AP Chemistry Summer Assignment

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1 AP Chemistry Summer Assignment Solve all problems neatly. Use separate sheets of paper when necessary. Show all work, round numerical answers to the appropriate number of significant figures and provide the correct units with answers. This will be collected the first full day of school. This packet will count towards your grade. Also, an in class test covering this material will be given the first full day of school. If you need help, send me an Be specific with your questions! In many cases, I can help you through . Also try the njctl.org website you can use the following URLs: for high school level chemistry and for AP level chemistry. Topic headings and in some cases slide numbers are given for groups of problems. Most of these problems are at a high school level, a few are at a college level. It is important that you are secure in these skills and that they become second nature. AP Chemistry is very different than high school chemistry. You will need to put in a consistent effort and retain previously learned material. Feel free to work together, however, each student must submit their own packet of work! NJCTL Chemistry Topics: Ionic Bonding and Ionic Compounds and also Molecular Bonding and Molecular Compounds 1. Element X reacts with element Y to form an ionic compound containing X 4+ and Y 2- ions. Write a formula for the compound and suggest in which periodic groups these elements are likely to be found. Name a representative compound. 2. Element X reacts with element Y to form a molecular compound of the formula XY 3. Which periodic groups are these elements likely to be found? Write the formula of a representative compound. 1

2 3. What are the differences between ionic compounds and molecular compounds? 4. List properties of ionic compounds. 5. List properties of metals. 6. Describe metallic bonding. Draw a diagram, if you find it helpful. 7. List properties of molecular compounds. 8. Use the criss-cross method to write the names and formulas for the ionic compounds that form from the following pairs of elements: a. Lithium & sulfur b. Aluminum & chlorine c. Magnesium & oxygen d. Potassium & nitrogen e. Calcium and bromine 2

3 9. Fill in the table below. Please make an effort to memorize polyatomic ions! For AP Chemistry, they will NOT be on your formula sheet. Formula Name P4O10 Type (ionic, molecular, acid or base pick one!) Sodium phosphite HNO2 Calcium hydroxide Mn(ClO4)3 Potassium permanganate Dinitrogen tetrafluoride Hydrocyanic acid Pb(NO3)2 Aluminum sulfate H3PO4 Iron (II) carbonate SF6 Cu(OH)2 Lithium acetate HF NH4Cl 3

4 NJCTL Chemistry Topic: Atomic Structure starting from slide # Write the electron configurations for each of the following elements: K, Sc, Mn, Cu, As, Kr, Ra 11. Draw the orbital diagrams and electron configurations for the following elements: Ne, Na, Al, S 4

5 12. Draw the orbital diagram for chromium (Cr) remember, Cr is one of the exceptions that does NOT follow the Aufbau rule! Show how it forms each of the following ions: Cr 2+, Cr 3+, and Cr An element has an electron configuration that ends s 1. Which group does the element belong to? 14. An element has an electron configuration that ends s 2 p 4. Which group does the element belong to? How many valence electrons does it have? 15. An element has an electron configuration that ends s 2 d 3. Which group does the element belong to? How many valence electrons does it have? 16. An element has an electron configuration that ends s 2 d 6. Which group does it belong to? How many valence electrons does this element have? NJCTL AP Chemistry Topic: The Atom starting at slide # A mass spectrometer separates particles by mass. The data from a mass spectrometer shows peaks on a graph where the placement along the x-axis is the mass of the particle and the height of the peak along the y-axis indicates how many of the particles in the sample that had that mass. Remember that isotopes vary by the number of neutrons, so they have different masses. The proportions of isotopes can be shown in a mass spectrum. Keep this in mind when answering the following questions: 5

a. Carbon has two stable isotopes, carbon-12 and carbon-13. Fluorine has only one stable isotope, fluorine-19. How many peaks would observe in the mass spectrum of the positive ion of CF 4 +?

6 a. Carbon has two stable isotopes, carbon-12 and carbon-13. Fluorine has only one stable isotope, fluorine-19. How many peaks would observe in the mass spectrum of the positive ion of CF 4 +? Assume that the ion does not break up into smaller fragments. b. The mass reported on the periodic table for chlorine is u. Why, when a sample of chlorine gas is examined with a mass spectrometer, there is no peak in the spectrum with a mass of amu? c. Below is the mass spectrum of zirconium (Zr). Determine the average atomic mass of Zr. Justify with calculations. 6

7 NJCTL AP Chemistry Topic: The Mole Concept, Reactions & Stoichiometry, Part A starting at slide # Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a food-flavor enhancer, has been blamed for Chinese restaurant syndrome, the symptoms of which are headaches and chest pains. MSG has the following composition by mass: 35.51% C, 4.77% H, 37.85% O, 8.29% N and 13.60% Na. What is its molecular formula if its molar mass is about 169 g/mol? 19. A compound with mass of g contains only carbon and sulfur. It is burned in oxygen. The mass of CO 2 obtained after burning is g. What is the simplest formula (empirical formula) of the compound? NJCTL AP Chemistry Topic: The Mole Concept, Reactions & Stoichiometry, Part B slide #9 & continuing on from slide # How many grams is mol Li 2 SO 4? 7

8 21. How many moles is g Pb(NO 3 ) 2? 22. Consider the reaction below for the explosive decomposition of nitroglycerin (C 3 H 5 N 3 O 9 ): C 3 H 5 N 3 O 9 N 2 + CO 2 + H 2 O + O 2 a. Balance the equation. b. If 2.11 moles of nitroglycerin explode, how many moles of nitrogen are formed? c. If 3.72 moles of water are formed, how many moles of nitroglycerin exploded? d. If g of nitroglycerin explode, how many moles of carbon dioxide are formed? e. If 1.87 moles of water are formed, how many grams of nitrogen are also formed? f. If 78.2 g of carbon dioxide are formed, how many grams of water are also formed? 8

9 23. Consider the reaction below: Fe 2 O 3 (s) + CO (g) Fe (s) + CO 2 (g) a. Balance the equation. b. If g of iron (III) oxide react with 28.4 g of carbon monoxide, which is the limiting reagent? c. Based on the information in part b, what is the theoretical yield of iron? d. If 22.6 g of iron actually form, what is the percent yield? 24. Consider the reaction below involving a potential rocket fuel: B 5 H 9 (l) + O 2 (g) B 2 O 3 (s) + H 2 O (g) a. Balance the equation b. Write the name for B 5 H 9 c. If one tank in the rocket holds 216 g B 5 H 9 and the other tank holds 348 g O 2, what mass of B 2 O 3 could form? Assume 100% completion. 9

10 25. Nitric acid is produced commercially by the Ostwald process, represented by the following equations: 4 NH 3 (g) + 5 O 2 (g) 4 NO (g) + 6 H 2 O (g) 2 NO (g) + O 2 (g) 2 NO 2 (g) 3 NO 2 (g) + H 2 O (l) 2 HNO 3 (aq) + NO (g) What mass of NH 3 must be used to produce 4.0 x 10 5 kg HNO 3 by the Ostwald process? Assume 100% yield in each reaction, and assume that the NO produced in the third step is not recycled. NJCTL Chemistry Topic: Gases starting from slide #81, and also look at the formula sheet for Gas Law equations. 26. A flexible weather balloon contains helium gas at a volume of 906 L. Initially, the balloon is at sea level where the temperature is 27.1 o C and the pressure is 748 mm Hg. The balloon then rises to an altitude of 6000 ft where the pressure is 605 mm Hg and the temperature is 11.5 o C. What is the volume of the balloon at 6000 ft? 10

11 27. The pressure of a gas is 2.53 atm when its volume is 18.4 L. What would the pressure be if its volume was 21.7 L? 28. The pressure of a gas is 1.16 atm when its temperature is 9.22 o C. What pressure would the gas exert if it was heated 48.7 o C? 29. If 2.00 moles of helium occupies a volume of 15.4 L, what volume would 5.71 moles of helium occupy? 30. A gas occupies 7.66 L when its temperature is 18.2 o C. What temperature would the gas be at if it was expanded to a volume of 19.2L? 31. Under which conditions can most gases be considered ideal? 11

12 32. What pressure would be exerted by 2.25 moles of gas, at a temperature of 12.7 o C, and a volume of 13.0L? 33. A 10.0 mole sample of gas has a pressure of kpa and a volume of 45.8L. What is the temperature of the gas? 34. What volume would 25.0 moles of gas occupy if it was at a pressure of 4.50 atm and a temperature of o C? 35. How many moles of gas are in a 75.0 L tank if the pressure is 418.6kPa and the temperature is -7.2 o C 36. A mixture of gases is in a L tank at a temperature of o C. The mixture contains 21.6 moles of ethane, 6.83 moles of nitrogen and 1.49 moles of argon. What are the partial pressures of all gases? What is the total pressure? 12

13 NJCTL Chemistry Topic: Molecular Bonding and Molecular Compounds slides # s Draw the Lewis Structures for each of the following molecules and ions: CH 4 NH 3 H 2 O C 2 H 4 CO 2 BF 3 SF 2 SF 6 PO 3 3- CO 3 2- C 2 H 2 SO 4 2- NH 4 + N 2 HCN 38. Why does hydrogen form only one bond? 13

14 39. How many bonds will fluorine form? Why? 40. How many bonds will carbon form? 41. How many bonds will oxygen form? 42. List at least 5 elements that can break the octet rule. Do not include element that have 2 valence electrons when forming bonds, such as hydrogen. How many valence electrons would each element have when they break the octet rule? 43. Draw resonance structures for each of the following molecules and ions: SO 3 O 3 N 2 O CO

15 NJCTL Chemistry topic: Chemical Equations, slides # s 45, 46, 51-53, 113 & 118. For net ionic, slides # s By type of reaction I mean one of the 5 types decomposition, combination, single replacement, double replacement or combustion. 44. Predict the products for each of the following reactions. Identify the type of reaction and balance the equation. If the reaction formed a precipitate, be sure to indicate which substance is the precipitate with the symbol (s). a. AgNO 3 (aq) + Na 2 SO 4 (aq) b. HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) c. Mg (s) + FeCl 3 (aq) d. Al (s) + F 2 (g) e. H 2 CO 3 (aq) + LiOH (aq) f. K (s) + H 2 O (l) g. Co(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + Na 3 PO 4 (aq) 45. Write the balanced net ionic equations for reactions a, b, & c from the previous problem. 15

Summer Assignment for AP Chemistry: I hope you are all ready for a fun, yet challenging year. You have a good foundation in basic chemistry from Chem

Summer Assignment for AP Chemistry: I hope you are all ready for a fun, yet challenging year. You have a good foundation in basic chemistry from Chem 1, but AP Chem will be a little different. Rather than