggest that they have not paid their full share of that tax. We are told, for example, that in 1997 Sophia Loren reported that her total income for the year had been $8,000, and that her return was not atypical! The Italian Government went on to say that if the citizen agreed with the governmental findings, and promptly paid the missing taxes, the government would close its investigation of their affairs; if, on the other hand, the citizen did not agree with the governmental findings, the government promised to deepen and expand its investigation of their affairs. In consequence, money began to pour into government coffers, and a significant amount of it found its way into increased investment in research and development. Unfortunately this is a one-shot approach, that cannot be generally recommended. The question then is, "Can Canada fulfill Minister Manley's clearly articulated vision for the future without increasing its investment in research and development-in science and technology?" Many would argue that greater investment is essential. 32 PHYSICS IN CANADA January/February 1999

35 ARTICLE DE FOND (CANADIAN PHYSICS... ) I have been using the word "investment", and I do so quite consciously because recent studies by distinguished economists in the United States have shown that federal investment in science and technology shows one of the highest returns in our entire economy. The private rate of return has been found to be between 20 and 40 percent, where 10% is the usual figure for other federal and private investments. The public rate of return is between 40 and 80 percent. Fully half of the growth in the U.S. Gross Domestic Product since World War II can be directly attributed to the implementation of new technologies. And finally, in a recent analysis of patent applications over the last decade, it has been found that in responding to the requirement to quote the "prior art" upon which the patent application is based, fully 73% of that prior art, has resulted from federal investment in science and technology, 32% in universities, 11 % in federal laboratories, and the remainder in the industrial organizations themselves. There has always been a general belief, within the scientific and industrial communities, that these returns on federal investment in science and technology were higher than normal, but now for the first time we have analyses by distinguished economists to back up, and support, our arguments. There is a second problem that is atypical in Canada, namely the share of domestic industrial research and development financed from foreign sources. In Canada and the United Kingdom, this is between 15 and 20 percent, whereas in Japan and in the U.S. it is essentially zero. The corollary is that a significant fraction of industrial research in Canada is controlled from corporate headquarters-and in many cases corporate laboratories-outside of Canada with a consequent reduction in the number of industrial jobs available to Canadian citizens in Canada. Because I happen to know it best, and because it is directly relevant to the fundamental topic of this meeting, I shall focus my further comments on the situation in physics, and touch on a few aspects of Canadian physics facilities within an international context. Currently TRIUMF and the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) are clearly world-class facilities. The proposed KAON factory would have been similarly unique and would, in fact, have been constructed had Kim Campbell not suffered such an overwhelming defeat in the national election. I had worked closely with her and with my old friend Erich Vogt, and had convinced the US. State Departmentsomething unique in its history-to come up with the $75 million dollar share that we had promised if the KAON factory program went forward. The NRU, of course, is also a unique facility, but it is scheduled for closure in The accelerator facility TASCC, was a unique, and probably the best facility in its field, world-wide, but it was closed in There are two important considerations to bear in mind in terms of Canada's continuing participation in the international, scientific community. Although it has never really been spelled out in legal detail, it is, nonetheless true, that Canadian physicists will continue to be welcomed at other nations' major research facilities only as long as general reciprocity over the overall scientific spectrum is possible. Scientists from Canada will be welcomed at other nations' facilities if their scientists can, in turn, be welcomed at Canada's. It is also the case that current world policy is based on free access to major facilities by scientists having research proposals that meet the standards of the facilities program advisory committees. No usage charges are levied at these research facilities, but, again, this policy will only continue as long as a reasonable level of reciprocity is available. There have already been discussions at CERN and elsewhere in Europe about introducing user charges where reciprocity is not available. I want to illustrate my earlier point that when frontier facilities are available, Canadian scientists become world leaders by referring to one of the "Golden Ages" of Canadian experimental physics, as it was reflected in the Chalk River Laboratory in the decade from 1950 to There was general recognition that in this period the Chalk River Laboratory led the entire world in all of the areas shown in Figure 3. It was a great privilege and pleasure to be a part of this activity. Now let me turn to the question of Canadian physics facilities within a national, rather than an international, context. I believe that the existence of world-class research facilities within Canada is critical to the continued attraction of Canadian youth into scientific and technological, educational programs and careers. Canada has an enviable record of production of scientific leaders who are active today LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA janvier à février

36 FEATURE ARTICLE (CANADIAN PHYSICS... ) throughout the world community. I remember vividly in the 1960s when the U.S. Department of Energy-then the Atomic Energy Commission-undertook a survey to find out where the directors of its various laboratories, had come from. To everyone's surprise, and to the chagrin of a significant number of Americans, it was found that more than 50% of the directors of these laboratories were alumni of Chalk River, and furthermore that a majority of these held various degrees from Queen's University. You will pardon me for a small parochial plug here! Fig. 3 The Golden Age of Canadian Experimental Physics Chalk River Laboratory John Robson The Neutron Lifetime Bernard Kinsey and Gil Bartholemew Neutron Capture Gamma Spectroscopy Bert Brockhouse and Alex Stewart Neutron Scattering Harry Gove, John Ferguson, and Ted Litherland Collective Phenomena in Light Nuclei Einar Almqvist, Allan Bromley, and John Keuhner Nuclear Interactions with helions and heavy ions Bob Graham and Jim Geiger Precision Beta Spectroscopy Jim McKenzie and Allan Bromley; George Ewan and Ewan Tavendate Semiconductor Nuclear Detectors Fred Goulding Transistorized Instrumentation Warwick Knowles Precision Gamma Radiation Measurements The Golden Age of Canadian Experimental Physics It is also true that the existence of frontier facilities attracts absolutely outstanding people, and allows these people to fully develop their scientific potential. Such was the case, for example, in that the existence of the NRX and NRU reactors fostered the training of generations of outstanding natural scientists, and specifically, scientists familiar with neutron programs; this, of course, led to the much merited Brockhouse Nobel Prize in Physics. Let me now, finally, turn to the topic of this meeting, that of research reactors. In 1997 there were 176 research reactors operating world-wide in addition, to 42 training reactors, 27 critical assemblies, and 17 test reactors. Just 4 countries account for almost half of the operating research reactors, with 40 in the US., 27 in the Russian Federation, 10 in Japan, and 10 in China. The last, new multi-purpose research reactor was commissioned in Egypt in 1997, and 6 are either under construction or planned in Germany, China, Australia, Canada, the Russian Federation, and in Thailand. As indicated in Figure 4, the single most reliable indicator of a research reactors' scientific capabilities is its thermal neutron flux available outside the core for neutron beams, and a number of the existing and planned research reactors have Fig. 4 High Flux Research Reactors The single most important indicator of a research reactor's scientific capabilities is the thermal neutron flux available outside the core (for neutron beams). Several Existing or planned research reactors have an available flux exceeding 5 x cm 23 s 2 Facility Country Power, Peak Name MW Thermal Neutron Flux' 10' 4 cm' 2.s" 1 ILL France FHIP U.S.A " SM-3 Russ MR Fed Br-2 Russ NRU Fed. 135 e 3 Pik c Belguim HFBR Canada 60" 11 FRM-2 C Russ CNF' Fed. U.S.A. Germany Canada 40 3 In these units, the AMS would have had a flux of 70. The beam tubes at HFIR are placed closer to the peak flux region than in the ILL reactor; therefore, the HFIR's upgraded and enlarged beam tubes will actually provide neutron currents as great as or, in some cases, greater than ILL. Under construction HFBR is presently shut down. Before the shutdown, it was operating at only 30MW. NRU originally was operated at 200MW; power was reduced to 135MW with the change to enriched fuel. Proposed. High Flux Research Reactors 34 PHYSICS IN CANADA January/February 1999

37 ARTICLE DE FOND (CANADIAN PHYSICS... ) available neutron fluxes exceeding 5 X cm" 2 sec" 1.1 list ten of them with their thermal output in megawatts, their thermal neutron flux in units of per centimeter squared per second. The Laue- Langevin installation in Grenoble has been a model of French/German international collaboration, and has welcomed scientists from around the world to what remains the pre-eminent neutron facility. As I indicate in the first footnote on this particular figure, had the advanced neutron source (ANS) reactor that had been planned for the Oak Ridge National Laboratory been constructed, it would have had a neutron flux more than five times greater than any of those listed. I was heavily involved in working out the gentlemen's agreement among the directors of the major national laboratories in the US., in terms of who would get what facility, thus avoiding very real internecine warfare and blood on the floor; this agreement held for a number of years and the results are as follows: Brookhaven got the relativistic heavy ion collider, and this facility is in final stages of construction and testing; Argonne got the advanced photon source and it is now in full operation, as is the advanced light source at Berkeley; Livermore got the national ignition facility, a major laser-driven inertial confinement fusion device, that is now in final design stages; Los Alamos got an upgrade of its meson physics facility, and a spallation neutron source used both for military and civilian purposes.; Oak Ridge was to get an advanced reactor, the ANS, which as, just mentioned, would have been by a significant factor, the most powerful neutron based research facility anywhere in the world. Because its projected cost escalated very rapidly in the final stages of High Flux Research Reactors Reactor Number of Instrument Stations Thermal Cold Total ILL Grenoble 30 HFIR Oak Ridge Current Planned HFBR Brookhaven NRU Chalk River CNF Chalk River 11 + [8] [8] a) a. The additional Themal Stations are planned for the future and will not be included in the original project. Fig. 5 High Flux Research Reactors design, the project was cancelled by the Congress and has been replaced by a spallation neutron source, the SNS, which is currently under design at Oak Ridge. The exact specifications are not yet available, but it will certainly be a substantially less powerful facility than would have been the ANS. There is a lesson here for the Canadian project, to which I shall return. In terms of successful and productive research, the availability of the reactor or other neutron source is obviously a necessary but far from sufficient condition. Neutron instrumentation for use with the reactors or spallation sources tend to be complex, large, and expensive. In Figure 5 I list the number of instrumentation stations at a number of the existing and planned facilities both for thermal and for cold neutrons. Again, we see that the Laue- Langevin facility leads the world in terms of the research instrumentation installed with its reactor; in the case of the Canadian CNF, it is planned to have 16 instrument stations initially and the remaining eight are planned for later design and construction. Why does Canada need the National Beam Research Laboratory? It needs a new major physics facility for the reciprocity reasons that I have mentioned earlier. SNO is a unique Canadian facility, but it covers a relatively narrow field and is not sufficient for this purpose. Canada needs a new major physics facility that will send a positive message to Canadian students and young scientists that Canada is indeed serious about Minister John Manley's statement, "We will maintain one of the best research and development infrastructures in the world." Canada needs NBRL to allow Canadian scientists to maintain and build on the reputation for excellence in neutron related research that they have earned in the past. Canada needs NBRL in order to allow Canadian scientistsboth academic and industrial-to work on the frontiers of materials science and engineering. Neutrons are uniquely valuable as materials probes because they generally detect light elements as easily as heavier ones, not the case with electromagnetic probes such as X and gamma rays. And I must take a moment here to emphasize the importance of materials science. It has always been something of an orphan inasmuch as it did not fit comfortably within academic departmental boundaries, nor indeed did it fit comfortably within LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA janvier à février

38 FEATURE ARTICLE (CANADIAN PHYSICS... ) the defined boundaries of the funding agencies in many countries. While I was in Washington we did a survey of the materials work in progress among the sixteen federal agencies having significant programs in the field and were surprised to find that we were investing more than $2 billion dollars a year in materials science and technology. In part, this simply reflects the fact that every industrial process is ultimately limited in its efficiency, effectiveness and scope by the behavior of some material somewhere in the process. This can be temperature dependence, corrosion resistance, physical strength, and the list of characteristic properties that are of critical importance is a long one. I recall asking the Oak Ridge National Laboratory group to undertake a study of the economic importance in the United States, of having available materials with higher temperature performance characteristics. They reported that for every degree Fahrenheit that one could increase the average operating temperature of industrial processes in the United States, there would be an annual payback of $2 billion dollars, and this payback could be expected over a broad range of temperature. Materials science and technology are of critical importance to almost any industry that one cares to name. I do not have the time to discuss some of the exciting frontiers of modern materials science here. It is clear that there are a great many reasons why Canada needs the NBRL. II is important, however, for me to mention two potential problems that will be faced as Canada goes forward with this facility. First, if the conceptual design group responsible for the present estimate of the anticipated cost of CNF ($388 million Cdn) have followed the traditional pattern of low-balling the estimate in the hope of improving the chances of its approval, then when the project is turned over to the group of scientists and engineers who are actually expected to build it, the projected price inevitably increases because the reputation of this latter group rests on a successful completion of the construction and successful operation of the facility, and quite naturally this second group is more likely to build in additional features, additional safety factors, and in general, arrive at an increased cost. Unless a very rigorous control is maintained over this entire process so that the projected cost does not continue to escalate as it did in the case of the Oak Ridge Advanced Neutron Source and as it certainly did in the case of the U.S. Superconducting Supercollider, then government officials and government agencies will eventually find it necessary to terminate the project with enormous wastage-both intellectually and economically. Second, given that the operational management of any multiple user-and most particularly multiple ownerfacility is intrinsically complex requiring an unusual measure of good will on the part of both operators and users, the proposed sharing of the CNF Facility between the CANDU Power Reactor Project on the one hand and the NBRL Research Program on the other, will lead to serious problems unless the relative roles are very clearly defined from the outset, and unless there is truly an unusual measure of good will on the part of all concerned from the outset. Finally, in the spirit of Jonathan Swift, let me make a modest proposal. Historically, there has been some reluctance on the part of Western Canadians to support research facilities-for example Chalk River and SNO in the east-and a similar reluctance on the part of eastern Canadians to support research facilities in the west, e.g. TRIUMF. I focus here only on nuclear facilities, but the same applied to facilities in any and all fields. My question, then, is would it not be worthwhile to consider the possibility of putting all of Canada's major research facilities under an umbrella organization, perhaps "RESEARCH CANADA", that might reduce such geographic reluctance, and at the same time garner broader, political support from across Canada for a portfolio of research facilities that would represent at least part of what Minister John Manley referred to as "one of the best research and development infrastructures in the world,"in his Vision for Canada in the 21st Century. NBRL is an exciting facility that will lead to exciting and important research results. I would wish all involved with it every success in the days ahead. 36 PHYSICS IN CANADA January/February 1999

39 DOCTORATS DÉCERNÉS, 1998 PH.D. DEGREES IN PHYSICS AWARDED AT CANADIAN UNIVERSITIES IN 1998 DOCTORATS DÉCERNÉS EN PHYSIQUE DANS LES UNIVERSITÉS CANADIENNES, 1998 CARLETON UNIVERSITY LENTON, K.J., HydroxyI Radical Scavengers and Antioxidants in Radiation Protection, (C. Greenstock), Apr. 1998, now postdoctoral fellow at L'Hôpital d'youville, Sherbrooke. MACPHERSON, M Accurate Measurements of the Collision Stopping Powers tor 5 to 30 Electrons, (C. Ross), July 1998, now Medical Physicist Resident at Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre. ZHANG, G., Monte Carlo Investigation of Electron Beam Relative Output Factors, (D. Rogers), Sep. 1998, now Industrial Physicist at JDS Fitel, Ottawa. DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY BUIEL, E., Lithium Insertion in Hard Carbon Anode Materials for Li-ion Batteries, (J. Dahn), Oct. 1998, now at Westvaco, Charleston, SC. RICHARD, M., Acceleration Rate Calorimetry Study on the Fundamentals of Lithium-ion Battery Safety, (J. Dahn), Oct. 1998, now at ArgoTech Production Inc., Boucherville, PQ. WONG, J., Radiative Impact of Atmospheric Aerosols and Clouds, (P. Chylek), Oct. 1998, now at Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, NRC, Ottawa, ON. MCGILL UNIVERSITY BELLERIVE, Alain Investigation of semileptonic B mesons decays to p-wave charm mesons. (D. MacFarlane), Dean's Honour List, Feb. 1998, now Postdoctoral researcher at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland. GIRT, Erol, Elemental site substitutions in rare earth-iron compounds, (Z. Altounian), June 1998, now Postdoctoral researcher at the National Center for Electron Microscopy, University of California, Berkeley. HRISTOV, Dimitre, Development of technique for optimization and verification of radiation treatments, (G. Fallone), June 1998, now Research Assistant at Département de Radio-Oncologie, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Montréal. KIM, Taeman, Buffer gas cooling of ions in a radio frequency quadrupole ion guide: a study of the cooling process and cooled beam properties, (R. Moore), Feb. 1998, now Research Assistant at Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA. LAÇASSE, Roger, Hadron production in 10.8 GeV/c Au+Au collisions, (J. Barrette), Feb. 1998, now a Researcher at CAE, Montreal LIU, Yanzhang, Magnetic dissipation force microscopy, (P. Grutter), Dean's Honour List, Feb. 1998, now Senior R&D Engineer for Magnetic Recording Heads at Seagate Inc., Minneapolis, USA. MICHAUD, Denis, Neutrinos and fluctuating matter: going beyond MSW, (C. Burgess), Feb. 1998, now Postdoctoral researcher at the Université de Montréal and the University of Washington, Seattle. He also works for his own "internet" company. MICHAUD, Guy, D-brane bound states and two-dimensional black holes, (R. Myers), Feb. 1998, pursuing graduate studies in electrical engineering at the Université de Montréal. THOMA, Martin, Weyl orbit-orbit branching rules for lie algebras, (R. Sharp), Feb. 1998, moved to USA, plans unknown. ZANKOWSKI, Corey, Calibration of photon and electron beams with an extrapolation chamber, (E. Podgorsak), Feb. 1998, now Research Assistant at the Medical Physics Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency, B.C. ZEBARJAD, Seyyed, Positronium hyperfine splitting corrections using non-relativistic QED, (C. Burgess), Feb. 1998, moved back to Iran. MEMORIAL UNIV. OF NEWFOUNDLAND DICO, Awel, A H 2 -NMR study of interactions in model membranes containing pulmonary surfactant proteins SpB and SpC, (M. R. Morrow), Feb. 1998, now working at Nortel. GRIGORIANTS, Eugene, Raman and Brillouin spectroscopic studies of single crystals of CH t and CD 4, (M. J. Clouter and H. Kiefte), July 1998, now a postdoc at the Carnegie Institute of Washington (DC) Geophysical Laboratory. XIANG, Fan, Improvement and investigation of sample preparation for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization of proteins, (R. Beavis), Oct. 1997, now Postdoc in the Department of Chemistry, U.B.C. MCMASTER UNIVERSITY BRANCH, D., Optical Properties of Strongly Coupled D-Wave Superconductors with an Anisotropic Pairing Interaction, (J. P. Carbotte), June 1998, now at Royal Bank, Toronto. FLEMING, D., Human Lead Metabolism: Chronic Exposure, Bond Lead and Physiological Models, (C. Webber, D.R Chettle) June 1998, now faculty position at University of Vermont. HASLIP, D., Studies of A!=4 Bifurcation in A-150 Superdeformed Bands, (U.C. Waddington), Nov. 1998, now at Defence Research Establishment, Ottawa. NIEMINEN, J., Superdeformation: A Tool to Study Fusion-Evaporation Reactions, (S. Flibotte), Nov. 1998, now at Dofasco, Hamilton. SCHEER, M., Single- and Multiphoton Infrared Laser Spectroscopy of Atomic Negative Ions. (H.K. Raugen) Nov. 1999, now at JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder. QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY HEISZ, Jeffrey M., Boltzmann Magnetotransport in Two Dimensional Electron Gases in the Presence of Parallel Magnetic Fields, (E. Zaremba), Sep. 1998, now with Systemware, Toronto. KAVELAARS, J.J., Globular Clusters as Dynamical Probes of the SO Galaxy NGC (D.A. Hanes), Jan. 1998, postdoctoral position at McMaster. LANGSTAFF, Sarah D., Calcium Phosphate Ceramics Capable of Supporting Osteoclastic Resorption, (M. Sayer), Aug. 1998, postdoctoral position at Queen's. LEE, Siow-Wang, The Interstellar Medium and Disk-Halo Interaction of Edge-on Galaxies NGC3044 and NGC5775, (J.A. Irwin), Jan. 1998, postdoctoral position in Taiwan. SABET-SHARGHI, Riaz, A Neutron Diffraction and Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Evaluation of Defect-Induced Stress Concentrations, (D.L. Atherton and L. Clapham), Sep. 1998, postdoctoral position at Queen's. SALOMONS, Gregory, Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Study of Crazing in Bulk Thermoplastic Polymers, (M.A. Singh), Jan. 1998, postdoctoral position with Kingston Regional Cancer Centre. STEINBACHER, John J., Positron Annihilation in Simple Condensed Gases, (A.T. Stewart), Sep. 1998, with IBM, Toronto. SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY ARES, Richard, Growth Mechanisms of Atomic Layer Epitaxy studied in situ by Reflectance Difference Spetroscopy, (S. Watkms), Feb. 1998, now Epitaxy Engineer, Nortel Technologies EIX, Sandra, A feasibility study for Bistable Optical Soliton Logic Gates, (Richard H Enns), May 98. HAMED, Fathalla Abdosadik, Electrical Conduction Studies on Superconducting Bi-2212 Whiskers, (A.E. Curzon), May 98. HARRISON, Dale Andrew, Photoluminescence Spectroscopy of D States in GaAs., (MLW Thewalt), Sep. 98. KOWALKEWSKI, Macieg Mathew, Engineering and Investigation of Interlayer Exchange coupling in bcc Fe/Cu/Fe(001) Structures, (B Heinrich), May 98. MIMNAGH, Dominic James, Thermal Conductivity and Dynamics of a Chain Free and Bound Particles, (L. Ballentine), Feb 98. UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA AL-SHAMALI, F., Nonfactorization and Two-Body Hadronic B Decays, (A.N. Kamal), September 1998, now a Postdoctoral Fellow with A.N. Kamal, University of Alberta. SOLUK, R., First Observation of the Rare Decay K" rfm, (P. Kitching), September DE VILLIERS, J.P., Dynamics of Cosmic Strings in Blackhole Spacetimes, (V P. Frolov), September, 1998, effective Jan. I, an NSERC Postdoctoral Fellow with Dr. David Clarke, Saint Mary's University. VORONKOV, I., Shear Alfven Waves and Shear Flow Instabilities in the Earth's Magnetosphere, (J.C. Samson and R. Rankin), April 1998, now a Research Associate for the SuperDARN project at the University of Alberta. Jl, Q., A Physical Model tor Broadband Ultrasonic Studies of Cancellous Bone, (L. Filipow), April I 998, now Research Associate with St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee. CONNORS, M., Auroral Current Systems Studied Using Automated Forward Modelling, (G. Rostoker), January 1999, now an Assistant Professor of Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy at Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta. HENDY, S.C., Cosmic Strings in Black Hole Spacetimes, (V.P. Frolov), January, 1998, now a Postdoctoral Fellow with Applied Maths Group Industrial Research Limited, Wellington, New Zealand. ANDERSON, W.G., Moving Mirrors and the Boulware State for Black Holes, (W. Israel), January, 1998, now a NSERC Postdoctoral Fellow at University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ESTILAEI, Mohammad Reza, Proton Magnetic Resonance of Lung, 3/12/98, (Alex MacKay), Research Associate, UCSF, San Francisco, California. FORSMAN, Andrew, Studies of Dense, Strongly-Coupled Plasmas Using Intense Femtosecond Lasers, 4/2/98, (Andrew Ng), Post Doctoral Fellow, Los Alamos, NM. KWA, William Shing Yan, Asymmetric Collimation: Dosimetric Characteristics, Treatment Planning and Clinical Applications, 3/24/98, (Ellen El-Khatib), Medical Physicist, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, B.C. SALIBA, Michael, A Precision Measurement of the Neutron-Neutron Scattering Length from the Reaction LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA janvier à février,

40 PH.D. DEGREES AWARDED IN 1998 rf ynn, 4/16/98, (David Measday), Lecturer, Engineering, University of Malta. SITEK, Arkadiusz, The Development of Multiple Line Transmission Sources for SPECT, 3/24/98, (Anna Celler),Post Doctoral Fellow, Univ. of Utah. SONIER, Jeff. The Magnetic Penetration Depth and the Coherence Length in the Vortex State of Type-il Superconductors, 4/3/98, (Robert Kiefl), Post Doctoral Fellow, Los Alamos, NM. VAVASOUR, Irene, Magnetic Resonance of Human and Bovine Brain., 4/22/98, (Alex MacKay), Post Doctoral Fellow, Radiology, UBC. UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY AMERL, P., Design, Construction, and Evaluation of an Omegatron Mass Spectrometer, (H.R. Krouse), Aug. 1998, Post Doc., University of Calgary. DEY, D.. Improvement of SPECT Using Radionuclide Transmission Attenuation Maps, (L.J. Hahn), Nov. 1998, now post-doctoral fellow with the Medical Imaging Research Group, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario. WEYGAND, J. M., Polar Cap Arcs: A New Classification Scheme, (J.S. Murphree), Nov (tentative), now a post-doctorate research scientist with the University of Berne in Switzerland. WIESER, M., Stable Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry of Nanogram Quantities of Boron and Sulfur, (H.R. Krouse), June 1998, now Visiting Research Fellow, Department of Applied Physics, Curtin University of Technology, Western Australia. UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH CHON, M.C., Muon Physics and Neural Network Event Classifier for Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, (J. Law), Feb. 1998, now at the Internal Audit Services, Royal Bank of Canada, 200 Bay Street, 9th Floor, South Tower, Toronto, Ontario. CREIGHTON, J., Molecular Gas in HII Regions of MIO\, (M. Fich), May 1998, now at Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (PAC), California Institute of Technology, CALTECH, MS , 770 South Wilson, Pasadena, CA, U.S.A. QIAN, J., The Dynamics of Peptide - 16 DMPC Bilayer Membranes, (J. Davis), Feb. 1998, now at AECL, Mississauga, ON. RIBES, A., Applications and Characterization of a Confocal Scanning Laser MACROscope/ Microscope, (A.B. Dixon), May 1998, now a Post Doctoral Fellow at the University of Waterloo, Dept. of Physics, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1. RICHARDSON, A., Noncovariant Gauges in Non-Abelian Field Theory, (G. Leibbrandt), June 1998, now a professional musician, Guelph, Ontario. SCOTT, A., Laboratory Formation and Analysis of the Materials Comprising Interstellar Dust, (W. Duley), Oct. 1997, now an Optical Engineer at CAL Corporation, Ottawa, Ontario. TIEDJE, H., The Preparation of Properties of CulnSe2 Thin Film and CulnSe2/CdS Thin Film Solar Cells, (D.E. Brodie), Oct. 1997, now a Post Doctoral Fellow at the University of Guelph, Department of Physics, Guelph, Ontario, NIG 2W1. UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL BEAUCHAMP, Dominique, Étude des abondances de Mg et de Fe dans la composante stellaire des galaxies spirales, (E.J. Hardy), 1997 novembre. Maintenant il travaille pour sa nouvelle compagnie de haute technologie qu'il vient de démarrer à Québec, P.O. BRODEUR, André, The propagation of powerful ultrashort laser pulses in transparent media: Selffocusing, continuum generation and conical emission, (S.L Chin), 1998 février. Maintenant attaché de recherche à l'institut des matériaux industriels - Conseil national de recherche à Boucherville, P.Q. CABANAC, Rémi, Astronomie avec miroirs liquides, (E.F. Borra), 1998 septembre. Maintenant stagiaire postdoctoral à l'institut d'astrophysique de Paris, France. CANTIN, Daniel, Étude des résonateurs instables munis de miroirs à sauts de phase, (M. Piché), 1998 juin. Maintenant il travaille chez Optel Technologies, Québec, P.Q. Il est co-fondateur de cette compagnie. DELISLE, Sonya, Synthèse spectrale des populations stellaires des galaxies: séparation de effets d'âge et de métallicité, 1998 juillet. Maintenant animatrice scientifique, à temps partiel, pour la station scientifique Aster à St-Louis du Ha Ha, ainsi qu'à temps partiel à titre de personne-ressource pour la formation continue à l'université Laval, Québec, P.Q. DUQUET, Jean-Rémi, Capture d'objets mineurs par dissipation magnétique autour d'étoiles compactes, (S. Pineault), 1998 mars. Maintenant analyste senior chez Lockheed-Martin à Montréal, P.Q. DUTIL, Yvan, Les abondances chimiques dans les galaxies spirales de type précoce, (J.-R. Roy), 1998 février. Maintenant chercheur postdoctoral à la Défense Nationale (DREV) à Valcartier, P.Q. GAGNÉ, Philippe, Reconnaissance optique des formes en parallèle utilisant des réseaux de neurones est une mire de réducation de dimensions, (H.H. Arsenault), 1998 juillet. Maintenant chercheur au CRIQ, Québec, P.Q. GOLDBERG, Florent, Fabrication de couches minces à mémoire de forme et effets de l'irradiation ionique, (E.J. Knystautas), 1998 mars. Maintenant attaché de recherche à l'institut des Matériaux Industriels - Conseil National de recherche à Boucherville, P.Q. LANGLOIS, Patrick, Génération, compression et stabilisation d'impulsions brèves émises par des lasers à semi-conducteurs, (M. Piché), 1998 février. Maintenant stagiaire postdoctoral au Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Laboratory of Electronics. PICARD, Pierre, L'impacteur à cascade SPAL: design, étalonnage et application à l'analyse d'aérosols organiques et inorganiques, (M. Baril), 1997 octobre. Maintenant assistant de recherche avec le prof. Baril au Département de physique à l'université Laval, Québec, P.Q.. PLANTE, Jacinthe, Étude spectroscopique des collisions moléculaires (hydrogène-azote et hydrogène-oxygène) à des énergies de quelques MeV, (E.J. Knystautas), 1998 janvier. ROY, Gilles, Contribution à l'étude des lidars à champs visuels multiples, (R. Tremblay), 1997 septembre. Maintenant chercheur au CRDV, Valcartier, P.Q. POULIN, Robert, Intégration symplectique et étude dynamique de systèmes hamiltoniens. Canalisation d'une particule chargée traversant un cristal, (L.J. Dubé), 1998 février. Maintenant stagiaire postdoctoral à l'hôpital l'hôtel-dieu de Québec, P.Q. SCHEU, Norbert, On the computation of structure functions and mass and mass spectra in a relativistic Hamiltonian formalism: a lattice point of view, (H. Krôger), 1998 avril. Maintenant stagiaire postdoctoral au Département de physique à l'université de Linz en Autriche, TALEBPOUR, Abdossamad, New advances in the interaction of a femtosecond Ti: Sapphire Laser with atoms and molecules, (S.L. Chin), 1998 juin. Maintenant stagiaire posdoctoral avec le prof. Chin au Département de physique, Université Laval, Québec, P.Q. THIBAULT, Simon, Profilomètre télécentrique à miroir liquide pour des grandes dimensions, (E.F. Borra), 1998 avril. Maintenant chercheur à l'institut National d'optique, Sainte-Foy, P.Q. WALSH, Timothy, The simplest molecules in intense laser fields, (S.L. Chin), 1998 janvier. Maintenant, il travaille en Ontario. UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA GAN, L., A Study of the Sensitivity of the H Dibaryon Search Experiment E813at BNL through (I - A + n (C.A. Davis), May 1998; now a postdoctoral fellow at CEBAF, Newport News, VA. HAMIAN, A., The Measurement of Parity Violation in Proton-Proton Scattering at 221 MeV (S.A. Page), Oct 1998; now a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Washington, Seattle. KRUTCHINSKY, A.. A Collisional Damping Interface for a Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer with Both Electrospray Ionization and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization, (K.G. Standing), Oct. 1998; now a postdoctoral fellow at the NIH Mass Spectrometry Facility, Rockefeller University, New York. MCQUARRIE, B., Molecular Collisions: Effect on the HD Infrared Spectrum and Development of a Moyal Quantum Mechanical Description (G.C. Tabisz), Feb 1998; now a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Toronto. SHEN, X., Study of Molecular Order and Dynamics in Calamitic and Discotic Liquid Crystals, (R.A. Dong), Oct. 1998; now working at Systems Xcellence Inc., North York, ON. SUN, Z., Demultiplexer Based on Integrated Concave Grating, (K.A. McGreer), May 1998; now working at Philips Broadband Networks in Manlius, NY. WESTMACOTT, G., Ion Desorption, Detection and Dissociation in Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry, (W. Ens), Oct. 1998; now a postdoctoral fellow at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA. BEN ELFASSI, Ahmed, Recherche des particules supersymétriques au LHC à l'aide du détecteur Atlas. (Claude Leroy). BOISVERT, Ghyslain, Modélisation de la diffusion sur les surfaces métalliques : de l'adatome aux processus de croissance, (Laurent J. Lewis). BULTENA, Sandy, An In-Depth Study of High Energy Oxygen Implantation into Ion-Damaged Silicon, sous la direction de John Low Brebner et la codirection d'arthur Yelon (École Polytechnique). EDERY, Ariel, Études sur la gravitation : théories alternatives en 2*1 et 3+1 dimensions, (Manu B. Paranjape). HAJJAR, Roger, Étude des environnements circumstellaires d'étoiles Ae/Be de Herbig et d'autres étoiles jeunes, (Pierre Bastien). JOLY, André, Production du baryon S+ dans les collisions e+e- au LEP, avec le détecteur OPAL, (Paul Taras). LAPOINTE, Luc, Modèles de Calogero et Sutherland, fonctions spéciales et symétries, (Luc Vinet). LÉPINE, Sébastien, Structure inhomogène et dynamique des vents stellaires chauds par spectroscopie de raies d'émission, sous la direction de Anthony Moffat et la codirection de Richard R. Henriksen. LOUTSENKO, Igor, Solitons in Waves Propagation and Spin Systems, (Luc Vinet). MARCHAND, Sylvie, Étude théorique de la coopérativité dans la liaison des ions calcium aux sites de la calbindine D9K, (Benoît Roux). TAFIROUT, Reda, Recherche de leptons lourds au LEP 2, (Georges Azuelos). UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK CROSS, Albert Roy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction, (R. Armstrong), May 1998, now Postdoctoral Fellow in the Physics Department at the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB. 38 PHYSICS IN CANADA January/February 1999

41 DOCTORATS DÉCERNÉS, 1998 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA DOU, L., Applications of Bayesian Inference Methods to Time Series Data Analysis and Hyperfine Parameter Extractions in Mossbauer Spectroscopy, (R.J.W. Hodgson), November 1998, now Intermediate Software Analyst Developer, Toronto. LEBLANC, D., Thermal Release of Hidden Magnetic Moments in Low and High Te Type II Superconductors, (M A R. LeBlanc), September 1998, now Research Assistant, University of Ottawa, Ottawa. UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE ALLEN, Dave, Étude des chaenes de spin couplées par la méthode de la théorie quantique des champs. (D. Sénéchal), 1998 août. Maintenant boursier postdoctoral FCAR avec le groupe de A. Tsvelik à l'université d'oxford, Angleterre. CHITOV, Guennadi, The Fermi Liquid as a Renormalization Group Fixed Point, (D. Sénéchal), 1998 mars. Maintenant boursier postdoctoral avec le groupe de A. Millis du Département de physique, Université John Hopkins, Baltimore, États-Unis. DOLEZ, Patricia, Méthode calorimétrique de mesure des pertes ac par annulation : mise au point et résultats, (M. Aubin), 1998 avril. Maintenant stagiaire postdoctorale à Blacksbury, Caroline du Nord, États-Unis. Elle travaille maintenant sur des polymères. DUMOULIN, Benoît, Étude théorique des fluctuations structurales dans les composés organiques à dimensionalité réduite, (C. Bourbonnais), 1998 février. Maintenant boursier postdoctoral industriel CRSNG au sein du groupe D. Boies chez Bell Northern Research, Ile des Soeurs, Verdun, Québec. GHAMLOUCHE, Hassan, Effets thermoélectrique et thermomagnétique du YBa2Cu307-d, (M. Aubin), 1997 décembre. Maintenant boursier postdoctoral à l'agence spatiale canadienne. UNIVERSITY OF REGINA ZHANG, Jingbo, A Study of the Reaction N(pi,2pi)N in Chiral Perturbation Theory, (N. Mobed), May 1998, now Programmer/Analyst with Saskatchewan Telecommunications, Regina, Saskatchewan. UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN GARROW, K., Photonuclear Reaction Mechanisms At Intermediate Energies, (R.E. Pywell), Mar UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO ADAMS, C P Magnetic and Transport Properties of FeGe 2, (T.E. Mason), Nov. 1998, now Research Scientist at NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA. AKOZBEK, N. Optical Solitary Waves in a Photonic Bandgap, (S. John), June 1998, now Research Scientist with the Weapons Sciences Directorate of the U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command in Redstone Arsenal, AL. USA. BERDEKLIS, P., The Ice Crystal-Graupel Collision Charging Mechanism of Thunderstorm Electrification, (R. List), Nov. 1998, now Financial Quantitative Programmer with Maple Partners Financial Products, Toronto, Ontario. BERMAN, R., Direct Measurements of Line Mixing, Line Broadening and Translational Line Shape in the v1+v2 Q-Branch of Pure C0 2, (J R. Drummond), June 1998, now Research Scientist with Crestech Inc., Ontario Centre of Excellence for Earth and space Technology, Toronto, Ontario. DALGLIESH, W.R.. A Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Polarization States of a Nd 3 ': YAG Laser, (A.D May), June 1998, now with Algorithmics Inc., Toronto, Ontario. DU, J., On the Mei-Yu Front and the Associated Potential Vorticity Anomaly, (H-R. Cho), June 1998, now with Array Systems Computing Inc, North York, Ontario. HACHE, A., Coherent Control of Photocurrent in Bulk Semiconductors, (H.M. van Driel), June 1998, now Assistant Professor at University of Moncton, Physics Department. HSUEH, Y-W., NMR Study of the Pseudogap in Pb 2Sr 2(Y,Ca)Cu 3O s, 6, (B.W. Statt), June 1998, now PDF in the Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. HUGHES, J.L.P., Linear and Nonlinear Properties of Semiconductors: Theory and Calculations, (J.E. Sipe), June 1998, now Financial Analyst with the Bank of Montreal, Toronto, Ontario. KULCSAR, G., Intense Picosecond X Rays from Structured Targets, (R.S. Marjoribanks), Nov. 1998, now Research Associate at the Max Born Institute, Berlin, Germany. LEGARE, J., Wyman Sector Wave Collapse in the Nonsymmetric Gravitational Theory: An Application of Small-Scale Numerical Relativity, (J.W. Moffat), Nov. 1998, now Senior Consultant with Tech Hackers Inc., New York City, NY, USA. LEONARD, F., Alloy Decomposition and Surface Instabilities in Thin Films, (R.C. Desai), Nov. 1998, now NSERC PDF with IBM T.J. Watson Research Centre, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA. LIU, W., Time-Lapse Crosswell Seismic Monitoring of the Athabasca Tar Sands, (G.F. West), June 1998, now Computer Applications Geophysical Specialist with Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, OK, USA. MIHAYCHUK, J.G., Nonlinear Optical Studies of Multiphoton Photoemission in Silicon Covered by Ultrathin Oxide Films, (H.M. van Driel), June 1998, now Staff Scientist with Dalsa Inc. Waterloo, Ontario. MILNE, G.A., Refining Models of the Glacial Isostatic Adjustment Process, (J.X. Mitrovica), June 1998, now Assistant Professor at University of Durham, UK. PARI, G.I, Geophysical Constraints on Mantle Dynamics, (W.R. Peltier), June 1998, now Post- Doctoral Fellow at Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Inst. Of Oceanography, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA. PYSKLYWEC, R.N., Mantle Flow and the Geological Record: Dynamical Mechanisms for Continental Epeirogeny, (J.X. Mitrovica), Nov. 1998, now NSERC PDF at Dalhousie University. Department of Oceanography, Halifax, Nova Scotia. SCHOENBORN, O.L., Phase-Ordering Kinetics on Curved Surfaces, (R.C. Desai), June 1998, now Research Officer with NRC Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Institute, London, Ontario. SHELDON, G.D., Measurement of Line Mixing in the Raman Q Branch of Deuterium and Hydrogen Deuteride, (A.D. May), June 1998, now with Algorithmics Inc., Toronto, Ontario. SIAHKOOHI, H.R., 3-D Seismic Imaging of Complex Structures in Near-Surface Deposits, (G.F. West), June 1998, now Research Associate with the Institute of Geophysics, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. WARBURTON, A.T., A Study of Nonleptonic Decays of B Mesons into final States of Strange Mesons and 1S or 2S Charmonia, (P.K. Sinervo), June 1998, now NSERC PDF in the Physics Department at Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA. ZHAO, L., Experimental Studies of Harmonic Generation from So//d-Dens/fy P/asmas Produced by Picosecond Ultra-Sensitive Laser Pulses, (R.S. Marjoribanks), Nov. 1998, now with Lightwave Microsystems, Santa Clara, CA, USA. UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA LYDER, David Anthony, Star Formation in Camelopardalis: Cam 08f,(A.C. Gower, C.R. Purton). Nov CAO, Jianying (Bob), Electronic Structures of Iron Monocarbide (FeC) and Rhenium Mononitride (ReN), (J.B. Tatum, C. Qian).May, Now a Post-Doc at the University of Southern California OVERDUIN, James Martin, Observational Constraints on Higher-dimensional and Variable-L Cosmologies, (F.I. Cooperstock). May, Currently a Post-Doc.at the University of Waterloo. PERRY, George Philip, Isolated Systems in General Relativity: The Gravitational-Electrostatic Two-Body Balance Problem and the Gravitational Geon, (F.I. Cooperstock). May, RICHARDSON, Stephen Alan, A Study of Some Rare Radiative Meson Decays, (C E. Picciotto), May, 1998 WHITE, John Stephen, Testing Lepton Universality using One-Prong Hadronic Tau Decays, (R. Sobie, M. Lefebvre). May, Now a Post-Doc at Carleton University. UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO CREIGHTON Giannakopoulou, Jean, Molecular Gas in HII Regions ofm101, (M. Fich), May Now working at Caltech, Pasadena, CA RIBES, Alfonso C., Applications and Characterizations of a Confocal Scanning Laser MACROscope/ Microscope, (A.E. Dixon), May Now a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Physics at the University of Waterloo. YU, Hui, Low-energy Electron and Ion Induced Surface Processes: Studies of Novel Surface Species on Cu(100) and Si(111) 77 by Electron-based Materials Analysis Techniques, (K.T. Leung), Oct Now working a Dostek Inc., 238 Westheights, Kitchener. ON. UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO MA, Penghui. The Growth of Ultrathin Ferromagnetic Structures on Ge(100) and Sulphur Passivated Ge(100) and GaAs(100), (I V. Mitchell and P R Norton), Jan. 1998, now employed in a Postdoctoral position in the Chemistry Deprtment, University of Western Ontario. NASR, Sahar, Evolution of Structural Patterns on Surface: SN on lll-v Compound Semiconductors, (M. Zinke-Allmang), Jan THOMPSON, Russell, Variable Range Hopping Conduction in High Temperature Superconducting Junctions and Low Dimensional Systems, (M.R. Singh), Sep., 1998, now employed in a Postdoctoral position at the Polymer Science Centre, University of Reading, U.K. YORK UNIVERSITY McLINDEN, S., Obsen/ations of Atmospheric Composition from NASA ER-2 Spectroradiometer Measurements, (J. McConnell), Nov. 1998, now Postdoctoral Fellow, Earth System Science Department, University of California, Irvine, CA. ROTHERY, N., A High-Precision Measurement of the 2 S Atomic Hydrogen Hyperfine Interval, (E. Hessels), Nov RUDOLPH, I., Dressing an Atom in a Field of Many Colours, (H. Freedhoff), Nov. 1998, now contract lecturer, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON. LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA janvier à février,

42 BOOKS RECEIVED-BOOK REVIEW / ADVERTISEMENTS BOOKS RECEIVED /LIVRES REÇUS The following books have been received for review. Readers are invited to write reviews, in English or French, of books of interest to them. Books may be requested from the book review editor André Roberge by at aroberge@nickel.laurentian.ca or at Department of Physics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6. Tel: (705) , ext. 2234, FAX: (705) Les livres suivants nous sont parvenus pour la critique c\ui peut être faite en anglais ou en français. Si vous êtes intéressés de nous communiquer une revue critique sur un ouvrage en particulier, vous êtes invités à vous mettre en rapport avec le responsable de la critique des livres, André Roberge par courrier électronique via aroberge@nickel.laurentian.ca ou au: Département de physique, Université Lauren tienne, Sudbury, Ontario, P3C 2C6. Tél. : (705) , poste Télécopieur : (705) GENERAL INTEREST Handbook of Science Communication, A. Wilson, IOP Publishing, 1998, pp: xiii+159, ISBN ; Price: $19 (pbk) Random Recollections of a Peripatetic Physicist J.S.C. McKee, Minerva Press, 1998, pp: 205, ISBN ; Price: 5.99 (pbk) UNDERGRADUATE TEXTS Introduction to Fiber Optics, A. Ghatak & K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp: xvi+565, ISBN (pbk; he); TA1800.G48; Price: $49.95 (pbk; $120 he) Modelling with Differential and Difference Equations, G. Fulford, P. Forrester and A. Jones, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp: x+405; ISBN X (pbk; -M069-6 he); Price: $29.95 (pbk; $74.95 he) GRADUATE TEXTS AND PROCEEDINGS Acta Numerica 1997, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp: 551, ISBN ; Price: $60 (he) Basic Ideas and Concepts in Nuclear Physics, Second Edition, K. Heyde, IOP Publishing, 1999, pp: xx+524; ISBN (pbk; he); Price: 35 (pbk; 105 he) Electron Microprobe Analysis, Second Edition, S.J.B. Reed, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp: xviii+326, ISBN x (pbk; he); QD117.E42R43; Price: $39.95 (pbk; $95 he) Lattice-Gas Cellular Automata, D.H. Rothman & S. Zaleski, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp: xxi+297; ISBN ; QC157.R587; Price: $69.95 Many-Body Atomic Physics, Edited by J.J. Boyle & M.S. Pindzola, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp: xxii+405, ISBN ^; Price:?? (he) Optical Properties of Semiconductor Nanocrystals, S.V. Gaponenko, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp: xiv+245, ISBN ; QC G36; Price: $64.95 (he) Particle Astrophysics, H.V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus & K. Zuber, IOP Publishing, 1997, pp: xiii+507; ISBN ; QB464.K53: Price: $200 (he) Thermodynamics of Crystals, D.C. Wallace, Dover, 1998, pp: xviii+484, ISBN 0^ ; QD931.W34; Price: $16.95 BOOK REVIEW/ CRITIQUE DE LIVRE ELECTRONIC EXCITATIONS AT METAL SURFACES, Ansgar Leibsch, Plenum Press, New York 1997; pp:x+336; $85.00 (US). As the title indicates, the scope of this monograph is somewhat limited. But within the stated objective, the author presents a detailed account of the topics dealt with. The main theoretical tool which the author uses to study these topics is the density functional theory which, incidently, has fetched the 1998 Nobel prize for chemistry to W. Kohn and J.A. Pople. The method is applied in the book for investigating various topics e.g. plasmon propagation on the surface of a metal, optical properties (in linear as well as nonlinear regimes), van der Waals attraction and electron-hole pair creation. The first chapter provides an introduction to density functional theory. One of the technical highlights of the book is that the author points out, wherever necessary, the limitations of the jellium model (an electron gas neutralized by a positive background) which is a theorist's favourite playground but which neglects lattice effects. A simple metal like silver is discussed as an example. The book presents calculational details; however the presentation is largely aimed at the practitioners of the field. There are ample references. This book will be of interest primarily to those scientists who are actively involved in theoretical and, to the author's credit, also to experimental studies of metal surfaces. The price looks a bit high. A paperback version would have been cheaper - something all libraries need to be conscious of these days. Amal K. Das, Department of Physics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada POST-DOCTORAL POSITIONS, Memorial University of Newfoundland Post-doctoral positions are available in the Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography at Memorial University of Newfoundland in the following areas: (1) Theoretical studies of polymers (Dr. M.D. Whitmore) - Research on polymers, polymer blends, end-tethered polymers (polymer brushes) and phospholipid membranes using numerical selfconsistent field theory and Monte Carlo simulations; (2) Wideline-NMR studies of phospholipid bilayers (Dr. M R. Morrow) - 2 H-NMR studies of saturated and unsaturated lipid bilayers, at ambient and high pressure, and of protein-lipid interaction in model membranes relevant to lung surfactant function; (3) Pattern formation and nonlinear dynamics (Dr. J.R. de Bruyn) - Experiments on the formation and evolution of patterns, instabilities, spatiotemporal chaos, and growth in nonequilibrium fluid dynamical and other systems. Successful applicants may be given the opportunity to teach appropriate courses at the undergraduate level. Information about the Department is available at Applicants for all positions should submit a curriculum vitae and the names of at least two references to: M.R. Morrow, Head Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NF Canada A1B3X7 myke@kelvin.physics.mun.ca Fax: (709) Memorial University of Newfoundland is committed to the principle of equity in employment. In accordance with Canada immigration requirements, priority will be given to Canadian citizens and permanent residents of Canada 40 PHYSICS IN CANADA January/February 1999

43 The Department of Physics and Astronomy invites applications for a three-year limited term appointment to begin July 1, Applicants must be bilingual, as the position will involve teaching in both French and in English. Applicants should preferably have completed a Ph.D. in the area of Medical Physics. The department has recently initiated an undergraduate programme in Biomedical Physics and benefits from an increasingly close relationship with the Northeastern Ontario Regional Cancer Centre (NEORCC). NEORCC is situated a scant 2 kilometres from the university campus, and has active research programmes in neural nets, image registration, and dose optimization in treatment planning. The University is committed to equity in employment and encourages applications from all qualified applicants, including women, aboriginal peoples, members of visible minorities, and persons with disabilities. In accordance with Canadian immigration requirements, this advertisement is directed first to Canadian citizens and permanent residents. Please submit an application with a complete C.V. and the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of three referees to Chair of the department, Prof. N.I. Robb, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6. Additional information about this position and the department may be found at or by telephone (705) extension 2220 or by fax: (705) Screening of candidates will commence March 30, 1999, but applications will be accepted until the position is filled. This position is subject to budgetary approval. Le département de physique et d'astronomie de l'université Laurentienne sollicite des candidatures pour un poste de durée limitée à trois ans, commençant le 1 juillet Le candidat ou la candidate doit être bilingue puisque la charge de travail comprendra de l'enseignement de cours en anglais et en français. La préférence sera accordée à un candidat ou une candidate ayant complété un doctorat en physique médicale. Le département a récemment introduit un programme de baccalauréat en physique biomédicale et collabore avec des physiciens du centre régional de cancérologie du nord-est de l'ontario (CRCNEO). Le CRCNEO, situé à 2 kilomètres de l'université, est un site actif de recherche sur les réseaux neuronaux, la reconnaissance d'images ainsi que le problème de l'optimisation inverse. L'université Laurentienne adhère au principe de l'équité dans l'emploi et incite toutes les personnes qualifiées, y compris les femmes, les Autochtones, les membres des minorités visibles et les personnes handicapées à poser leur candidature. Conformément aux exigences d'immigration Canada, cette annonce s'adresse aux citoyennes et citoyens canadiens et au résidentes et résidents permanents. Prière de faire parvenir un curriculum vitae ainsi que les noms et coordonnées de trois répondants ou répondantes au directeur du département, Prof. N.I. Robb, Département de physique et d'astronomie, Université Laurentienne, Chemin du Lac Ramsey, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6. Des détails supplémentaires sur cette position sont disponibles sur le site web à ou par téléphone au (705) , poste 2220 ou par télécopieur (705) L'examen des candidatures débutera le 30 mars 1999, mais les candidatures seront acceptées jusqu'à ce que la position soit remplie. Ce poste est assujetti aux approbations budgétaires TENURE-TRACK POSITION IN THEORETICAL COSMOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS & ASTRONOMY McMASTER UNIVERSITY M Technologies Inc. INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS The Department of Physics & Astronomy invites applications for a tenure-track appointment in Theoretical Cosmology at the Assistant Professor level or higher. The successful candidate will be responsible for creation and leadership of a strong research group involving graduate students, and to the extent possible, undergraduate students. She or he must also have a strong academic record, show exceptional promise for independent research and be committed to graduate and undergraduate physics and astronomy education She or he will also be expected to participate in the Cosmology and Gravity Program of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIAR) and hence must also be acceptable to this program. The CIAR network currently supports cosmology nodes at the Universities of Alberta, British Columbia, Toronto, and Victoria as well as a network of distinguished associates worldwide. See for further information on the CIAR Cosmology and Gravity Program. The position will commence July 1, 1999 Salary will depend on qualifications and experience. Applications including curriculum vitae and letters from three referees, should be submitted by March 1, 1999 to: Chair, Department of Physics & Astronomy, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4M1 and FAX applications will not be accepted. In accordance with Canadian immigration requirements, this advertisement is directed to Canadian citizens and permanent residents. McMaster University is committed to employment equity and encourages applications from all qualified candidates, including aboriginal peoples, persons with disabilities, members of visible minorities and women. MPB Technologies Inc. is seeking candidates to nominate for Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada Industrial Research Fellowships. The Fellowships will normally be tenable in the Laboratories of MPB Technologies Inc. located at Pointe Claire, Quebec or Edmonton, Alberta. Projects in which successful candidates may be involved include: Laser and Laser Applications Optical Fibre and Electrooptic Devices Optical and Spectroscopic Techniques High Speed Digital Telecommunications Electromagnetic Measurements Salaries and other benefits are the same as for permanent staff of equivalent experience. Interested recent graduates, individuals currently completing postdoctorate fellowships, or candidates who will graduate in the near future with a background in physics, electrical engineering or computer science and who are Canadian citizens or landed immigrants are invited to write or call: Human Resources Department MPB Technologies Inc. 151 Hymus Boulevard Pointe Claire, Quebec CANADA H9R1E9 Telephone: (514) Fax: (514)

44 'HYSICS IN CANADA / LA PHYSIQUE AU CANADA THE JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN ASSOCIATION OF PHYISCISTS / LA REVUE DE L'ASSOCIATION CANADIENNE DES PHYSICIENS ET PHYSICIENNES Physics in Canada / La physique au Canada Immeuble MacDonald Building 150 Louis Pasteur Ave., Suite-bur. 112 Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5 Canadian Publication Product Sales Agreement No Envois de publications canadiennes numéro de convention D0004 University of Ottawa DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS DR. B. JOOS, CHAIR OTTAWA ON KIN 6N5 L+L National Research Council Canada Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences Conseil national de recherches Canada Institut Steacie des sciences moléculaires The Neutron Program for Materials Research (NPMR) of NRC's Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences is seeking candidates for postdoctoral positions in experimental neutron scattering at Chalk River Laboratories. Subjects of current emphasis include: Soft materials and biology Surfaces and interfaces Disordered materials Engineering Magnetism and superconductivity Structure and dynamics of crystalline Materials engineering materials Successful PDF candidates will facilitate experiments in collaboration with scientists from Canada and abroad in academia, government and industry. Most projects are expected to lead to publications in the open literature, but some industry projects are performed as revenue-generating contracts that lead to proprietary reports. The NPMR scientists are engaged in planning new instrumentation, including a cold source and guide hall, for a new reactor to replace NRU. Successful candidates will be able to play a role in this planning process. Applicants must be able to work in a team, but will be expected to show initiative in solving problems and developing individual research programs. Good interpersonal, organizational and communication skills are essential. Interested scientists with less than 5 years post-doctoral experience should apply through the NSERC Visiting Fellowships in Canadian Government Laboratories. For further information see: NSERC Visiting Fellowships: NSERC Application Forms: Our program and facilities: FRCCKTC John Root, Program leader, Neutron Program for Materials Research, Chalk River, ON, KOJ 1J0, Canada Phone: ext 3974, Fax: Canada