Chemistry 1B Fall 2013
|
|
- Erin Clarke
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chemistry 1B Fall 2013 lectures 5-6 Chapter 12 pp th 7 *( ) 7th 4
2 2012 Nobel in QUANTUM physics 5
3 many-electron atoms and Schrödinger Equation (ppn ) Although the Schrödinger equation for polyelectronic atoms (and molecules) cannot be solved exactly (mathematically), numerical computer calculations give solutions that agree perfectly with experiment but are very complex. We can (and will!!) use the hydrogen-like orbitals as a very good approximation to the exact solutions of the Schrödinger equation for many-electron atoms. 6
4 aims for lectures 5-6: many electron atoms electron spin, the 4 th quantum number and the Pauli exclusion principle effective nuclear charge, Z eff the net attraction for an electron in a many-electron atom knowledge of the principal quantum number (n) and Z eff for and atom s valence electrons leads to an understanding of: E 2s < E 2p E 3p < E 3d E 3d vs E 4s Hund s Rule and electron configuration in many-electron atoms the Aufbau Principle 7
5 new considerations for many-electron atoms (somewhat different order of presentation than Zumdahl how does increased atomic number (Z) and the presence of other electrons affect orbital energies? how does one fill up the available orbitals in many-electron atoms 8
6 the spin quantum number Stern-Gerlach experiment (fig. 8-1 Silberberg) 9
7 Pauli exclusion principle (PEP) (sec 12.10) no two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers: 1s n=1 =0 m = 0 m s =+½ n=1 =0 m = 0 m s = ½ 1s n=1 =0 m = 0 m s =+½ n=1 =0 m = 0 m s =+½ 10
8 many-electron atoms He, Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne greater nuclear charge (Z) than hydrogen (Z=1) more electrons than hydrogen (one-electron) 11
9 where we are heading!!! chapter 12 Quantum mechanics describes many-electron atoms by filling hydrogen-like orbitals with the atom s electrons in a manner consistent with the Pauli Exclusion Principle. This description allows us to understand the energies of electrons in atoms and ions, the relative sizes of atoms and ions, and the chemical reactivity and other properties of various elements. 12
10 voila VOILA!!! 13
11 what we will need to figure out How do the energies of the various hydrogenlike orbitals change when we take into account the effects of increased Z and the other electrons present????? in hydrogen E 2s = E 2p in boron why E 2s < E 2p????? 14
12 configurations (for 1s and 2s levels) ground states (preview) E 2s 2s 1s H 1s 1s He 1s 2 1s Li 1s 2 2s 1s Be 1s 2 2s 2 15
13 orbital energies in many-electron atoms Energy dependence on n and Z m e Z Z E J e 18 n ( ) h 0 n n Holds EXACTLY for 1-electon atoms and ions: H, He +, Li 2+,Be 3+,... Here Z is regular nuclear charge with Z=1, 2, 3, 4,... 16
14 remembering Energy and average radius of electron in a hydrogen orbital m e Z Z E J e 18 n ( ) h 0 n n n 2-11 r ( m) Z ionization energy (ionization potential) of an electron in an atom or molecule is energy required to (just) remove an electron from its stationary state (from n ) (HW2 #11). I.E =(E E -E J 18. ) ( ) n Z n n n
15 ionization energy (section problem S3) ionization energy (IE) : the energy required to remove an electron from an atom, ion, or molecule in the gas phase X (g) + IE X + (g) +e (absorbs energy endothermic, + sign for energetics) similar to the work function in the photoelectric effect, except IE refers to gas phase ionization where refers to removal of electron from the solid 18
16 Energy of H 1s vs He + 1s vs Li 2+ 1s (still 1 electron) all 1s electrons (n=1) Z=+1 Z=+2 Z=+3 H (Z=1) He + (Z=2) Li 2+ (Z=3) m e Z Z E J e 18 n h 0 n n increase Z more attraction lower (more negative) energy (ie higher IE) smaller r avg 19
17 ionization energy Silberberg Figure 8.3 Energy of H 1s vs He + 1s vs Li 2+ 1s (still 1 electron) Increase Z more attraction lower energy (ie higher IE) smaller average radius 20
18 Energy of H 1s vs He + 1s (HO 12.1) Z and Ionization Energies IE=( Z J) n 2 2 E Z=1 Z=2 Z (He + 1s) > Z (H1s) 21
19 what happens when other electrons are present: effective nuclear charge (p 546) Important Factoids in Understanding Effective Nuclear Charge Energy dependence on n and Z eff 2 18 eff n 2 E ( J) Z n Z eff and shielding Z eff = Z (shielding of other electrons) Z eff = Z (effect of electron repulsions) 1s electron feels full Z==+2 nuclear attraction electrons in same shell: He + 1s vs He 1s 2 the two 1s electrons shield one another from the Z=+2 nuclear pull 22
20 He + vs He (what positive charge does a 1s electron see?) less attraction (more shielded) 2 nd 1s electron (e - ) Z=+2 Z=+2 He + 1s He + 1s 2 shielding by 2nd electron 1 < Z eff < 2 23
21 He + vs He (what net positive charge does a 1s electron see?) shielding of electron by 2nd 1s electron 1 < Z eff < 2 Z=+2 Z=+2 He + 1s He 1s 2 24
22 Energy of He 1s 2 vs He + 1s ( HO fig 12.2) Z eff and Ionization Energies Z eff (He+ 1s) > Z eff (He 1s 2 ) E IE= J Z eff 1.34 (1.20) Z 2 n IE eff J 12 Z eff =Z=2 this is approximate way to calculate Z eff ; other techniques give slightly different numbers 25
23 energy of He 1s 2 vs He + 1s (same shell shielding) Zumdahl (p ) 2+ e He + 26
24 Silberberg figure 8.4A: energy of He 1s 2 vs He + 1s (same shell shielding) Zumdahl (p ) [ ] 7th 2+ e e Z eff + e actual He atom Zumdahl s hypothetical He atom 2+ e He + 27
25 Z eff : effective nuclear charge Energy dependence on n and Z eff 2 18 eff n 2 E ( J) Z eff and shielding Z eff = Z - shielding of other electrons Z eff =Z (effect of electron repulsions) Z n electrons in different shells Li 2+ 2s vs Li [1s 2 ] 2s shielding the 2s electron 28
26 Z eff for 2s electron in Li 1s 2 2s 2s electron 18 IE experimental = J 2 n IE2s eff 2s Z J Z=+3 shielding by 1s 2 electrons Z eff 1.26 Li 1s 2 2s 29
27 figure 8.4 B (Silb) shielding by inner shell electrons 30
28 Energy of Li 2+ 2s vs Li [1s 2 ] 2s (HO Fig. 12.3) Z eff (Li 2+ 2s) > Z eff (Li[1s 2 ]2s) IE= J Z eff 1.26 E IE= J Z eff 1.34 (1.20) IE= J Z eff = Z = 3 Z 2 n IE eff J 12 this is approximate way to calculate Z eff ; other techniques give slightly different numbers 31
29 same shell shielding He 1s 2 vs inner shell shielding Li1s 2 2S how would one expect the shielding of 1s electron for another 1s electron [same shell] to compare to the shielding of a 1s electron for a 2s electron [different shells]? shielding of same shell? < > shielding of outer shell He 1s 2 vs Li1s 2 2s How so? [Z eff =Z nucleus -shielding of other electrons] He : Z (1 s) shielding of other 1s electron eff shielding of other 1s electron 0.66 Li : Z (2 s) shielding of two 1s electrons eff 1.74 shielding of each inner shell 1s electron
30 how do the energies of the 2s and 2p orbitals compare in manyelectron atoms? In 1-electron atoms (H-atom) and 1-electron ions, the 2s and 2p orbitals have the. SAME energies Z eff and the effect of penetration of inner shell electron density by electrons in the same shell 33
31 Z eff for 2s vs 2p: 2p and 2s have SAME energy in 1-electon ion penetration by 2s electron of 1s 2 shielding GIVES INCREASED Zeff 2s radial probability 2s electron Z=+3 +3 shielding by 1s 2 Li 1s 2 2s Z eff 1.26 actual 2s electron density (one radial node; one inner maximum in radial probability) 34
32 Z eff for 2s vs 2p no (less) penetration of 1s 2 shielding by 2p electron GIVES relatively smaller Z eff 2p electron Z=+3 +3 shielding by 1s 2 Li 1s 2 2p Z eff for 2s > Z eff for 2p E 2s < E 2p actual 2p electron density (no radial nodes; no inner maxima in radial probability) 35
33 Z eff for 2s vs 2p (handout fig. 12.4) more penetration of inner shell electron density E 2s < E 2p electron see s more +Z and has greater Z eff 36
34 Energy of Li [1s 2 ] 2s vs Li [1s 2 ] 2p (HO Fig. 12.5): penetration Z eff (Li[1s 2 ] 2s) > Z eff (Li[1s 2 ]2p) IE= J Z eff 1.26 IE= J Z eff 1.02 IE= J Z eff = Z= 3 37
35 how do the energies of the 2s and 2p orbitals compare in manyelectron atoms? Configurations and valence-level orbital diagrams Hund s rule 2 nd row aufbau fig 8.8 (Sil) 38
36 3s 3p 3d 4s orbital energy ordering Increasing Z eff due to increasing penetration effects (figure HO 12Z.6); (Z eff ) 3s > (Z eff ) 3p > (Z eff ) 3d (E) 3s < (E) 3p < (E) 3d 4s vs 3d (Z eff vs n) Orbital energy ordering fig 8.6 (Silb) (figure 8.13, Silb) 39
37 configurations Hund s rule Energy ordering Unambiguous (closed shell, 1e, (n-1)e s Ambiguous (e.g. p 2,p 3,p 4, d 2 d 8 ) Examples (periodic table) ground state excited state not allowed configuration transition metal cations exceptions 40
38 unpaired electrons and magnetic properties (Gouy balance) Diamagnetic pushed out of magnet no unpaired electrons Paramagnetic pulled into magnet unpaired electrons Gouy Balance 41
39 the Periodic Table 42
40 end of lectures
41 Z eff and ionization potentials Z eff = Z = 1. IE= J Z eff 1.26 IE= J Z eff 1.26 IE= J Z eff 1.02 IE= J Z eff 1.34 (1.20) IE= J Z eff = Z = 3. Z eff = Z = 2. 44
42 Silberberg figure
43 Silberberg figure
44 Silberberg figure
45 Zumdahl figure
46 Figure HO 8.6: penetration of 3s vs 3p vs 3d; radial nodes = n-l-1 screening by n=2 electrons + 3s: 2 radial nodes 2 inner electron density maxima + 3p: 1 radial node 1 inner maxima 3d: 0 radial nodes 0 inner maxima + less penetration smaller Z eff higher energy more penetration larger Z eff lower Energy 49
47 Figure HO 8.6: penetration of 3s vs 3p vs 3d; radial nodes = n-l-1 screening by n=2 electrons more penetration larger Z 3s: 2 radial nodes eff 2 inner electron density lower maxima Energy + 3p: 1 radial node 1 inner maxima + + 3d: 0 radial nodes 0 inner maxima less penetration smaller Z eff higher energy 50
48 Why B [He] 2s 2 2p 1 is unambiguous ground state configuration Experimental spectrum (states) of B E Only one energy state (ignore 3/2 vs 1/2) 51
49 Why C [He] 2s 2 2p 2 is ambiguous ground state configuration Experimental spectrum (states) of C E Ground energy state (ignore 0 vs 1 vs 2 ) Excited states with same [He] 2s 2 2p 2 configuration 52
50 Why B [He] 2s 2 2p 1 is unambiguous ground state configuration Experimental spectrum (states) of B E Only one energy state (ignore 3/2 vs 1/2) Excited states have excited [He] 2s 1 2p 2 configuration 53
Chemistry 1B Lectures 5-6 Fall 2013
aims for lectures 5-6: many electron atoms Chemistry 1B lectures 5-6 Chapter 12 pp. 557-569 th 7 *(569-571) 7th electron spin, the 4 th quantum number and the Pauli exclusion principle effective nuclear
More informationContour Plots Electron assignments and Configurations Screening by inner and common electrons Effective Nuclear Charge Slater s Rules
Lecture 4 362 January 23, 2019 Contour Plots Electron assignments and Configurations Screening by inner and common electrons Effective Nuclear Charge Slater s Rules How to handle atoms larger than H? Effective
More informationMendeleev s Periodic Law
Mendeleev s Periodic Law Periodic Law When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, certain sets of properties recur periodically. Mendeleev s Periodic Law allows us to predict what
More informationChapter 8. Periodic Properties of the Elements
Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements Mendeleev (1834 1907) Ordered elements by atomic mass. Saw a repeating pattern of properties. Periodic Law When the elements are arranged in order of increasing
More informationChapter 8. Mendeleev. Mendeleev s Predictions. Periodic Properties of the Elements
Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements Mendeleev Order elements by atomic mass Saw a repeating pattern of properties Periodic Law When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass,
More informationChapter 8: Periodic Properties of the Elements
C h e m i s t r y 1 A : C h a p t e r 8 P a g e 1 Chapter 8: Periodic Properties of the Elements Homework: Read Chapter 8. Work out sample/practice exercises Check for the MasteringChemistry.com assignment
More informationChapter 5. Periodicity and the Electronic Structure of Atoms
Chapter 5 Periodicity and the Electronic Structure of Atoms Electron Spin experiments by Stern and Gerlach showed a beam of silver atoms is split in two by a magnetic field the experiment reveals that
More informationLecture January 18, Quantum Numbers Electronic Configurations Ionization Energies Effective Nuclear Charge Slater s Rules
Lecture 3 362 January 18, 2019 Quantum Numbers Electronic Configurations Ionization Energies Effective Nuclear Charge Slater s Rules Inorganic Chemistry Chapter 1: Figure 1.4 Time independent Schrödinger
More informationSparks CH301 EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE AND PERIODIC TRENDS. Why is strontium so dangerous? UNIT 2 Day 5
Sparks CH301 EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE AND PERIODIC TRENDS Why is strontium so dangerous? UNIT 2 Day 5 How many electrons in Na have l=0? QUIZ QUESTION: INDIVIDUAL WORK, NO TALKING What are we going to
More informationChapter 6 Part 3; Many-electron atoms
Chapter 6 Part 3; Many-electron atoms Read: BLB 6.7 6.9 HW: BLB 6:59,63,64,67,71b-d,74,75,90,97; Packet 6:10 14 Know: s & atoms with many electrons Spin quantum number m s o Pauli exclusion principle o
More informationLecture Presentation. Chapter 8. Periodic Properties of the Element. Sherril Soman Grand Valley State University Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Presentation Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Element Sherril Soman Grand Valley State University Nerve Transmission Movement of ions across cell membranes is the basis for the transmission
More informationChapter 8. Periodic Properties of the Element
Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Element Mendeleev (1834 1907) Ordered elements by atomic mass Saw a repeating pattern of properties Periodic law when the elements are arranged in order of increasing
More informationElectron Configuration and Chemical Periodicity
Electron Configuration and Chemical Periodicity The Periodic Table Periodic law (Mendeleev, Meyer, 1870) periodic reoccurrence of similar physical and chemical properties of the elements arranged by increasing
More informationshielding ==> (effective nuclear charge) < (full nuclear charge)
Pultz 1 8-10 Polyelectronic atoms When you have a nucleus with a +Z charge and only one electron outside the nucleus, as in H and He + and Li 2+ and Be 3+ and..., the Schrödinger equation can be solved
More informationChapter 7 The Structure of Atoms and Periodic Trends
Chapter 7 The Structure of Atoms and Periodic Trends Jeffrey Mack California State University, Sacramento Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms Electrons in atoms are arranged as SHELLS (n) SUBSHELLS (l) ORBITALS
More informationChemistry 121: Atomic and Molecular Chemistry Topic 3: Atomic Structure and Periodicity
Text Chapter 2, 8 & 9 3.1 Nature of light, elementary spectroscopy. 3.2 The quantum theory and the Bohr atom. 3.3 Quantum mechanics; the orbital concept. 3.4 Electron configurations of atoms 3.5 The periodic
More informationParticle Behavior of Light 1. Calculate the energy of a photon, mole of photons 2. Find binding energy of an electron (know KE) 3. What is a quanta?
Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation 1. What is spectroscopy, a continuous spectrum, a line spectrum, differences and similarities 2. Relationship of wavelength to frequency, relationship of E to λ
More information362 Lecture 6 and 7. Spring 2017 Monday, Jan 30
362 Lecture 6 and 7 Spring 2017 Monday, Jan 30 Quantum Numbers n is the principal quantum number, indicates the size of the orbital, has all positive integer values of 1 to (infinity) l is the angular
More informationChapter 7. Characteristics of Atoms. 7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation. Chapter 7 1. The Quantum Mechanical Atom. Atoms: How do we study atoms?
Chapter 7 The Quantum Mechanical Atom 1 Characteristics of Atoms Atoms: possess mass contain positive nuclei contain electrons occupy volume have various properties attract one another combine to form
More informationAtomic Electron Configurations and Periodicity
Atomic Electron Configurations and Periodicity Electron Spin The 4 th quantum number is known as the spin quantum number and is designated by m s. It can have the value of either + ½ or ½ It roughly translates
More informationCHEM N-3 November 2014
CHEM1101 2014-N-3 November 2014 Electron affinity is the enthalpy change for the reaction A(g) + e A (g). The graph below shows the trend in electron affinities for a sequence of elements in the third
More informationLIGHT AND THE QUANTUM MODEL
LIGHT AND THE QUANTUM MODEL WAVES Wavelength ( ) - length of one complete wave Frequency ( ) - # of waves that pass a point during a certain time period hertz (Hz) = 1/s Amplitude (A) - distance from the
More informationGoals for Today. Clarify some Rydberg Concepts Absorption vs. emission
Note: Due to recent changes the exam 2 material for these slides ends at Ionization Energy Exceptions. You can omit Lewis Structures through General Formal Charge Rules. CH301 Unit 2 QUANTUM NUMBERS AND
More information5.111 Lecture Summary #7 Wednesday, September 17, 2014
5.111 Lecture Summary #7 Wednesday, September 17, 2014 Readings for today: Section 1.12 Orbital Energies (of many-electron atoms), Section 1.13 The Building-Up Principle. (Same sections in 5 th and 4 th
More informationQUANTUM MECHANICS AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE
5 CHAPTER QUANTUM MECHANICS AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE 5.1 The Hydrogen Atom 5.2 Shell Model for Many-Electron Atoms 5.3 Aufbau Principle and Electron Configurations 5.4 Shells and the Periodic Table: Photoelectron
More informationELECTRON CONFIGURATION OF ATOMS
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION OF ATOMS 1 Electron Configuration? is the distribution of electrons within the orbitals of its atoms, in relation with chemical and physical properties Objectives: to show how the
More informationHow we describe bonding is affected strongly by how we describe where/how electrons are held by atoms in molecules.
CHEM 2060 Lecture 8: Atomic Configurations L8-1 Electronic Configurations How we describe bonding is affected strongly by how we describe where/how electrons are held by atoms in molecules. We know that
More informationAtomic Structure and Atomic Spectra
Atomic Structure and Atomic Spectra Atomic Structure: Hydrogenic Atom Reading: Atkins, Ch. 10 (7 판 Ch. 13) The principles of quantum mechanics internal structure of atoms 1. Hydrogenic atom: one electron
More informationQuantum Theory & Electronic Structure of Atoms. It s Unreal!! Check your intuition at the door.
Quantum Theory & Electronic Structure of Atoms It s Unreal!! Check your intuition at the door. 1 Quantum Theory of the Atom Description of the atom and subatomic particles. We will focus on the electronic
More informationRemember Bohr s Explanation: Energy Levels of Hydrogen: The Electronic Structure of the Atom 11/28/2011
The Electronic Structure of the Atom Bohr based his theory on his experiments with hydrogen he found that when energy is added to a sample of hydrogen, energy is absorbed and reemitted as light When passed
More informationArrangement of Electrons in Atoms
Page III-6b- / Chapter Six Part II Lecture Notes The Structure of Atoms and Periodic Trends Chapter Six Part Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms Electrons in atoms are arranged as SHELLS (n) SUBSHELLS (l)
More informationAP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 7 Notes - Atomic Structure and Periodicity
AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 7 Notes - Atomic Structure and Periodicity 7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation A. Types of EM Radiation (wavelengths in meters) 10-1 10-10 10-8 4 to 7x10-7 10-4 10-1 10 10 4 gamma
More informationElectron Configurations
Ch08 Electron Configurations We now understand the orbital structure of atoms. Next we explore how electrons filling that structure change it. version 1.5 Nick DeMello, PhD. 2007-2016 2 Ch08 Putting Electrons
More informationReview Outline Chemistry 1B, Fall 2012
Review Outline Chemistry 1B, Fall 2012 -------------------------------------- Chapter 12 -------------------------------------- I. Experiments and findings related to origin of quantum mechanics A. Planck:
More informationSection 7 iclicker questions
Reading assignment: 7.1-7.5 As you read ask yourself: What is meant by the expression effective nuclear charge? How can you use this concept to explain the trends in atomic radius in the periodic table?
More informationChemistry 6 (9 am section) Spring Covalent Bonding
Chemistry 6 (9 am section) Spring 000 Covalent Bonding The stability of the bond in molecules such as H, O, N and F is associated with a sharing (equal) of the VALENCE ELECTRONS between the BONDED ATOMS.
More informationOrbitals give the probability of finding an electron in a given region of space (boundary surface encloses 90% of electron density)
Matter Waves Find the wavelength of any object given v and m Orbitals Square of Schrödinger wave-function gives the probability density or electron density or orbital Orbitals give the probability of finding
More informationAtoms and Periodic Properties
Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten Unit 01 (Chp 6,7): Atoms and Periodic Properties John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE Prior to the 1700s, relatively few element were known, and consisted mostly of metals used for coinage, jewelry and weapons. From early 1700s to mid-1800s, chemists discovered
More informationATOMIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRONS, AND PERIODICITY
ATOMIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRONS, AND PERIODICITY All matter is made of atoms. There are a limited number of types of atoms; these are the elements. (EU 1.A) Development of Atomic Theory Atoms are so small
More informationQuantum theory predicts that an atom s electrons are found in: To account that orbitals hold two electrons, we need:
Quantum theory predicts that an atom s electrons are found in: To account that orbitals hold two electrons, we need: Shells (principle quantum number, n) Subshells (angular momentum, l) Orbitals (magnetic
More informationElectrons in Atoms. So why does potassium explode in water? Quantum Mechanics Periodic Trends Chemical Bonding
Electrons in Atoms So why does potassium explode in water? Quantum Mechanics Periodic Trends Chemical Bonding 12.1 Development of Atomic Models Dalton s Thompson s Rutherford s Bohr s carbon Quantum Model
More informationChap 7 Part 2Tc.notebook November 02, 2017
Chapter 7 Section 4 11 Quantum mechanics electrons are organized in atoms in very specific ways energy levels represent distances from the nucleus inside energy levels are orbitals that can hold 2 electrons
More informationneed another quantum number, m s it is found that atoms, substances with unpaired electrons have a magnetic moment, 2 s(s+1) where {s = m s }
M polyelectronic atoms need another quantum number, m s it is found that atoms, substances with unpaired electrons have a magnetic moment, 2 s(s+1) where {s = m s } Pauli Exclusion Principle no two electrons
More informationSummation of Periodic Trends
Summation of Periodic Trends Factors Affecting Atomic Orbital Energies The Effect of Nuclear Charge (Z effective ) Higher nuclear charge lowers orbital energy (stabilizes the system) by increasing nucleus-electron
More informationThe Electronic Structure of Atoms
The Electronic Structure of Atoms Classical Hydrogen-like atoms: Atomic Scale: 10-10 m or 1 Å + - Proton mass : Electron mass 1836 : 1 Problems with classical interpretation: - Should not be stable (electron
More informationATOMIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRONS, AND PERIODICITY
ATOMIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRONS, AND PERIODICITY All matter is made of atoms. There are a limited number of types of atoms; these are the elements. (EU 1.A) Development of Atomic Theory Atoms are so small
More informationSummation of Periodic Trends Factors Affecting Atomic Orbital Energies
Summation of Periodic Trends Factors Affecting Atomic Orbital Energies The Effect of Nuclear Charge (Z effective ) Higher nuclear charge lowers orbital energy (stabilizes the system) by increasing nucleus-electron
More informationI. The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table. Electronic Configuration and Periodicity. Announcements Newland Law of Octaves
Announcements EM radiation --Exam 3 Oct 3...Includes chapters 7/8/9/10 The excluded items include: 1. Classical distinction between energy and matter (p. 217) 2. Numerical problems involving the Rydberg
More informationThe Quantum Mechanical Atom
The Quantum Mechanical Atom CHAPTER 8 Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6 th edition By Jesperson, Brady, & Hyslop CHAPTER 8: Quantum Mechanical Atom Learning Objectives q Light as Waves, Wavelength
More informationCh 8 Electron Configurations and Periodicity (Periodic table)
Ch 8 Electron Configurations and Periodicity (Periodic table) - An e 1 configuration is an atom s particular distribution of e 1 among the available subshells and orbitals. For example, the ground state
More informationLecture 32: The Periodic Table
Lecture 32: The Periodic Table (source: What If by Randall Munroe) PHYS 2130: Modern Physics Prof. Ethan Neil (ethan.neil@colorado.edu) Announcements Homework #9 assigned, due next Wed. at 5:00 PM as usual.
More informationTentative content material to be covered for Exam 2 (Wednesday, November 2, 2005)
Tentative content material to be covered for Exam 2 (Wednesday, November 2, 2005) Chapter 16 Quantum Mechanics and the Hydrogen Atom 16.1 Waves and Light 16.2 Paradoxes in Classical Physics 16.3 Planck,
More informationThe Quantum Mechanical Model
Recall The Quantum Mechanical Model Quantum Numbers Four numbers, called quantum numbers, describe the characteristics of electrons and their orbitals Quantum Numbers Quantum Numbers The Case of Hydrogen
More informationAtomic Structure and Periodicity
Atomic Structure and Periodicity Atoms and isotopes: Isotopes-#p + same for all but mass number is different b/c of # n o Average atomic mass is weighted average of all the isotopes for an element Average
More informationUse the Venn Diagram to compare and contrast the Bohr Model of the atom with the Quantum Mechanical Model of atom
Use the Venn Diagram to compare and contrast the Bohr Model of the atom with the Quantum Mechanical Model of atom Bohr Model Quantum Model Energy level Atomic orbital Quantum Atomic number Quantum mechanical
More informationMANY ELECTRON ATOMS Chapter 15
MANY ELECTRON ATOMS Chapter 15 Electron-Electron Repulsions (15.5-15.9) The hydrogen atom Schrödinger equation is exactly solvable yielding the wavefunctions and orbitals of chemistry. Howev er, the Schrödinger
More informationProblems with the Wave Theory of Light (Photoelectric Effect)
CHEM101 NOTES Properties of Light Found that the wave theory could not work for some experiments e.g. the photovoltaic effect This is because the classic EM view of light could not account for some of
More informationE = 2 (E 1)+ 2 (4E 1) +1 (9E 1) =19E 1
Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Physics Lecture 22: Multi-electron Atoms http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/ugrad/361 h / d/361 Prof. Sean Oh Last Time Multi-electron atoms and Pauli s exclusion principle Electrons
More informationנושא מס' 8: המבנה האלקטרוני של אטומים. Electronic Structure of Atoms. 1 Prof. Zvi C. Koren
נושא מס' 8: המבנה האלקטרוני של אטומים Electronic Structure of Atoms 1 Prof. Zvi C. Koren 19.07.10 The Electron Spin From further experiments, it was evident that the e had additional magnetic properties
More informationThe Electronic Structures of Atoms Electromagnetic Radiation The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation has the symbol λ.
CHAPTER 7 Atomic Structure Chapter 8 Atomic Electron Configurations and Periodicity 1 The Electronic Structures of Atoms Electromagnetic Radiation The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation has the symbol
More informationElectronic Structure of Atoms and the Periodic table. Electron Spin Quantum # m s
Electronic Structure of Atoms and the Periodic table Chapter 6 & 7, Part 3 October 26 th, 2004 Homework session Wednesday 3:00 5:00 Electron Spin Quantum # m s Each electron is assigned a spinning motion
More informationProfessor K. Section 8 Electron Configuration Periodic Table
Professor K Section 8 Electron Configuration Periodic Table Schrödinger Cannot be solved for multielectron atoms We must assume the orbitals are all hydrogen-like Differences In the H atom, all subshells
More information2011 CHEM 120: CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
2011 CHEM 120: CHEMICAL REACTIVITY INORGANIC CHEMISTRY SECTION Lecturer: Dr. M.D. Bala Textbook by Petrucci, Harwood, Herring and Madura 15 Lectures (4/10-29/10) 3 Tutorials 1 Quiz 1 Take-home test https://chemintra.ukzn.ac.za/
More informationChapter 6: Electronic Structure of Atoms
Chapter 6: Electronic Structure of Atoms Learning Outcomes: Calculate the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation given its frequency or its frequency given its wavelength. Order the common kinds of radiation
More informationELECTRON CONFIGURATION AND THE PERIODIC TABLE
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION AND THE PERIODIC TABLE The electrons in an atom fill from the lowest to the highest orbitals. The knowledge of the location of the orbitals on the periodic table can greatly help
More informationChapter 8. Electron Configuration and Chemical Periodicity 10/17/ Development of the Periodic Table
Chapter 8 Electron Configuration and Chemical Periodicity 8-1 Electron Configuration and Chemical Periodicity 8.1 Development of the Periodic Table 8.2 Characteristics of Many-Electron Atoms 8.3 The Quantum-Mechanical
More informationChapter 9: Electrons and the Periodic Table
C h e m i s t r y 1 2 C h 9 : E l e c t r o n s a n d P e r i o d i c T a b l e P a g e 1 Chapter 9: Electrons and the Periodic Table Work on MasteringChemistry assignments What we have learned: Dalton
More informationA) I and III B) I and IV C) II and IV D) II and III E) III 5. Which of the following statements concerning quantum mechanics is/are true?
PX0311-0709 1. What is the wavelength of a photon having a frequency of 4.50 10 14 Hz? (, ) A) 667 nm B) 1.50 10 3 nm C) 4.42 10 31 nm D) 0.0895 nm E) 2.98 10 10 nm 2. When a particular metal is illuminated
More informationThe periodic system of the elements. Predict. (rather than passively learn) Chemical Properties!
The periodic system of the elements Study of over 100 elements daunting task! Nature has provided the periodic table Enables us to correlate an enormous amount of information Predict (rather than passively
More informationC H E M 1 CHEM 101-GENERAL CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 6 THE PERIODIC TABLE & ATOMIC STRUCTURE INSTR : FİLİZ ALSHANABLEH
C H E M 1 CHEM 101-GENERAL CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 6 THE PERIODIC TABLE & ATOMIC STRUCTURE 0 1 INSTR : FİLİZ ALSHANABLEH CHAPTER 6 THE PERIODIC TABLE & ATOMIC STRUCTURE The Electromagnetic Spectrum The Wave
More informationThe Wave Nature of Light. Chapter Seven: Electromagnetic Waves. c = λν. λ and ν are inversely related
The Wave Nature of Light Chapter Seven: ATOMIC STRUCTURE & PERIODICITY Electromagnetic radiation is energy propagated by vibrating electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic radiation forms a whole
More informationElectron Configuration and Chemical Periodicity
Electron Configuration and Chemical Periodicity 8-1 Electron Configuration and Chemical Periodicity 1 Development of the Periodic Table 2 Characteristics of Many-Electron Atoms 3 The Quantum-Mechanical
More informationElectron configuration: shows which orbitals are occupied in an atom, and how many electrons they contain
ch8blank Page 1 Chapter 8: Periodic properties of the elements Electron configuration: shows which orbitals are occupied in an atom, and how many electrons they contain Ground state: lowest energy, most
More informationBecause light behaves like a wave, we can describe it in one of two ways by its wavelength or by its frequency.
Light We can use different terms to describe light: Color Wavelength Frequency Light is composed of electromagnetic waves that travel through some medium. The properties of the medium determine how light
More informationAtomic Structure and Periodicity
p. 99 p. 98 p. 98 Electromagnetic Spectrum Image Atomic Structure and Periodicity Chemistry Zumdahl Chapter 7 Properties of Light Electromagnetic Radiation: a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior
More informationCHAPTER 4 Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms
CHAPTER 4 Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms SECTION 1 The Development of a New Atomic Model OBJECTIVES 1. Explain the mathematical relationship among the speed, wavelength, and frequency of electromagnetic
More informationELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF ATOMS Electron Spin The electron: spins around its own axis acts as an tiny magnet (any moving electrical charge creates a magnetic field around itself) can spin in either of 2
More information8.6,8.7 Periodic Properties of the Elements
Pre -AP Chemistry 8.6,8.7 Periodic Properties of the Elements READ p. 305 315, 294-296 Practice Problems Pg 315 -Exercise 8.9 Pg 318-321 #36, 55, 64, 66, 67, 69, 72, 80 Periodic Trends are predictable
More information2.3 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
2.3 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table Although the Bohr theory and subsequent revisions were based on the idea of an electron traveling in some kind of orbit or path, a more modern view is that of
More informationPowerPoint to accompany. Chapter 6. Periodic Properties of the Elements
PowerPoint to accompany Chapter 6 Periodic Properties of the Elements Development of the Periodic Table Elements in the same group generally have similar chemical properties. Properties are not identical,
More informationChapter 7. Generally, the electronic structure of atoms correlates w. the prop. of the elements
Chapter 7 Periodic Properties of the Elements I) Development of the P.T. Generally, the electronic structure of atoms correlates w. the prop. of the elements - reflected by the arrangement of the elements
More informationLight. Light (con t.) 2/28/11. Examples
Light We can use different terms to describe light: Color Wavelength Frequency Light is composed of electromagnetic waves that travel through some medium. The properties of the medium determine how light
More informationMolecular Bond Theory
Molecular Bond Theory Short comings of the localized electron model: electrons are not really localized so the concept of resonance was added no direct information about bond energies Molecular Orbital
More informationChapter 6 Electronic Structure of Atoms
Chapter 6 Electronic Structure of Atoms What is the origin of color in matter? Demo: flame tests What does this have to do with the atom? Why are atomic properties periodic? 6.1 The Wave Nature of Light
More informationSection 11: Electron Configuration and Periodic Trends
Section 11: Electron Configuration and Periodic Trends The following maps the videos in this section to the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills for Science TAC 112.35(c). 11.01 The Bohr Model of the Atom
More informationQuantum Numbers. principal quantum number: n. angular momentum quantum number: l (azimuthal) magnetic quantum number: m l
Quantum Numbers Quantum Numbers principal quantum number: n angular momentum quantum number: l (azimuthal) magnetic quantum number: m l Principal quantum number: n related to size and energy of orbital
More informationElectron Configuration. The electron configuration of an atom tells us how the electrons are distributed among the various atomic orbitals.
Electron Configuration The electron configuration of an atom tells us how the electrons are distributed among the various atomic orbitals. Spin Quantum Number, m s In the 1920s, it was discovered that
More informationChapter 7. Atomic Structure
Chapter 7 Atomic Structure Light Made up of electromagnetic radiation. Waves of electric and magnetic fields at right angles to each other. Parts of a wave Wavelength Frequency = number of cycles in one
More informationCHAPTER 3 Atomic Structure: Explaining the Properties of Elements
CHAPTER 3 Atomic Structure: Explaining the Properties of Elements We are going to learn about the electronic structure of the atom, and will be able to explain many things, including atomic orbitals, oxidation
More informations or Hz J atom J mol or -274 kj mol CHAPTER 4. Practice Exercises ΔE atom = ΔE mol =
CHAPTER 4 Practice Exercises 4.1 10 1 2.1410 s or Hz 4.3 ΔE atom = ΔE mol = 4.5610 J atom 19 1 2.7410 J mol or -274 kj mol 5 1-1 4.5 excitation energy = 471 kj mol 1 + 275 kj mol 1 = 746 kj mol 1 Hg 4.7
More informationThe Electronic Theory of Chemistry
JF Chemistry CH1101 The Electronic Theory of Chemistry Dr. Baker bakerrj@tcd.ie Module Aims: To provide an introduction to the fundamental concepts of theoretical and practical chemistry, including concepts
More informationChapter 9. Atomic structure and atomic spectra
Chapter 9. Atomic structure and atomic spectra -The structure and spectra of hydrogenic atom -The structures of many e - atom -The spectra of complex atoms The structure and spectra of hydrogenic atom
More informationAgenda & Announcements
CHEM 115 Review for Exam 3 Lecture 24 Prof. Sevian 1 Agenda & Announcements Reminder to take post-test next week during first hour of any lab period (next slide) Assignment 13 is to study for Exam 3. Attending
More informationChapter 1 - Basic Concepts: atoms
Chapter 1 - Basic Concepts: atoms Discovery of atomic structure Rutherford (1910) JJ Thomson (1897) Milliken (1909) Rutherford (1911) 1 Symbol p + e - n 0 Mass (amu) 1.0073 0.000549 1.00870 Discovery 1919,
More information6.1.5 Define frequency and know the common units of frequency.
CHM 111 Chapter 6 Worksheet and Study Guide Purpose: This is a guide for your as you work through the chapter. The major topics are provided so that you can write notes on each topic and work the corresponding
More informationCh 6 Atomic Spectra. Masterson & Hurley
Ch 6 Atomic Spectra Masterson & Hurley 1 Joule = 1 kg m 2 s 2 Ch 6.1 Light, Photon Energies, & Atomic Spectra What scientists know about light, scientists are able to explain the structure of the atom.
More informationPeriodicity and the Electronic Structure of Atoms 國防醫學院生化學科王明芳老師
Periodicity and the Electronic Structure of Atoms 國防醫學院生化學科王明芳老師 2018-10-2 1 2 Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Electromagnetic energy ( light ) is characterized by wavelength, frequency, and amplitude.
More informationElectronic configurations, Auf-bau principle, Pauli principle, Hunds rule 1. Which of the following statements in relation to the hydrogen atom is correct? 1) 3s and 3p orbitals are of lower energy than
More information7.1 The Pauli Exclusion Principle
Chapter 7. Atomic Physics Notes: Most of the material in this chapter is taken from Thornton and Rex, Chapter 8. 7.1 The Pauli Exclusion Principle We saw in the previous chapter that the hydrogen atom
More information