Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research
|
|
- Stuart Evelyn Allen
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Research Article Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research Reactivity of Valine towards Vanadium (V) in Presence of Ru + Catalyst in Perchloric Acid Medium Maheshwar Prasad Sah Department of Chemistry, P. B. S. College, Banka, India Received: 5 January 011; Revised: 15 January 011; Accepted: 5 January 011 Abstract: A simple titrimetric method has been used for the oxidation of valine. The method is based on the reduction of vanadium (V) to vanadium (IV) and oxidation of valine. The main oxidation product of valine has been identified as -methylpropanal, ammonia and carbon dioxide. In this method, known concentrations of valine was treated with a measured excess of vanadium(v) in acid medium in presence of [RuCl6] - catalyst and the unreacted vanadium (V) was determined by titration with standard Fe + solution using barium diphenylamine sulphonate as redox indicator. In this reaction two moles of vanadium (V) consume one mole of valine. The effect of ionic strength, [SO4 - ], [HSO4 - ], [H + ] and temperature were carried out and these effects are also in support of the mechanism proposed. The activation parameters have been determined. Keyword: Ruthenium (III), catalysis, valine, vanadium (V), perchloric acid. INTRODUCTION: Vanadium is the most abundant transition metallic element, occurs in seven oxidation states [1] in several compounds. Vanadium is usually recovered from vanadinite [Pb5(VO4)Cl] and carnotite [K(UO)VO4 HO]. It occurs in certain petroleum, widely those from Venezuela. Vanadium is one of the most important metal for modern technology and used extensively in alloy steels and cast iron, space technology, atomic energy industry, pharmaceutical industrial processes. Trace amount of vanadium is a nutritional requirement [1] for cell growth, but toxic at higher concentrations. The toxicity of vanadium increases as the solubility in the water and oxidation state increases, vanadium in +5 oxidation state being the most toxic and highly mobile [-5]. Generally, vanadium enters in fresh water by leaching from vanadium containing rocks and present in the form of oxovanadium (IV) ions or vanadyl ions (VO + ) and vanadate ions (VO4 - ). Vanadium can exist in human body in equilibrium states between V 5+ and V 4+ and it can also bind strongly with blood protein by adsorption or complexing. In oxidation of organic and inorganic compounds, several workers reported [6-10] that vanadium (V) has been used as a potential oxidant, because in aqueous acid media the redox potential [1,11] of the couple V 5+ /V 4+ is 1.0 V. Reported [1-16] that amino acids have been used as reductants for the reduction of various oxidising agents. The study of oxidation of amino acids towards oxidant is interest, due to the biological significance and formation of different products [1,1]. Valine is an essential amino acid and it cannot be manufactured in the body. Meats, dairy products, mushrooms, peanuts, soy proteins, grains etc. are the main sources of valine. Valine is a branched chain amino acid that works with leucine and isoleucine to promote normal growth, regulate blood sugar, repair tissues, used as an energy source by muscle tissue 180
2 and maintains nitrogen balance in human body. Valine may be helpful for the treatment of liver and gallbladder disease. The aim of the present investigation is to determine the most toxic vanadium (V), kinetics, mechanism and rate law based on reaction with valine titrimetrically in presence of ruthenium (III) catalyst with respect to each reactant of the reactions. EXPERIMENTAL: Material: Ammonium metavanadate, perchloric acid, sodium perchlorate, sodium sulphate, sodium bisulphate and other reagent were used of analytical reagent grade. Vanadium (V) solution was prepared in double distilled water by dissolving appropriate amount of ammonium metavanadate and perchloric acid and standardised by ferrous ammonium sulphate solution using barium diphenylamine sulphonate as redox indicator [17]. Stock solution of valine was prepared by dissolving it in double distilled water. Stock solutions of sodium perchlorate, sodium sulphate and sodium bisulphate were prepared in double distilled water. Ruthenium (III) chloride solution was prepared in HCl of known strength. Sodium perchlorate and perchloric acid were used to maintain the required ionic strength and acidity respectively. Methods: Appropriate quantities of the solutions of vanadium (V), sodium perchlorate, ruthenium (III), sodium sulphate, sodium bisulphate, perchloric acid were placed in separate conical flasks and kept in a thermostated water bath. After half an hour when the solutions acquired the temperature of the bath of 40 0 C, then the calculated amount of each of the solution was added together into a conical flask, followed by the addition of required volume of double distilled water. The reaction mixture was then placed in a thermostated water bath maintained at 40 0 C (±0.6 0 C). The reaction was initiated by addition of required amount of valine solution placed separately in the water bath at 40 0 C. As soon as the half of the valine solution passed out from the pipette the stop watch was started to record the time. The kinetic studies were carried out by quenching the aliquot of the reaction mixture in measured excess of ferrous ammonium sulphate and back titrating the unreacted Fe + solution against standard vanadium (V) solution using barium diphenylamine sulphonate as redox indicator [8]. Polymerization test: No gel formation was observed on addition of acrylonitrile to the partially oxidised reaction mixture followed by addition of large excess of methanol. This suggest the absence of free radical intermediates in the reaction mixture. Stoichiometry and product analysis: For product analysis, the reaction was determined by mixing a known concentrations of valine, ruthenium (III), acid with a known excess of vanadium (V). The amount of unreacted vanadium (V) was estimated by titration with standard Fe + solution using barium diphenylamine sulphonate as redox indicator. The stoichiometry thus determined was found to be two moles of vanadium (V) to one mole of valine. Ammonia, -methylpropanal and carbon dioxide were identified as products in the stoichiometric studies. Carbon dioxide, ammonia [18] as ammonium ion and -methylpropanal [19] were identified. The overall stoichiometric equation could be written as: HN-CHR-CO+V() + +[RuCl6] - [HVO] + +RCHO+NH4 + +[RuCl6] - +CO+HO + (1) Where, R = (CH)CH 181
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Order of reaction with respect to[v 5+ ]: To find out the order of reaction with respect to [V 5+ ], the reactions were studied at various concentrations of vanadium(v) in the range from mol dm - to mol dm - but at constant [valine], [H + ], [ruthenium(iii)], ionic strength and temperature of mol dm -, mol dm -, mol dm -, mol dm - and 40 0 C respectively. The average pseudo first order rate constant (kobs) was found to be (.14 ± 0.4) 10-5 s -1 indicates that the reaction is first order with respect to vanadium (V). -d[v 5+ ] / dt = kobs [V 5+ ] -dln [V 5+ ] / dt = kobs () Order of reaction with respect to [valine]: To find out the order of reaction with respect to [valine], the reactions were studied at different concentrations of valine in the range from mol dm - to mol dm - but at constant [V 5+ ], [H + ], [ruthenium(iii)], ionic strength and temperature of mol dm -, mol dm -, mol dm -, 0.55 mol dm - and 40 0 C respectively. The average pseudo first order rate constant (kobs) was found to be (15. ± 0.5) 10-5 s -1 indicates that the reaction is first order with respect to valine. The plot of log kobs vs log [valine] is linear with a slope equal to indicating the reaction is first order with respect to [valine] (Figure 1). kobs = ks [Valine] () The values of ks thus obtained are (8.59 ± 0.45) 10 - mol -1 dm s -1, (19.67 ± 1.1) 10 - mol -1 dm s -1, (.9 ±.5) 10 - mol -1 dm s -1 and (45.58 ± 1.67) 10 - mol -1 dm s -1 at 5 0 C, 40 0 C, 45 0 C and 50 0 C respectively. Effect of [H + ] on reaction rate: The rate of reaction was investigated at different hydrogen ion concentrations in the range from mol dm - to mol dm - but at constant [valine], [V 5+ ], [ruthenium(iii)], ionic strength and temperature of mol dm -, mol dm -, mol dm -,.55 mol dm - and 40 0 C respectively. It was observed that the reaction rate increases with increase in hydrogen ion concentration (Figure 4). The plot of log kobs vs -HO are linear with slope equal to 0.7 in the acid range mol dm - to mol dm - (Figure ). From the plot of log kobs vs log [H + ] (Figure 4) the order with respect to perchloric acid concentration was determined and found to be less than unity (0.501). Vanadium(V) exists [1] only in the form of VO + in strongly acidic medium, whereas in ph range to 6 vanadium(v) exists as HV10O8 4-, HV10O8 5-, V10O8 6-, HV10O8 - and H4V10O8 -. In higher acid concentration, VO + ion is converted into V() + as given below VO + + HO + V() + (4) The order with respect to [H + ] was found to be less than unity i.e , the protonated species V() + is assumed to be active species. Effect of [SO 4 - ] and [HSO 4- ] on the rate of reaction: At constant ionic strength, the rate of reaction decreases on increasing the [SO4 - ] (Figure 5) and [HSO4 - ] (Figure 6). The inhibitory action of [SO4 - ] and [HSO4 - ] on the rate of reaction is due to the fact that the active species of vanadium (V) is removed to the inactive species according to the following equilibria. SO H SO H V V HSO HS O H O V V (5) 18
4 HSO V SO HSO V H SO O H O V V Effect of ionic strength: To establish the nature of intermediate species in the rate determining step, the effect of concentration of sodium perchlorate was studied. It was found that the rate constant is independent of ionic strength of the medium, indicating that at least one of the reacting species in the rate determining step was molecular in nature [0]. Effect of [Ru III ]: The rate of reaction was studied at different concentrations of [Ru III ] in the range from mol dm - to mol dm - but at constant [V 5+ ], [valine], [H + ], ionic strength and temperature of mol dm -, mol dm -, mol dm -, mol dm - and 40 0 C respectively. It was observed that the rate of reaction increases with increase in [Ru III ], indicating catalytic effect of [Ru III ] on rate of reaction. The plot of log kobs vs log [Ru III ] are linear with slope equal to 0.96 also indicate that the rate of reaction increases with increase in [Ru III ] (Figure 7).The values of catalytic ratios thus obtained are 1.17, 1.45, 1.76 and.14 indicating the positive catalytic effect of [Ru III ] on the rate of reaction. The catalytic constant kc was determined at various concentrations of [Ru III ] as mol -1 dm s -1, mol -1 dm s -1, mol -1 dm s -1 and mol -1 dm s -1 are fairly constant confirming the catalytic action of [Ru III ]. From the experimental results, it has been observed that the dependence of rate on [Ru III ], [valine] and [HO] can be expressed as: (6) k obs = k 1 k k [Valine][Ru + ] k 1 k +k k [Ru + ] 1 k = 1 k + 1 k obs k 1 k k [Valine][Ru + ] k 1 [Valine] (7) (8) Where k = k [HO] and k = k + k Effect of temperature on the rate of reaction: The reaction was studied at four different temperatures, 08K, 1K, 18K and K at constant [V 5+ ], [valine], [H + ], [Ru III ] and ionic strength of mol dm -, mol dm -, mol dm -, mol dm - and 0.55 mol dm - and 40 0 C respectively. The rate of reaction increases with increasing temperature. The activation parameters were calculated from the pseudo first order rate constant. The slope of the plot of log kobs versus 1/T i.e. Arrhenius plot has been used to calculate the energy of activation (Ea). From the Eyring s plot, log (kobs/t) versus 1/T (Figure 8), the enthalpy of activation ( H # ) was calculated and from which entropy of activation ( S # ) and Gibbs energy of activation ( G # ) were calculated. The values of Ea, H #, G # and S # are calculated as ( ± 0.068) kj mol -1, ( ± 0.) kj mol -1, ( ± 0.7) kj mol -1 and (-88.7±0.9) J K -1 mol -1 respectively. The negative value of S # and positive value of G # suggest the formation of more ordered activated complex and transition state is highly solvated as compared to the reactive species [0]. The high value of energy of activation (Ea) suggests that the reaction is slow at rate determining step. (9) 18
5 (10) HOVNH CH C O RuCl R Complex 6 k HO HOVNH Slow Complex O CHCORuCl R 6 H O (11) HOVNH Complex O CH C O RuCl R fast 6 H N CH VOCO R H ORuCl 6 (1) fast H 4 NCH HO RCHO NH R (1) V O V fast HVO H O Valine has been oxidised by vanadium (V) via unstable intermediate complexes followed by fission of C-C bond to form reaction product. The most reactive species of vanadium (V), V() + combines with NH of valine to form Complex1. [RuCl6] - combines with Complex1 to form Complex. Complex forms Complex by the liberation of HO +. This is the slow and rate determining step. According to J. F. Bunnett [1] hypothesis, the plot of log (kobs+ho) versus log aho is generally linear and the slope determines a parameter ω. The slope obtained from these plots equal to indicates that the water molecule acts as a proton transfer agent at rate determining step (Figure 9). Highly unstable Complex decomposes to form aldehyde, ammonia, carbon dioxide and VO(). VO() combines with V() + to form HVO +. There was no evidence in favour of the formation of proposed Complexes, but cannot be invalidated the proposed mechanism due to the very small steady state concentrations of the proposed complexes. On the basis of above mechanism the rate law could be written as: (14) d[v 5+ ] dt = k 1 k k [H O][Valine][Ru + ][V 5 + ] k 1 k +k 1 k [H O]+k k [H O][Ru + ] (15) 184
6 The above rate law (15) explains the first order dependence of rate on each in [V 5+ ] and [Valine] and fractional order dependence on [Ru + ]. The equation (15) could be written as dln[v 5 + ] dt = k obs = k 1 k k [H O][Valine][Ru + ] k 1 k +k 1 k [H O]+k k [H O][Ru + ] (16) k obs = k 1 k k [Valine][Ru + ] k 1 k +k 1 k +k k [Ru + ] (17) Where, k = k [HO] k obs = k 1 k k [Valine ][Ru + ] k 1 (k +k )+k k [Ru + ] k obs = k 1 k k [Valine ][Ru + ] k 1 k +k k [Ru + ] (18) Where, k = k + k k obs = p [Valine][Ru + ] q + r [Ru + ] (19) Where, p =k 1 k k, q = k 1 k and r = k k By taking reciprocal of equation (19) 1 k obs = 1 k obs = q + r [Ru + ] p [Valine][Ru + ] q p [Valine][Ru + ] + r p [Valine] (0) (1) Where, p, q and r are constants and expressed in terms of different rate constants. The slope, intercept on 1/kobs axis and extrapolated intercept on 1/[Ru + ] axis, give the values of q/p[valine], r/p[valine] and -1/q respectively. At constant [V 5+ ], a plot of 1/kobs versus 1/[Valine] was linear with small intercept (45.069) on 1/kobs axis, offering support for complex formation (Figure ). CONCLUSION: The negative value of S # and positive value of G # suggest the formation of more ordered activated complex and transition state is highly solvated as compared to the reactive species. The high value of energy of activation (Ea) suggests that the reaction is slow at rate determining step. The slope obtained from J. F. Bunnett plots equal to indicates that the water molecule acts as a proton transfer agent at rate determining step. At constant [V 5+ ], a plot of 1/kobs versus 1/[Valine] was linear with small intercept (45.069) on 1/kobs axis, offering support for complex formation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The author is thankful to Dr. L. Thakur, Retired Professor and Head, P. G. Department of Chemistry, T. M. Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur for good suggestions. 185
7 1 / kobs 5 + log kobs log [Valine] Fig. 1: Plot of log kobs vs log [Valine] at at 7 K. [V 5+ ]=.5 x 10 - mol dm -, [RuCl6] - = 5.0 x 10 - mol dm -, [HClO4] = 5.0 x 10-1 mol dm - and I = 0.55 mol dm / [Valine] Fig. : Plot of 1 / kobs vs 1 / [Valine] at 1 K. [V 5+ ] =.5 x 10 - mol dm -, [RuCl6] - = 5.0 x 10 - mol dm - [HClO4] = 5.0 x 10-1 mol dm - and I = 0.55 mol dm -. Fig. : Plot of log kobs vs Ho at 1 K. [V 5+ ] =.5 x 10 - mol dm -, [RuCl6] - = 5.0 x 10 - mol dm -, [Valine] =.5 x 10 - mol dm - and I =.55 mol dm - 186
8 Fig. 4: Plot of log kobs vs log [H + ] at 1 K. [V 5+ ] =.5 x 10 - mol dm -, [RuCl6] - = 5.0 x 10 - mol dm -, [Valine] =.5 x 10 - mol dm - and I =.55 mol dm - Fig. 5: Plot of log kobs vs log [SO4 - ] at 1 K. [V 5+ ] =.5 x 10 - mol dm -, [Valine] =.5 x 10 - mol dm -, [HClO4] = 5.0 x 10-1 mol dm -, [RuCl6] - = 5.0 x 10 - mol dm -, and I = mol dm - Fig. 6: Plot of log kobs vs log [HSO4 - ] at 1 K. [V 5+ ] =.5 x 10 - mol dm -, [Valine] =.5 x 10 - mol dm -, [HClO4] = 5.0 x 10-1 mol dm -, [RuCl6] - = 5.0 x 10 - mol dm -, and I = mol dm - 187
9 Fig. 7: Plot of log kobs vs log [Ru + ] at 1 K. [V 5+ ] =.5 x 10 - mol dm -, [Valine] =.5 x 10 - mol dm -, [HClO4] = 5.0 x 10-1 mol dm -, and I = mol dm - Fig. 8: Plot of log (kobs/t) vs 1/T. [V 5+ ] =.5 x 10 - mol dm -, [Valine] =.5 x 10 - mol dm -, [Ru + ] = 5.0 x 10 - mol dm -, [HClO4] = 5.0 x 10-1 mol dm - and I = 0.55 mol dm - Fig. 9: Plot of log (kobs +H0) vs log aho at 1 K. [V 5+ ] =.5 x 10 - mol dm -, [Valine] =.5 x 10 - mol dm -, [HClO4] = 5.0 x 10-1 mol dm -, [Ru + ] = 5.0 x 10 - mol dm - and I =.55 mol dm - 188
10 REFERENCES: 1. F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, C. A. Murillo and M. Bochmann. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 6 th edition, 1999, J. M. Llobet and J. L. Domingo, Toxicol. Lett., 1984,, B. R. Nechay et al., Fed Proc., 1986, 45(), D. C. Crans et al., Anal. Biochem., 1990, 188, M. B. Melwanki, J. Seetharamappa and S. P. Masti, Anal. Sci., 001, 17, J. Panda and G. P. Panigrahi, J. Indian Chem. Soc., 00, 79, K. L. Devi and M. C. Chowdary, J. Indian Chem. Soc., 1999, 76, S. K. Rai, K. Shivakumar and S. B. Sherigara, J. Indian Chem. Soc., 00, 79, G. Ramababu et al., J. Indian Chem. Soc., 001, 78, R. V. Nadh, B. S. Sundar and P. S. Radhakrishnnamurti, J. Indian Chem. Soc., 1999, 76, M. C. Day and J. Selbin, Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, New Delhi: Affiliated East-West Press Pvt. Ltd., nd edition., 1985, C. Giulivi, N. J. Traaseth and K. J. A. Davies, Amino Acids, 00, 5, J. W. Lynch, Physiological Reviews, 004, M. R. Kembhavi, A. L. Haridhar and S. T. Nandibewoor, J. Indian Chem. Soc., 1999, 76, K. Vivekanandan and K. Nambi, J. Indian Chem. Soc., 1999, 76, V. Nagar, S. K. Solanki and V. R. Shastry, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106(4), B. B. Pal, D. C. Mukharjee and K. K. Sengupta, J. Inorg. Chem., 197, 4, A. I. Vogel, Vogel s Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, London: Longman, 4 th edition, 1978, A. I. Vogel, A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry, London: Longman, 4 th edition, 1978, K. J. Laidler, Chemical Kinetics, New Delhi: Pearson Education Pte. Ltd., rd edition., 004, J. F. Bunnett, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1961, 8, Corresponding Author: Maheshwar Prasad Sah; Department of Chemistry, P. B. S. College, Banka, India 189
Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research
Available on line www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research ISSN No: 0975-7384 CODEN(USA): JCPRC5 J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2011, 3(1):529-535 Oxidation of Amino acids by Manganese (III)
More informationMechanism of oxidation of L-methionine by iron(iii)-1,10-phenanthroline complex A kinetic study
Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), Vol. 113, No. 4, August 001, pp 351 359 Indian Academy of Sciences Mechanism of oxidation of L-methionine by iron(iii)-1,10-phenanthroline complex A kinetic study
More informationKinetics and mechanism of oxidation of benzyl alcohol by Oxone catalyzed by Keggin type 12-tungstocobaltate(II)
Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Archives of Applied Science Research, 2014, 6 (3):133-137 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0975-508X CODEN (USA) AASRC9 Kinetics
More informationJournal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2017, 9(12): Research Article
Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2017, 9(12):143-147 Research Article ISSN : 0975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 A Kinetic Study of Oxidation of Cetirizine Hydrochloride
More informationKinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol by Benzimidazolium Fluorochromate
ISSN: 0973-4945; CODEN ECJHAO E- Chemistry http://www.e-journals.net Vol. 5, No.4, pp. 754-760, October 2008 Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol by Benzimidazolium Fluorochromate J. DHARMARAJA,
More informationKinetics and mechanism of the redox reaction of toluidine blue and nitrite ions in aqueous acidic medium
Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Archives of Applied Science Research, 2012, 4 (1):1018 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0975508X CODEN (USA) AASRC9 Kinetics and
More informationRESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 6.1 Reactive Species of Catalyst and Oxidant 6.2 Mechanism and Rate Law 6.3 Multiple Regression Analysis 6.4 Comparative Study 6.5 Conclusion 6.6 Future Prospect In this chapter,
More informationOxidation of Aromatic Monoethers by N-Chloronicotinamide in Aqueous Acetic Acid Medium A Kinetic Approach
6 Oxidation of Aromatic Monoethers by N-Chloronicotinamide in Aqueous Acetic Acid Medium A Kinetic Approach V. Priya, PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Holy Cross College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil
More informationKINETICS AND MECHANISM OF KEGGIN TYPE 12-TUNGSTOCOBALTATE (II) CATALYZED POTASSIUM IODIDE OXIDATION BY PERBORATE
Int. J. Chem. Sci.: 12(1), 2014, 145-154 ISSN 0972-768X www.sadgurupublications.com KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF KEGGIN TYPE 12-TUNGSTOCOBALTATE (II) CATALYZED POTASSIUM IODIDE OXIDATION BY PERBORATE D. S.
More informationKinetic Study of Oxidation of n-hexanol by Tetramethyl ammonium Fluorochromate
Kinetic Study of Oxidation of n-hexanol by Tetramethyl ammonium Fluorochromate Sayyed Hussain 1 and Syed Yousuf Hussain 2* 1-P.G. Department of Chemistry, Sir Sayyed College Aurangabad 2-Department of
More informationAQA A2 CHEMISTRY TOPIC 5.4 TRANSITION METALS PART 2 REDOX REACTIONS AND CATALYSIS BOOKLET OF PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
AQA A2 CHEMISTRY TOPIC 5.4 TRANSITION METALS PART 2 REDOX REACTIONS AND CATALYSIS BOOKLET OF PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 1. Chemical reactions can be affected by homogeneous or by heterogeneous catalysts.
More informationOrganic Catalysis in Oxidation of Isopropyl Alcohol by Pyridinium Flourochromate - A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study
http://www.e-journals.in Chemical Science Transactions DOI:10.7598/cst2015.1023 2015, 4(2), 559-569 RESEARCH ARTICLE Organic Catalysis in Oxidation of Isopropyl Alcohol by Pyridinium Flourochromate - A
More informationThe kinetic and mechanistic study
Indian J. Applied & Pure Bio. Vol. 32(2), 147-154 (2017). Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of Maltose by Potassium Permanganate in Sulphuric acid medium Yugendra Kumar Soni, S.K. Chatterjee and K.N.
More informationResults. Keywords: isonicotinic acid hydrazide, kinetics, thallium(iii), oxidation
International Journal of ChemTech Research CDEN( USA): IJCRGG ISSN : 09744290 Vol.1, No.2, pp 270274, AprilJune 2009 Kinetic and Mechanistic study of oxidation of isonicotinic acid hydrazide by Thallium
More informationHydrated nickel(ii) salts are green in colour. Give the electron configuration of a nickel(ii) ion and hence state why the ion is coloured.
1. This question is about nickel compounds. (a) Hydrated nickel(ii) salts are green in colour. Give the electron configuration of a nickel(ii) ion and hence state why the ion is coloured.......... (b)
More informationWrite an overall equation for the first stage in the rusting of iron.
1. (a) Define the term standard electrode potential............. (b) When a metal is placed in a solution of its ions, the electrical potential set up between the metal and the solution cannot be measured
More informationThe presence of these ions can be confirmed by reacting separate samples of solution X with aqueous ammonia and with aqueous sodium carbonate. ...
Q1.A green solution, X, is thought to contain [Fe(H 2 O) 6 ] 2+ ions. The presence of these ions can be confirmed by reacting separate samples of solution X with aqueous ammonia and with aqueous sodium
More informationCHAPTER - V MECHANISM OF OXIDATION OF AMINO ACIDS BY NBN
37 CHAPTER - V MECHANISM OF OXIDATION OF AMINO ACIDS BY NBN Before proposing a probable mechanism for the oxidation of amino acids by NBN, the inetic results of the present investigation are summed up
More information(08) WMP/Jun10/CHEM5
Transition Metals 8 3 Transition metal ions can act as homogeneous catalysts in redox reactions. For example, iron(ii) ions catalyse the reaction between peroxodisulfate (S 2 O 8 2 ) ions and iodide ions.
More informationThe Mole. Relative Atomic Mass Ar
STOICHIOMETRY The Mole Relative Atomic Mass Ar Relative Molecular Mass Mr Defined as mass of one atom of the element when compared with 1/12 of an atom of carbon-12 Some Ar values are not whole numbers
More informationTopic 12 Transition Metals Revision Notes
Topic 12 Transition Metals Revision Notes 1) Introduction Transition metals have 4 characteristic properties: they form complexes, they form coloured compounds, they have more than one oxidation state
More informationJournal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2013, 5(4): Research Article
Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 203, 5(4):290-300 Research Article ISSN : 0975-7384 CDEN(USA) : JCPRC5 xidation of ascorbic acid by hexacyanoferrate(iii)
More information(a) (i) Explain what is meant by the terms transition element, complex ion and ligand,
1. This question looks at the chemistry of transition elements. (a) Explain what is meant by the terms transition element, complex ion and ligand, Discuss, with examples, equations and observations, the
More informationChemistry Assessment Unit A2 1
Centre Number 71 Candidate Number ADVANCED General Certificate of Education 2008 Chemistry Assessment Unit A2 1 assessing Module 4: Further Organic, Physical and Inorganic Chemistry [A2C11] A2C11 THURSDAY
More informationI J P A C Global Research Publications
I J P A C Global Research Publications International Journal of Pure & Applied Chemistry Vol. 6 No. April-June 0 pp. 39-43 Mechanistic Investigation of Pd(II) Catalyzed Oxidation of D-Galactose and D-
More informationKinetics and mechanism of ruthenium(iii) catalyzed oxidation of d-glucose by 12-tungstocobaltate(III) in aqueous hydrochloric acid medium
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Advances in Applied Science Research, 2012, 3 (2):785-792 ISSN: 0976-8610 CODEN (USA): AASRFC Kinetics and mechanism of ruthenium(iii) catalyzed oxidation
More informationPersonalised Learning Checklists Edexcel Combined: Chemistry Paper 1
Edexcel (combined) Chemistry Topics (1SC0) from 2016 - Paper 1 (Topic 1 parts a&b) Topic Student Checklist R A G Describe how the Dalton model of an atom has changed over time because of the discovery
More informationPelagia Research Library
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Der Chemica Sinica, 2012, 3(3):703707 Kinetics of oxidation of allyl alcohol by imidazoliumdichromate K. G. Sekar *1 and M. Vellaisamy 2 ISSN: 09768505
More informationChem!stry. Assignment on Redox
Chem!stry Name: ( ) Class: Date: / / Assignment on Redox Question 1: Which one of the following elements is the most powerful reducing agent? A Aluminium B Copper C Lead D Potassium Question 2: Which of
More informationSIR MICHELANGELO REFALO SIXTH FORM
SIR MIELANGELO REFALO SIXT FORM alf-yearly Exam 2016 Subject: hemistry ADV 1 ST Time: 3 hours Answer 6 questions. All questions carry equal marks. You are reminded of the importance of clear presentation
More information*AC222* Chemistry Assessment Unit A2 2. Analytical, Transition Metals, Electrochemistry and Further Organic Chemistry. New Specification.
New Specification Centre Number 71 Candidate Number ADVANCED General Certificate of Education 2010 Chemistry Assessment Unit A2 2 assessing Analytical, Transition Metals, Electrochemistry and Further Organic
More information5.1 Module 1: Rates, Equilibrium and ph
5.1 Module 1: Rates, Equilibrium and ph 5.1.1 How Fast? The rate of reaction is defined as the change in concentration of a substance in unit time Its usual unit is mol dm 3 s 1 When a graph of concentration
More informationKinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Alanine and Phenylalanine by Fenton s Reagent
Research Article Kinetics and Mechanism of xidation of Alanine and Phenylalanine by Fenton s Reagent Mohamed Nuri Rahuma 1 and Iftikhar Ahmad 2 1 Chemistry Department, University of Benghazi, Benghazi,
More informationAdvanced Higher Chemistry KINETICS. Learning Outcomes Questions & Answers
Advanced Higher Chemistry Unit 2 - Chemical Reactions KINETICS Learning Outcomes Questions & Answers KHS Chemistry Dec 2006 page 1 6. KINETICS 2.128 The rate of a chemical reaction normally depends on
More informationUncatalysed Oxidation of Dextrose by Cerium(IV) in Aqueous Acidic Medium-A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study
Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ISSN 3-606X Vol. (), 55-60, November (0) Res.J.Chem. Sci. Uncatalysed Oxidation of Dextrose by Cerium(IV) in Aqueous Acidic Medium-A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study
More informationFor the element X in the ionic compound MX, explain the meaning of the term oxidation state.
1. (a) By referring to electrons, explain the meaning of the term oxidising agent.... For the element X in the ionic compound MX, explain the meaning of the term oxidation state.... (c) Complete the table
More informationCHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA. Section A Q1 The dissociation of dinitrogen tetraoxide into nitrogen dioxide is represented by the equation below.
Section A Q1 The dissociation of dinitrogen tetraoxide into nitrogen dioxide is represented by the equation below. If the temperature of an equilibrium mixture of the gases is increased at constant pressure,
More informationKinetics and Mechnism of Oxidation of Benzhydrol by 4-Methyl Pyridinium Di Chromate in Acetic Acid Water Medium
International Journal of Chemistry and Applications. ISSN 0974-3111 Volume 5, Number 1 (2013), pp. 45-53 International Research Publication House http://www.irphouse.com Kinetics and Mechnism of Oxidation
More informationAS Paper 1 and 2 Kc and Equilibria
AS Paper 1 and 2 Kc and Equilibria Q1.When one mole of ammonia is heated to a given temperature, 50 per cent of the compound dissociates and the following equilibrium is established. NH 3(g) ½ N 2 (g)
More informationA-level CHEMISTRY 7405/1. Paper 1: Inorganic and Physical Chemistry. SPECIMEN MATERIAL v1.2
SPECIMEN MATERIAL v1.2 Please write clearly in block capitals. Centre number Candidate number Surname Forename(s) Candidate signature A-level CHEMISTRY Paper 1: Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Specimen
More informationStoichiometry: Chemical Calculations. Chemistry is concerned with the properties and the interchange of matter by reaction i.e. structure and change.
Chemistry is concerned with the properties and the interchange of matter by reaction i.e. structure and change. In order to do this, we need to be able to talk about numbers of atoms. The key concept is
More informationc) Explain the observations in terms of the DYNAMIC NATURE of the equilibrium system.
Chemical Equilibrium - Part A: 1. At 25 o C and 101.3 kpa one mole of hydrogen gas and one mol of chlorine gas are reacted in a stoppered reaction vessel. After a certain time, three gases are detected
More informationKinetics and mechanism of oxidation of hydroxylaminehydrochloride by vanadium (V) in the presence of sodium lauryl sulphate
Indian Journal of Chemistry Vol. 40A, November 2001, pp. 1191-1195 Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of hydroxylaminehydrochloride by vanadium (V) in the presence of sodium lauryl sulphate Rajendra Swain
More informationResearch Article. Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of ketoacids by N-bromophthalimide in aqueous acetic acid medium
Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2015, 7(8):267-272 Research Article ISSN : 0975-7384 CDEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of ketoacids
More informationA-level CHEMISTRY (7405/1)
SPECIMEN MATERIAL A-level CHEMISTRY (7405/1) Paper 1: Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Specimen 2015 Session Time allowed: 2 hours Materials For this paper you must have: the Data Booklet, provided as
More informationREACTION KINETICS. Catalysts substances that increase the rates of chemical reactions without being used up. e.g. enzymes.
REACTION KINETICS Study of reaction rates Why? Rates of chemical reactions are primarily controlled by 5 factors: the chemical nature of the reactants 2 the ability of the reactants to come in contact
More informationCHERRY HILL TUITION AQA CHEMISTRY A2 PAPER Section A. Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
2 Section A Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 1 This question is about bond dissociation enthalpies and their use in the calculation of enthalpy changes. 1 (a) Define bond dissociation enthalpy
More information2 Answer all the questions. 1 This question refers to chemistry of d-block elements in Period 4 (Sc Zn).
2 Answer all the questions. 1 This question refers to chemistry of d-block elements in Period 4 (Sc Zn). (a) For each statement below, select the symbols of the correct element(s). The element that has
More informationCHM3X. General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Examination June AS Externally Marked Practical Assignment.
Centre Number Surname Candidate Number For Examiner s Use Total EMPA mark Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Examination June 2010
More informationA level Chemistry Preparation Work
A level Chemistry Preparation Work This booklet is designed to help you prepare for you re A level studies in chemistry. Tasks have been selected to improve your grounding in key skills and concepts that
More informationREACTION RATES AND EQUILIBRIUM
Name Date Class 18 REACTION RATES AND EQUILIBRIUM SECTION 18.1 RATES OF REACTION (pages 541 547) This section explains what is meant by the rate of a chemical reaction. It also uses collision theory to
More informationKinetics and Mechanism of Hydrolysis of Mono-2-chloro- 5-nitroaniline Phosphate via Conjugate Acid Species
Asian Journal of Chemistry Vol. 20, No. 5 (2008), 3408-3412 Kinetics and Mechanism of Hydrolysis of Mono-2-chloro- 5-nitroaniline Phosphate via Conjugate Acid Species M.K. SINGH* and C.P. SHINDE Department
More informationSuggested answers to in-text activities and unit-end exercises. Topic 16 Unit 55
Suggested answers to in-text activities and unit-end exercises In-text activities Discussion (page 117) Some possible ways for minimizing possible sources of error in the experiment: Add a slight excess
More informationPelagia Research Library
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Der Chemica Sinica, 2013, 4(1):100-104 ISSN: 0976-8505 CODEN (USA) CSHIA5 Oxidation of S-phenylmercaptoacetic acid by quinoxalinium dichromate K. G. Sekar*
More informationIB Chemistry Solutions Gasses and Energy
Solutions A solution is a homogeneous mixture it looks like one substance. An aqueous solution will be a clear mixture with only one visible phase. Be careful with the definitions of clear and colourless.
More informationUnit 2 Foundation Physical and Inorganic Chemistry
Surname Other Names Leave blank Centre Number Candidate Number Candidate Signature General Certificate of Education June 2002 Advanced Subsidiary Examination CHEMISTRY CHM2 Unit 2 Foundation Physical and
More informationCHEMISTRY HIGHER LEVEL
*P15* PRE-LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION, 2008 CHEMISTRY HIGHER LEVEL TIME: 3 HOURS 400 MARKS Answer eight questions in all These must include at least two questions from Section A All questions carry
More informationKinetics and Mechanistic Oxidation of l-leucine and l-valine by 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin in Aqueous Acetic Acid Medium
International Journal of Advanced esearch in hemical Science (IJAS) Volume 5, Issue 3, 2018, PP 22-27 ISS o. (nline) 2349-0403 DI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2349-0403.0503005 www.arcjournals.org Kinetics
More informationAssessment Schedule 2017 Scholarship Chemistry (93102)
Scholarship Chemistry (93102) 2017 page 1 of 9 Assessment Schedule 2017 Scholarship Chemistry (93102) Evidence Statement Q Evidence Level 3 Scholarship Outstanding ONE (a)(i) Lewis structure: [Total electron
More information1. This question is about Group 7 of the Periodic Table - the halogens. The standard electrode potentials for these elements are given below.
1. This question is about Group 7 of the Periodic Table - the halogens. The standard electrode potentials for these elements are given below. Electrode reaction E /V 1 F 2 2 + e F +2.87 1 Cl 2 2 + e Cl
More informationCHEM5. (JAN12CHEM501) WMP/Jan12/CHEM5. General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Examination January 2012
Centre Number Surname Candidate Number For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Examination January 2012 Question 1 2 Mark
More informationCHEM5. (JAN13CHEM501) WMP/Jan13/CHEM5. General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Examination January 2013
Centre Number Surname Candidate Number For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Examination January 2013 Question 1 2 Mark
More informationc. K 2 CO 3 d. (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 Answer c
Chem 130 Name Exam 2, Ch 4-6 July 7, 2016 100 Points Please follow the instructions for each section of the exam. Show your work on all mathematical problems. Provide answers with the correct units and
More informationCHEM 109A Organic Chemistry
CHEM 109A Organic Chemistry https://labs.chem.ucsb.edu/zakarian/armen/courses.html Chapter 5 Alkene: Introduction Thermodynamics and Kinetics Midterm 2... Grades will be posted on Tuesday, Feb. 27 th.
More informationPart of the practical procedure is given below.
A peptide is hydrolysed to form a solution containing a mixture of amino acids. This mixture is then analysed by silica gel thin-layer chromatography (TLC) using a toxic solvent. The individual amino acids
More informationA-level CHEMISTRY (7405/1)
A-level CHEMISTRY (7405/) Paper : Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Mark scheme Specimen paper MARK SCHEME A-LEVEL CHEMISTRY 7405/ - SPECIMEN Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and
More informationCHEMISTRY HIGHER LEVEL
*P15* PRE-LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION, 2007 CHEMISTRY HIGHER LEVEL TIME: 3 HOURS 400 MARKS Answer eight questions in all These must include at least two questions from Section A All questions carry
More informationStudent Achievement. Chemistry 12
Student Achievement Chemistry 12 Key Elements: Reaction Kinetics Estimated Time: 14 16 hours By the end of this course, students will be able to explain the significance of reaction rates, demonstrate
More informationKINETICS AND MECHANISM STUDIES OF OXIDATION OF Α-AMINO ACIDS BY N-BROMOSUCCINIMIDE
Journal of Al-Nahrain University Vol.0(), December, 007, pp.66-7 Science KINETICS AND MECHANISM STUDIES OF OXIDATION OF Α-AMINO ACIDS BY N-BROMOSUCCINIMIDE Ammar J. Mohammed, Hassan Hadi Biochemical Eng.
More informationName: Class: Form 7S Class Number: Total Mark:
Paper I / 1 CCC HEEP WOH COLLEGE 2011 2012 MOCK EXAMINATION F.7 AL CHEMISTRY PAPER I 8:30am 11:30am (3 hours) 13-1-2012 Question-Answer Book SETTER: MR. LAU C.K. Name: Class: Form 7S Class Number: Total
More informationChemistry Assessment Unit A2 1
entre Number 71 andidate Number ADVANED General ertificate of Education January 2014 hemistry Assessment Unit A2 1 assessing Periodic Trends and Further Organic, Physical and Inorganic hemistry A212 [A212]
More informationChemistry Assessment Unit AS 2
Centre Number 71 Candidate Number ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY (AS) General Certificate of Education January 2009 Chemistry Assessment Unit AS 2 assessing Module 2: Organic, Physical and Inorganic Chemistry ASC21
More informationElectrolysis (Determination of the Faraday constant and atomic weight of Cu)
Labs taught in Introductory University Chemistry (Chem 200). Expt # Title of Experiment (brief details of experiment) 1 Buret and Scale Operation 2 3 Hydrates (Determination of the number of waters of
More informationState how a catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction. ...
Q1. This question is about the use of transition metals as catalysts. (a) State how a catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction. State the characteristic property of transition metals that enables them to
More informationThe following method was used to determine the percentage by mass of vanadium in a sample of ammonium vanadate(v).
Q1. (a) Vanadium(V) oxide is used as a heterogeneous catalyst in the Contact Process. Explain what is meant by the terms heterogeneous and catalyst and state, in general terms, how a catalyst works. State
More informationTIME 1 hour 30 minutes, plus your additional time allowance.
Centre Number 71 Candidate Number ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY (AS) General Certificate of Education 2012 Chemistry Assessment Unit AS 1 assessing Basic Concepts in Physical and Inorganic Chemistry [AC112] WEDNESDAY
More informationChemical Equilibrium. Many reactions are, i.e. they can occur in either direction. A + B AB or AB A + B
Chemical Equilibrium Many reactions are, i.e. they can occur in either direction. A + B AB or AB A + B The point reached in a reversible reaction where the rate of the forward reaction (product formation,
More informationKinetics and Mechanism of the Selective Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols by Acidified Dichromate in Aqueous Acetic Acid Medium
ORIENTAL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY An International Open Free Access, Peer Reviewed Research Journal www.orientjchem.org ISSN: 0970-020 X CODEN: OJCHEG 2014, Vol. 30, No. (3): Pg. 1391-1396 Kinetics and Mechanism
More informationChem 1A Dr. White Fall Handout 4
Chem 1A Dr. White Fall 2014 1 Handout 4 4.4 Types of Chemical Reactions (Overview) A. Non-Redox Rxns B. Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) reactions 4.6. Describing Chemical Reactions in Solution A. Molecular
More informationmoulsham high school 1
moulsham high school 1 a) Interpret the natural direction of change (spontaneous change) as the direction of increasing number of ways of sharing energy and therefore of increasing entropy (positive entropy
More informationChem II - Wed, 9/14/16
Chem II - Wed, 9/14/16 Do Now Drop off any study guides you want color coded Pull out stoich HW Homework See board Agenda Stoich Ch 4 Labish thing Chapter 4 Chemical Reactions & Solution Stoich Water Possesses
More informationCHEMISTRY 2815/01. Trends and Patterns. OXFORD CAMBRIDGE AND RSA EXAMINATIONS Advanced GCE
OXFORD CAMBRIDGE AND RSA EXAMINATIONS Advanced GCE CHEMISTRY 2815/01 Trends and Patterns Tuesday 25 JANUARY 2005 Afternoon 1 hour Candidates answer on the question paper. Additional materials: Data Sheet
More informationMechanism of Electron Transfer Reaction between L- cysteine and tetrakis(2,2 -bipyridine)-μ-oxodiiron (III) ion in Aqueous Acidic Medium
International Journal of Chemistry and Applications. ISSN 0974-111 Volume, Number (011), pp. 159-165 International Research Publication House http://www.irphouse.com Mechanism of Electron Transfer Reaction
More informationChemistry Assessment Unit A2 1
Centre Number 71 Candidate Number ADVANCED General Certificate of Education January 2011 Chemistry Assessment Unit A2 1 assessing Periodic Trends and Further Organic, Physical and Inorganic Chemistry [AC212]
More information9/14/ Chemistry Second Edition Julia Burdge. Stoichiometry: Ratios of Combination. Molecular and Formula Masses
9/14/1 Chemistry Second Edition Julia Burdge Stoichiometry: Ratios of Combination Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Stoichiometry: Ratios
More informationChemistry Final Review Worksheet
Chemistry Final Review Worksheet 1. Balance this equation and then write it in words. Al + F 2 ---> AlF 3 N P 2. What does it mean for a molecule to be polar? What are polar molecules able to do? Use the
More informationChemistry 101 Chapter 4 STOICHIOMETRY
STOICHIOMETRY Stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship between the reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation. Stoichiometry allows chemists to predict how much of a reactant is necessary
More informationAcids, Bases and Titrations Chapter 4 M. Shozi CHEM110 / 2014
Acids, Bases and Titrations Chapter 4 M. Shozi CHEM110 / 2014 ACID-BASE REACTIONS ACIDS Arrhenius: Compounds that contain an ionisable H and able to ionise in aqueous solution to form H + or H 3 O + Strong
More informationQuestion 1: Solution 1:
Book Name: Selina Concise Question 1: Comment, sulphuric acid is referred to as: (a) King of chemicals (b) Oil of vitriol Solution 1: (a) Sulphuric acid is called King of Chemicals because there is no
More informationSIR MICHELANGELO REFALO
SIR MIELANGEL REFAL SIXT FRM Annual Exam 2015 Subject: hemistry ADV 2 nd Time: 3 hours ANSWER ANY 6 QUESTINS. All questions carry equal marks. You are reminded of the importance of clear presentation in
More informationChapter 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution. Solutions. 4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions
Chapter 4 in Solution 4.1 General Properties of Solutions Solutions Solutions are defined as homogeneous mixtures of two or more pure substances. The solvent is present in greatest abundance. All other
More informationChemical Equilibrium
Chemical Equilibrium Many reactions are reversible, i.e. they can occur in either direction. A + B AB or AB A + B The point reached in a reversible reaction where the rate of the forward reaction (product
More informationUnit 1 Atomic Structure, Bonding and Periodicity
Surname Other Names Leave blank Centre Number Candidate Number Candidate Signature General Certificate of Education June 2002 Advanced Subsidiary Examination CHEMISTRY CHM1 Unit 1 Atomic Structure, Bonding
More informationSolvent Extraction of Iron(III) with Tri Methyl Amine from Mineral Acid Solutions
http://www.e-journals.in Chemical Science Transactions DOI:10.7598/cst2014.894 2014, 3(4), 1427-1431 RESEARCH ARTICLE Solvent Extraction of Iron(III) with Tri Methyl Amine from Mineral Acid Solutions A.V.L.N.S.H.
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level *9664884656* CHEMISTRY 9701/41 Paper 4 A Level Structured Questions October/November 2016 2 hours Candidates
More informationMC 17 C SECTION - I (40 marks) Compulsory : Attempt all questions from this section.
Question 1. (a) SECTION - I (40 marks) Compulsory : Attempt all questions from this section. Choose from the following list of substances, as to what matches the description from to given below : [Bronze,
More informationChapter Four. Chapter Four. Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions. Electrostatic Forces. Conduction Illustrated
1 Electrostatic Forces 2 Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Unlike charges (+ and ) attract one another. Like charges (+ and +, or and ) repel one another. Conduction Illustrated 3 Arrhenius s Theory
More informationCh 4-5 Practice Problems - KEY
Ch 4-5 Practice Problems - KEY The following problems are intended to provide you with additional practice in preparing for the exam. Questions come from the textbook, previous quizzes, previous exams,
More informationUnit 4: General Principles of Chemistry I Rates, Equilibria and Further Organic Chemistry (including synoptic assessment)
Write your name here Surname Other names Edexcel GCE Centre Number Candidate Number Chemistry Advanced Unit 4: General Principles of Chemistry I Rates, Equilibria and Further Organic Chemistry (including
More informationQ1. (a) State what is meant by the term activation energy of a reaction. (1)
Q1. (a) State what is meant by the term activation energy of a reaction. (c) State in general terms how a catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction. The curve below shows the Maxwell Boltzmann
More information