Topic 2060 Gibbs Energies; Salt Solutions; Aqueous Mixtures The solubilities of chemical substance j in two liquids l
|
|
- Dominic Ellis
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Topic 6 Gibbs Energies; Salt Solutions; Aqueous Mixtures The solubilities of chemical substance in two liquids l and l (at the same T and p) offers a method for comparing the reference chemical potentials, using the transfer parameter ( l. A similar argument is advanced in the context of salt l ) solutions in which comparison of the solubility of salt in two liquids leads to the transfer parameter for the salt. However the argument does not stop there. In the case of, for example a : salt M X -, the derived transfer for the salt is re-expressed as the sum of transfer parameters for the separate ions M and X -. Thus ( l l ) (M X ) = ( l l ) (M ) ( l l ) (X ) (a) However granted that we can obtain an estimate of the transfer parameter for the salt, ( l l ) (M X ), thermodynamics does not offer a method for calculating the corresponding ionic transfer parameters. Several extra-thermodynamic procedures yield estimated single ion thermodynamic transfer parameters. The simplest approach adopts a reference ion (e.g. H ) and reports relative transfer ionic chemical potentials. ( l l ) (H ) (b) = For example; ( l l ) (Cl ) = ( l l ) (HC ) l Solubilities and Transfer Parameters A closed system (at fixed T and ambient pressure) contains a solid salt in uilibrium with salt in aqueous solution. At uilibrium, (s) = (aq) ν R T ln(q m (aq) γ (aq) / m ) (d) ± Similarly for an uilibrium system where the solvent is a binary aqueous mixture, mole fraction x, (s) = (s ln;x ) ν R T ln(q m (sln; x ) γ (s ln;x ) / m ) (e) Then, ± (c) x ) (s ln) = (sln; x ) (aq) = ν R T ln[m (s ln;x ) γ (sln;x ) / m (aq) ± γ ± (aq)] (f) A key assumption sets the ratio of mean ionic activity coefficients to unity. In effect we assume that the solubilities do not change dramatically as x is changed. Therefore, (aq x ) (s ln) = ν R T ln[m (sln;x ) / m (aq)] (g)
2 Thus the ratio [m (sln;x ) / m (aq)] is effectively the ratio of solubilities of salt in the mixed aqueous solutions and aqueous solution. If the solubility of the salt increases with increase in x, (aq x ) (sln) is negative. In other words, the salt in aqueous solutions is stabilised by adding the co-solvent. Granted that solubility data lead to an estimate for (aq x ) (sln), this quantity involves contributions from both cations and anions. For a salt containing two ionic substances (aq x ) (s ln) = x ) (s ln) x ) (s ln) (h) The background to this type of analysis centres on classic studes into the electrical conductivities of salt solutions. For a given salt in a solvent (at fixed T and p), the molar conductivity approaches a limiting value with decrease in concentration; limit( c ) Λ = Λ. The limiting molar conductivity of a salt solution Λ containing a : salt can be written as the sum of limiting ionic conductivities anions and cations. Λ = λ (i) λ λ i of The transport number of an ion t measures the ratio λ / Λ. Both t and Λ can be measured and hence λ calculated in the limit of infinite dilution characterises ion in a given solvent at defined T and p. Discrimination between anions and cations arises from their electrical charges and hence the direction of migration of ions in an electric field. Nevertheless the task of measuring both t and Λ is not trivial and some simple working hypothesis is often sought. The argument is advanced that the molar conductivities are ual in magnitude for two ions having similar size and solvation characteristics. This extrathermodynamic assumption has been applied [-8] to a range of onium salts including () Bu N Ph 3FB, () iso Bu 3 N H Ph B, (3) Bu N Ph B, () iso Am 3 BuN H B (5) iso Am N iso - Am B ; so λ (big cation) = λ (big anion). This big ion big ion assumption is carried over to the analysis of thermodynamic properties where we lack the discrimination between cations and anions based on their mobilities in an applied electric potentials. gradient. Then for example the change in solubility of one such salt in aqueous solution on
3 adding a cosolvent ( e.g. ethanol) can be understood in terms of ual transfer thermodynamic potentials. (/ ) x ) x ) (big cation big anion; s ln) = (big cation;s ln) = x ) (big anion; sln) () For example having obtained (aq x ) (big cation;sln), the difference in solubilities of the corresponding salt iodide is used to obtain the transfer parameter for iodide ions in the two solvents. x ) (I ; s ln) = x ) (big cation iodide;s ln) x ) (big cation s ln) (k) Considerable information is available in the chemical literature concerning ionic transfer parameters, particularly for solutes in binary aqueous mixtures at 98. K and ambient pressure. 8- Unfortunately there is no agreed composition scale for transfer parameters. Information includes transfer parameters based on concentration, molality and mole fractions scales for the solutes. The situation is further complicated by the fact that different scales are used to express composition of liquid mixtures. Common scales include mass%, mole fraction and vol%. Conversion between these scales is a tedious. Some examples of the ruired uations are presented in an Appendix to this Topic. Footnotes. M. A. Coplan and R. M. Fuoss, J. Phys. Chem.,96,68,8.. R. L. Kay, J.Hales and G. P. Cunningham, J. Phys. Chem.,967,67, M. R. Coplan and R.M.Fuoss, J. Phys. Chem.,96,68,77.. D. F. Evans, J. Thomas, J. A. Nadas and M. A. Matesich, J. Phys. Chem.,97,75,7. 5. C. Treiner and R. M. Fuoss, Z. Phyik. Chemie, 965,8, J. E. Coetzee and G. P. Cunningham, J. Am. Chem.Soc.,96,86,33; 965,87, B. S. Krumgal z, Russ. J.Phys.Chem.,97,6, G. Petrella, A. Sacco, M. Castagnolo, M. Della Monica, and A. De Giglio, J. Solution Chem.,977,6,3. 9. M. H. Abraham, T. Hill, H. C. Ling R. A. Schultz and R. A. C. Watt, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans.,,98,8,89.. H. Talukdar and K. K. Kundu, J. Phys. Chem.,99,96,97.
4 . Y. Marcus, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans.,987, 83,858.. M. R. J. Dack, K. J. Bird and A. J. Parker, Aust. J. Chem.,975,8, P. Singh, I. D. MacLeod and A. J. Parker, J. Solution Chem.,98,3,3.. Y. Marcus, J. Solution Chem.,986,5,9. 5. E. A. Gomaa, Thermochim Acta, 987,, M. Booi and G. Somsen, Electrochim Acta, 983,8, C. V. Krishnan and H. L. Friedman, J. Phys. Chem.,97,7, J. I. Kim and E.A.Gomaa, Bull. Soc., Chem. Bwel;g.,98,9, H. L. Friedman, J. Phys. Chem.,967,7,73.. A.F. Danil de Namor, T. Hill and E. Sigsted, J. Chem. Soc Faraday Trans.,I,983,79,73.. I. N. B. Mullick and K. K. Kundu, Indian J. Chem.,98, 3A,8. Appendix Conversion between Composition Scales: Aqueous Solutions. Molality and Mole Fraction Solute in Aqueous Solution We write down two uations for the same quantity, the chemical potential of solute. For the chemical potential of solute in an ideal aqueous solution at ambient pressure ( i.e. close to the standard pressure, p ), (aq) = (aq;m ) R T ln[m / m ] (i) Here m is the molality of solute ; m = mol kg -, the reference molality. However we may decide to express the composition of the solution in terms of the mole fraction of solute. If the properties of the solute are ideal, the chemical potential of solute, (aq) is related to the mole fraction of solute x. aq) = (aq; x = ) R T ln[x ] (ii) ( Equations (i) and (ii) describe the same property, (aq). The property aq; x ) is interesting because it describes the chemical potential of solute ( = in aqueous solution where the mole fraction of solute is unity; it is clearly an extrapolated property of the solute.
5 If n is the amount of solute in a solution prepared using kg of water, we can combine uations (i) and (ii); x = n /[( ) n ] where for a dilute solution ( ) >> n ; M is the molar mass of water. (aq;m ) R T ln[n / m ] = (aq; x = ) R T ln[n M / (iii) Or, ] aq;m ) (aq; x = ) = R T ln[m M ] (iv) ( - - We note that [m M ] = [mol kg ] [kg mol ] = [] Solute in a Solvent prepared as a Binary Aqueous Mixture If n is the amount of solute in kg of a solvent mixture, the chemical potential of solute is given by uation (iv) (mix) = (mix; m ) R T ln[n / m ] (v) We note that [n / m ] = [mol / kg mol kg ] []. = If the binary solvent mixture comprises w % of the non-aqueous component, for a dilute solution of solute, the mole fraction of solute x is given by uation (vi) where M is the molar mass of the cosolvent. x = n {[( w %] } {w % } (vi) Using the mole fraction scale for solute, the chemical potential of solute in the mixture, composition w % is given by uation (vii). n (mix) = (mix; x = ) R T ln (vii) {[( w %] } {w % } Equations (v) and (vii) describe the same property, the chemical potential of solute in a mixed solvent system. Hence, Or, = (mix; m ) R T ln[n (mix; x / m ] = ) R T ln {[( w n %] } {w % } (viii) = (mix; m (mix; x ) = ) R T ln {[( w m %] } {w % } (ix)
6 - m [] [mol kg ] We note that [] = = - {[( w %] } {w % } []/[kg mol ] Conversion of Scales. It is convenient at this point to comment on the difference in reference chemical potentials of solute in aqueous solutions and a solvent mixture. Thus from uation (iv). aq;m ) (aq; x = ) = R T ln[m M ] (x) ( And from uation (ix) (mix; m ) (mix; x = ) = R T ln {[( w m %] } {w % } The difference between uations (x) and (xi) yields an uation relating transfer parameters for solute on the two composition scales. (xi) Hence (mix; m ) (aq;m ) = (mix; x { R T ln { R T ln w w = ) (aq; x %} {w %} {w % M % M (m scale) = (x scale) = ) } } (xii) (xiii) Or, Or, (m scale) = R T ln [ (w % / ) (w % / ) M ] (m scale) = R T ln{ [ (M (x scale) )] (w (x scale) % / )} (xv) (xiv) If solute is a salt which is completely dissociated into ν ions in both aqueous solution and in the mixed solvent system, (m scale) = (x scale) (xvi) ν R T ln{ [ (M )] (w % / )} Thus for each ionic substance contributing to the transfer property for the salt, (sln) = ν (sln) ν (sln) (xvii)
7 Equations (xv)_ and (xvi ) show that the difference between the transfer chemical potentials on the x- and m- scales is independent of temperature. The difference is based on the mass of the solvent components in the mixture. Consuently the transfer enthalpies on the two scales are ual. (aq mix)h (m scale) = mix)h (x scale) (xviii) Therefore the difference in the transfer chemical potentials can be traced to differences in the transfer entropies. At constant pressure, mix)s (m scale) = d = mix)s (x scale) ν R ln{[-[- (M )] (w % / )}} / dt (xix) A similar argument notes that the masses of the solvents forming the mixed solvents are independent of pressure ( at fixed temperature) Therefore the volumes of transfer on molality and mole fraction scales are ual. In summary (at fixed T an p), mix)h (sln) = H = T (mix) H (aq) [ { (sln;t)/t}/dt] (xx) Further, for the isobaric partial molar heat capacities, mix)c p (s ln) = C p (mix) C p (aq) = [ { mix)h (sln;t)}/ T] p (xxi) Also aq mix)v (sln) = V (mix) V (aq) (xxii) ( Transfer Parameters: Molality and Concentration Scales. The procedures described above are repeated but now in a comparison of the molality and concentration scales. For a solute (at fixed T and p ) in a solution having ideal thermodynamic properties, the chemical potential of solute is related to concentration of solute, c which by convention is expressed in terms of amount of solute in dm 3 of solution at defined T and p; i.e. c = [mol dm -3 ]. A reference concentration c r describes a solution where one dm 3 of solution contains one mole of solute. Because the volume of a liquid depends on both temperature and pressure, these variables must be specified. Thus aq) = (c scale;aq) R T ln[c (aq) / c ] (xxiii) ( r The units of both c (aq) and c r are [mol dm -3 ].Hence using uations (i) and (xxiii),
8 (aq) = (m;aq) R T ln[m (aq) / m ] = (c scale;aq) R T ln[c (aq) / c ] r (xxiv) For a solution in kg of solvent, - m (aq) = n / mol kg (xxv) For a dilute solution, density ρ (aq) = ρ ( l) (xxvi) Volume of a dilute solution with mass kg = / ρ ( l) (xxvii) Concentration, c = n ρ ( l) / (xxviii) Therefore uation (xxiv) can be written in the following form. (m;aq) R T ln[n / m = (c scale;aq) R T ln[n ] ρ ( l) / c ] r (xxix) For the solution in a binary aqueous mixture, (m; mix) R T ln[n / m = (c scale;mix) R T ln[n ] ρ(mix) / c r ] (xxx) Then, (m) = (c scale) R T ln[ ρ(mix) / ρ ( l)] (xxxi) In the event that solute is a salt which produces ν moles of ions for each mole of salt, (m) = (c scale) ν R T ln[ ρ(mix) / ρ ( l)] (xxxii) For each ionic substances, e.g. a cation (m) = (c scale) ν R T ln[ ρ(mix) / ρ ( l)] (xxxiii) Because the densities of water and each mixture depends on temperature at fixed pressure, the transfer enthalpies on molality and concentration scales differ. Thus mix)h (m) = mix)h (c scale) ν R T [ ln[ ρ(mix) / ρ ( l)]/ T] p (xxxiv)
Topic 3200 Water; Hydrogen Ions Chemists are often faced with the situation where on adding salt MX to water (l)
Topic 200 Water; Hydrogen Ions Chemists are often faced with the situation where on adding salt M to water (l) experimental evidence shows that the cation exists as a hydrate M 2 ) n. For example, adding
More informationEP elements in rings
EP elements in rings Dijana Mosić, Dragan S. Djordjević, J. J. Koliha Abstract In this paper we present a number of new characterizations of EP elements in rings with involution in purely algebraic terms,
More informationTopic1070 Enthalpies; Solutions; Dilution; Simple Solutes
Topic7 nthalpies; Solutions; Dilution; Simple Solutes A given (old) aqueous solution is prepared using n (old) moles of water () and n moles of a simple neutral solute at fixed T and p. The enthalpy (aq;old)
More informationThermodynamic Studies of Some Symmetrical Electrolyte s Solution in Aqueous-Organic Solvent Mixtures
ISSN 122-8594 JUJS 218 Jahangirnagar University Journal of Science Vol. 41, No.1, pp.87-98 Thermodynamic Studies of Some Symmetrical Electrolyte s Solution in Aqueous-Organic Solvent Mixtures Md. Minarul
More informationFactorizations of b n ±1, Up to High Powers. Third Edition. John Brillhart, D. H. Lehmer J. L. Selfridge, Bryant Tuckerman, and S. S. Wagstaff, Jr.
CONTEMPORARY MATHEMATICS 22 Factorizations of b n ±1, b = 2, 3, 5, 6, 7,10, 11, 12 Up to High Powers Third Edition John Brillhart, D. H. Lehmer J. L. Selfridge, Bryant Tuckerman, and S. S. Wagstaff, Jr.
More informationJournal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2012, 4(3): Research Article
Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2012, 4(3):1619-1624 Research Article ISSN : 0975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Studies on ion association and solvation of multi-charged
More informationChromatically Unique Bipartite Graphs With Certain 3-independent Partition Numbers III ABSTRACT
Malaysian Chromatically Journal of Mathematical Unique Biparte Sciences Graphs with 1(1: Certain 139-16 3-Independent (007 Partition Numbers III Chromatically Unique Bipartite Graphs With Certain 3-independent
More informationSynthesis and Characterization of New 2,3-Disubstituted Thieno[3,4-b]pyrazines: Tunable Building Blocks for Low Band Gap Conjugated Materials
SUPPORTING INFORMATION Synthesis and Characterization of New 2,3-Disubstituted Thieno[3,4-b]pyrazines: Tunable Building Blocks for Low Band Gap Conjugated Materials Li Wen, Jon P. Nietfeld, Chad M. Amb,
More informationSummer Review Packet AP Calculus
Summer Review Packet AP Calculus ************************************************************************ Directions for this packet: On a separate sheet of paper, show your work for each problem in this
More informationDIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES OF CLAY-WATER-ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES OF CLAY-WATER-ORGANIC COMPOUNDS By Birsen Canan ABSTRACT The propagation of an electromagnetic wave through a material is dependent on the electrical and magnetic properties
More informationSITARAM K. CHAVAN * and MADHURI N. HEMADE ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
Int. J. Chem. Sci.: 11(1), 013, 619-67 ISSN 097-768X www.sadgurupublications.com DENSITIES, VISCOSITIES AND EXCESS THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF MONOMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE IN TETRAHYDROFURAN AND WATER
More informationFe (III), Co (II), Ni(II), Cu(II) -3,3'-(5- -1,2,4- Co(II), Ni(II) 121
.. -1,2,4-2002 3 .,. -1,2,4- / -. :. 2002. 240.,, - -1,2,4-. (5-, - (), - -3,3-(5--1,2,4- - :, -..,, -,, -. :.. ; -. ; - - ().., 2002.,., 2002 4 3 8 10 1. -1,2,4-, 5--1()-1,2,3,4-14 1.1. -1,2,4-14 1.2.
More informationA Revised Denotational Semantics for the Dataflow Algebra. A. J. Cowling
Verification and Testing Research Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 211, Portobello Street, Sheffield, S1 4DP, United Kingdom Email: A.Cowling @ dcs.shef.ac.uk
More informationg. Looking at the equation, one can conclude that H 2 O has accepted a proton from HONH 3 HONH 3
Chapter 14 Acids and Bases I. Bronsted Lowry Acids and Bases a. According to Brønsted- Lowry, an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor. Therefore, in an acid- base reaction, a proton (H
More informationLecture 6. NONELECTROLYTE SOLUTONS
Lecture 6. NONELECTROLYTE SOLUTONS NONELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS SOLUTIONS single phase homogeneous mixture of two or more components NONELECTROLYTES do not contain ionic species. CONCENTRATION UNITS percent
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Thermodynamic and Energy Efficiency Analysis of Power Generation from atural Salinity Gradients by Pressure Retarded Osmosis GAI YI YIP AD EACHE ELIELECH* Department of Chemical
More informationMINISTRIES/DEPARTMENTS Internal and Extra-Budgetary Resources Total. Support Internal ECBs/ Others Total IEBR Resources Bonds Suppliers EBR
I MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE 2929.55 0.00 2929.55 Department of Agriculture 1950.00 0.00 1950.00 and Cooperation Department of Agricultural 629.55 0.00 629.55 Research & Education D/Animal Husbandry 300.00
More informationModel for Dredging a Horizontal Trapezoidal Open Channel with Hydraulic Jump
Journal of Mathematics Research; Vol. 4, No. 3; 2012 ISSN 1916-9795 E-ISSN 1916-9809 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Model for Dredging a Horizontal Trapezoidal Open Channel with
More informationCHEMISTRY 135 REVISION OF NAMES, FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
CHEMISTRY 135 REVISION OF NAMES, FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS Answer the following questions as if you were going to hand them in for marking. You will be tested on them in class time. 1) Give the correct chemical
More informationRapidity evolution of Wilson lines
Rapidity evolution of Wilson lines I. Balitsky JLAB & ODU QCD evolution 014 13 May 014 QCD evolution 014 13 May 014 1 / Outline 1 High-energy scattering and Wilson lines High-energy scattering and Wilson
More informationMAT063 and MAT065 FINAL EXAM REVIEW FORM 1R x
Page NEW YORK CITY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY of the City University of New York R DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS Revised Spring 0 W. Colucci, D. DeSantis, and P. Deraney. Updated Fall 0 S. Singh MAT06 and MAT06
More informationSalinity Gradients for Sustainable Energy: Primer, Progress, and Prospects
Supporting Information Salinity Gradients for Sustainable Energy: Primer, Progress, and Prospects Ngai Yin Yip *,, Doriano Brogioli, Hubertus V. M. Hamelers, and Kitty Nijmeijer Department of Earth and
More informationFactors that Effect the Rate of Solvation
Factors that Effect the Rate of Solvation Rate of Solvation there are three ways to increase collisions between the solvent and the solute. agitating the mixture increasing the surface area of the solute
More informationBiology IA & IB Syllabus Mr. Johns/Room 2012/August,
Biology IA & IB Syllabus Mr. Johns/Room 2012/August, 2017-2018 Description of Course: A study of the natural world centers on cellular structure and the processes of life. First semester topics include:
More informationLIMITING IONIC PARTIAL MOLAR VOLUMES OF R 4 N + AND I IN AQUEOUS METHANOL AT K
Int. J. Chem. Sci.: 11(1), 2013, 321-330 ISSN 0972-768X www.sadgurupublications.com LIMITING IONIC PARTIAL MOLAR VOLUMES OF R 4 N + AND I IN AQUEOUS METHANOL AT 298.15 K N. P. NIKAM * and S. V. PATIL a
More informationSOLUBILITY AS AN EQUILIBRIUM PHENOMENA
SOLUBILITY AS AN EQUILIBRIUM PHENOMENA Equilibrium in Solution solute (undissolved) solute (dissolved) Solubility A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given
More informationSUMMER VACATION ASSIGNMENT (MAY- JUNE 2015) CLASS X
SUMMER VACATION ASSIGNMENT (MAY- JUNE 2015) CLASS X ENGLISH Introduction to Poets and Authors: Make a power point presentation of 10 slides about an author or poet of your choice. The power point presentation
More informationLiquids and Solutions
Liquids and Solutions Introduction This course examines the properties of liquids and solutions at both the thermodynamic and the molecular level. The main topics are: Liquids, Ideal and Regular Solutions,
More informationc 2011 JOSHUA DAVID JOHNSTON ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
c 211 JOSHUA DAVID JOHNSTON ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANALYTICALLY AND NUMERICALLY MODELING RESERVOIR-EXTENDED POROUS SLIDER AND JOURNAL BEARINGS INCORPORATING CAVITATION EFFECTS A Dissertation Presented to
More informationConductometric Study of Sodium Chloride in Aqueous 2- methylpropan-2-ol of Mass Fraction 0.10, 0.30, 0.50, 0.70, 0.80 and 0.90
Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 9 (2014) 3574-3587 International Journal of ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE www.electrochemsci.org Conductometric Study of Sodium Chloride in Aqueous 2- methylpropan-2-ol of Mass Fraction
More information5 Years (10 Semester) Integrated UG/PG Program in Physics & Electronics
Courses Offered: 5 Years (10 ) Integrated UG/PG Program in Physics & Electronics 2 Years (4 ) Course M. Sc. Physics (Specialization in Material Science) In addition to the presently offered specialization,
More informationProperties of Aqueous Solutions
Properties of Aqueous Solutions Definitions A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The substance present in smaller amount is called the solute. The substance present in larger
More informationMethods for Marsh Futures Area of Interest (AOI) Elevation Zone Delineation
PARTNERSHIP FOR THE DELAWARE ESTUARY Science Group Methods for Marsh Futures Area of Interest (AOI) Elevation Zone Delineation Date Prepared: 07/30/2015 Prepared By: Joshua Moody Suggested Citation: Moody,
More informationThe underlying prerequisite to the application of thermodynamic principles to natural systems is that the system under consideration should be at equilibrium. http://eps.mcgill.ca/~courses/c220/ Reversible
More informationA study of partial molar volumes of citric acid and tartaric acid in water and binary aqueous mixtures of ethanol at various temperatures
J. Chem. Sci., Vol. 116, No. 1, January 2004, pp. 33 38. Indian Academy of Sciences. A study of partial molar volumes of citric acid and tartaric acid in water and binary aqueous mixtures of ethanol at
More informationSolutions. Solutions. How Does a Solution Form? Solutions. Energy Changes in Solution. How Does a Solution Form
Ummm Solutions Solutions Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more pure substances. In a solution, the solute is dispersed uniformly throughout the solvent. Solutions The intermolecular forces
More informationChapter 5. Simple Mixtures Fall Semester Physical Chemistry 1 (CHM2201)
Chapter 5. Simple Mixtures 2011 Fall Semester Physical Chemistry 1 (CHM2201) Contents The thermodynamic description of mixtures 5.1 Partial molar quantities 5.2 The thermodynamic of Mixing 5.3 The chemical
More informationBrass, a solid solution of Zn and Cu, is used to make musical instruments and many other objects.
Brass, a solid solution of Zn and Cu, is used to make musical instruments and many other objects. 14.1 General Properties of Solutions 14.2 Solubility 14.3 Rate of Dissolving Solids 14.4 Concentration
More informationReal-Time Software Transactional Memory: Contention Managers, Time Bounds, and Implementations
Real-Time Software Transactional Memory: Contention Managers, Time Bounds, and Implementations Mohammed El-Shambakey Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
More informationIv roman numerals. Cari untuk: Cari Cari
Cari untuk: Cari Cari Iv roman numerals 29-4-2010 Readers Georgia and Gecko are both curious about clocks. Georgia wrote in to ask, "Why is it that some analog clocks with Roman numerals have '4' as '
More informationThomas Fischer Weiss. Cellular Biophysics. Volume 1: Transport. A Bradford Book The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England
Thomas Fischer Weiss Cellular Biophysics Volume 1: Transport A Bradford Book The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 1996 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part
More informationInternational Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Review and Research
ISSN No: 2395-3306 Int. J. Chem. Pharm. Rev. Res. Vol (1), Issue (2), 2015, Page. 1-12 Research Article International Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Review and Research www.ijcprr.com/browse-journal
More informationSOLUTION CHEMISTRY OF SOME DICARBOXYLATE SALTS OF RELEVANCE TO THE BAYER PROCESS
SOLUTION CHEMISTRY OF SOME DICARBOXYLATE SALTS OF RELEVANCE TO THE BAYER PROCESS Andrew John Tromans B.Sc. Hons (Edith Cowan University) This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
More information6. Multiple Reactions
6. Multiple Reactions o Selectivity and Yield o Reactions in Series - To give maximum selectivity o Algorithm for Multiple Reactions o Applications of Algorithm o Multiple Reactions-Gas Phase 0. Types
More informationList of Principal Symbols
Symbol Quantity First appearance on page Upper-case characters A Vector of the cell boundary area between wall and fluid 23 in the calculation domain C Coordinate position of the cell centroid 23 C c Cunningham
More informationAP Chemistry. Syllabus and Essential Outcomes. Overview: Resources: Student Generated Resources:
AP Chemistry Syllabus and Essential Outcomes Overview: The AP Chemistry course is designed to prepare students for the AP Chemistry Exam. It is the equivalent of the general chemistry course usually taken
More informationCHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS Basic Theory and Methods Sixth Edition IRVING M. KLOTZ Morrison Professor Emeritus Northwestern University ROBERT M. ROSENBERG MacMillen Professor Emeritus Lawrence University Visiting
More informationor supersaturatedsaturated Page 1
Solutions Unit #9 Chapter #11 A solution is a HOMOGENEOUS mixture of 2 or more substances in a single phase. One constituent is usually regarded as the SOLVENT and the others as SOLUTES. 1 Definitions
More informationElectrical conductivity of s-acetylthiocholine halides and perchlorate in 2-propanol at 25 C
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Pelagia Research Library Advances in Applied Science Research, 20, 2 (): 90-94 Electrical conductivity of s-acetylthiocholine halides and perchlorate
More informationI) Simplifying fractions: x x. 1) 1 1 y x. 1 1 x 1. 4 x. 13x. x y xy. x 2. Factoring: 10) 13) 12) III) Solving: x 9 Prime (using only) 11)
AP Calculus Summer Packet Answer Key Reminders:. This is not an assignment.. This will not be collected.. You WILL be assessed on these skills at various times throughout the course.. You are epected to
More informationPhysical Properties of Solutions
Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 12 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 12.1- Types of solutions A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or
More informationConductance and ion association studies of unsymmetrical complex chloropentamine cobalt (III) chloride in water at different temperatures
vailable online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com dvances in pplied Science Research, 21, 1 (3): 168-173 ISSN: 976-861 CODEN (US): SRFC Conductance and ion association studies of unsymmetrical complex
More informationChemistry A Molecular Approach 4 th Edition, AP Edition, 2017 Tro
A Correlation of Chemistry A Molecular Approach 4 th Edition, AP Edition, 2017 Tro To the AP Chemistry Topics AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the
More informationSolutions. Experiment 11. Various Types of Solutions. Solution: A homogenous mixture consisting of ions or molecules
Solutions Solution: A homogenous mixture consisting of ions or molecules -Assignment: Ch 15 Questions & Problems : 5, (15b,d), (17a, c), 19, 21, 23, 27, (33b,c), 39, (43c,d),45b, 47, (49b,d), (55a,b),
More informationThermodynamics IV - Free Energy and Chemical Equilibria Chemical Potential (Partial Molar Gibbs Free Energy)
Thermodynamics IV - Free Energy and Chemical Equilibria Chemical Potential (Partial Molar Gibbs Free Energy) increase in the Gibbs free energy of the system when 1 mole of i is added to a large amount
More informationMixtures. Partial Molar Quantities
CHEM 331 Physical Chemistry Fall 2017 Mixtures Our current discussion takes up some general results for systems that are mixtures and/or open. The former involve systems that contain multiple components;
More informationShareholding as a % of total no. of shares (calculated as per SCRR, 1957) Number of Voting Rights held in each class of securities
Sr. No. Particulars 1. Name of Listed Entity : Symphony Limited 2. Scrip Code/Name of Scrip/Class of Security : SYMPHONY 3. Share Holding Pattern Filed under : 31 (1) 4. Share Holding Pattern as on : 30
More informationActivities and Activity Coefficients
CHEM 331 Physical Chemistry Fall 017 Activities and Activity Coefficients We now finish answering the question we asked during our last lecture, what is the form of the chemical potential i (T,P,x i )
More informationContents. 1 Introduction and guide for this text 1. 2 Equilibrium and entropy 6. 3 Energy and how the microscopic world works 21
Preface Reference tables Table A Counting and combinatorics formulae Table B Useful integrals, expansions, and approximations Table C Extensive thermodynamic potentials Table D Intensive per-particle thermodynamic
More information1. 4 2y 1 2 = x = x 1 2 x + 1 = x x + 1 = x = 6. w = 2. 5 x
.... VII x + x + = x x x 8 x x = x + a = a + x x = x + x x Solve the absolute value equations.. z = 8. x + 7 =. x =. x =. y = 7 + y VIII Solve the exponential equations.. 0 x = 000. 0 x+ = 00. x+ = 8.
More informationThe Coq Proof Assistant
The Coq Proof Assistant Bow-Yaw Wang Institute of Information Science Academia Sinica, Taiwan October 15, 2018 Bow-Yaw Wang (Academia Sinica) The Coq Proof Assistant October 15, 2018 1 / 59 Outline 1 The
More informationDownloaded from
I.I.T.Foundation - XI Chemistry MCQ #10 Time: 45 min Student's Name: Roll No.: Full Marks: 90 Solutions I. MCQ - Choose Appropriate Alternative 1. Molarity is the number of moles of a solute dissolved
More informationLECTURE 6 NON ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION
LECTURE 6 NON ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION Ch 45.5 pplied Phy Chem First Sem 2014-15 Ch 45.5 Exam II September 1/3 (Multiple Choice/Problem Solving) Coverage: Second/Third Laws of Thermodynamics Nonelectrolyte
More informationELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS
ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS Third Edition JOHN NEWMAN and KAREN E. THOMAS-ALYEA University of California, Berkeley ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES WILEY- INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC PUBLICATION PREFACE
More informationHEATS OF HYDRATION AND ABSOLUTE HEATS OF FORMATION OF AQUEOUS IONS 1
HEATS OF HYDRATION AND ABSOLUTE HEATS OF FORMATION OF AQUEOUS IONS 1 R. THOMAS MYERS Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44@4O ABSTRACT Accurate calculations are made for the hydration
More informationAnalytical formulas for calculating the extremal ranks and inertias of A + BXB when X is a fixed-rank Hermitian matrix
Analytical formulas for calculating the extremal ranks and inertias of A + BXB when X is a fixed-rank Hermitian matrix Yongge Tian CEMA, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 100081, China
More informationChemical and Engineering Thermodynamics
Chemical and Engineering Thermodynamics Third Edition Stanley I. Sandler University of Delaware John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York Chichester Weinheim Brisbane Singapore Toronto Contents NOTATION xv CHAPTER1
More informationTransient Analysis of Single Phase Transformer Using State Model
Transient Analysis of Single Phase Transformer Using State Model Rikta Majumder 1, Suman Ghosh 2, Rituparna Mukherjee 3 Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, GNIT, Kolkata, West Bengal,
More informationFixed Term Employment Contracts. in an Equilibrium Search Model
Supplemental material for: Fixed Term Employment Contracts in an Equilibrium Search Model Fernando Alvarez University of Chicago and NBER Marcelo Veracierto Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago This document
More informationDielectric Relaxation Studies of Binary Mixtures of Ethanol and Chlorobenzene in Benzene Solution from Microwave Absorption Data
Dielectric Relaxation Studies of Binary Mixtures of Ethanol and Chlorobenzene in Benzene Solution from Microwave Absorption Data Vimal Sharma and Nagesh Thakur Department of Physics, H. P. University,
More informationThe Chemical Potential of Components of Solutions
CHEM 331 Physical Chemistry Fall 2017 The Chemical Potential of Components of Solutions We have shown that the Gibbs Free Energy for a solution at constant T and P can be determined from the chemical potential
More informationCP Chapter 15/16 Solutions What Are Solutions?
CP Chapter 15/16 Solutions What Are Solutions? What is a solution? A solution is uniform that may contain solids, liquids, or gases. Known as a mixture Solution = + o Solvent The substance in abundance
More informationChapter 15. Solutions
Chapter 15 Solutions Key Terms for this Chapter Make sure you know the meaning of these: Solution Solute Solvent Aqueous solution Solubility Saturated Unsaturated Supersaturated Concentrated Dilute 15-2
More informationPerformance of Feedback Control Systems
Performance of Feedback Control Systems Design of a PID Controller Transient Response of a Closed Loop System Damping Coefficient, Natural frequency, Settling time and Steady-state Error and Type 0, Type
More informationBIOLOGY YEAR AT A GLANCE RESOURCE ( )
BIOLOGY YEAR AT A GLANCE RESOURCE (2016-17) DATES TOPIC/BENCHMARKS QUARTER 1 LAB/ACTIVITIES 8/22 8/25/16 I. Introduction to Biology Lab 1: Seed Germination A. What is Biology B. Science in the real world
More informationModern Chemistry Chapter 12- Solutions
Modern Chemistry Chapter 12- Solutions Section 1- Types of Mixtures Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances in a single phase. Soluble describes a substance as capable of being dissolved.
More informationLiquids and Solutions Crib Sheet
Liquids and Solutions Crib Sheet Determining the melting point of a substance from its solubility Consider a saturated solution of B in a solvent, A. Since the solution is saturated, pure solid B is in
More informationViscosities of oxalic acid and its salts in water and binary aqueous mixtures of tetrahydrofuran at different temperatures
J. Chem. Sci., Vol. 117, No. 4, July 2005, pp. 351 357. Indian Academy of Sciences. Viscosities of oxalic acid and its salts in water and binary aqueous mixtures of tetrahydrofuran at different temperatures
More informationSOLUTIONS CHAPTER 9 TEXT BOOK EXERCISE Q1. Choose the correct answer for the given ones. (i) Morality of pure water is (a) 1. (b) 18. (c) 55.5 (d) 6. Hint: Morality of pure water Consider 1 dm 3 (-1000cm
More information3. Liquid solutions: a. liquid - liquid Ex. vinegar b. solid - liquid Ex. salt water c. gas - liquid Ex. carbonated water in soda pop
Solution Chemistry Nature of Solutions solutions are homogeneous mixtures substances in solution are different from their solid, liquid or gas forms there should be no observable segregation of component
More informationA THESIS. Submitted by MAHALINGA V. MANDI. for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
LINEAR COMPLEXITY AND CROSS CORRELATION PROPERTIES OF RANDOM BINARY SEQUENCES DERIVED FROM DISCRETE CHAOTIC SEQUENCES AND THEIR APPLICATION IN MULTIPLE ACCESS COMMUNICATION A THESIS Submitted by MAHALINGA
More informationBIOLOGY YEAR AT A GLANCE RESOURCE ( ) REVISED FOR HURRICANE DAYS
BIOLOGY YEAR AT A GLANCE RESOURCE (2017-18) REVISED FOR HURRICANE DAYS DATES TOPIC/BENCHMARKS QUARTER 1 LAB/ACTIVITIES 8/21 8/24/17 I. Introduction to Biology A. What is Biology B. Science in the real
More informationVector and Matrix Norms I
Vector and Matrix Norms I Scalar, vector, matrix How to calculate errors? Scalar: absolute error: ˆα α relative error: Vectors: vector norm Norm is the distance!! ˆα α / α Chih-Jen Lin (National Taiwan
More informationProperties of Solutions
Properties of Solutions Reading: Ch 11, section 8 Ch 12, sections 1-8 * = important homework question Homework: Chapter 11: 85*, 87 Chapter 12: 29, 33, 35, 41, 51*, 53, 55, 63*, 65, 67*, 69, 71, 75*, 79*,
More informationWed Sep 5, Characteristics of Water
Wed Sep 5, 2007 Chapter 4: Types of Chemical Reactions 4.1 Water 4.2 Electrolytes 4.3 Composition of Solutions Exam #1 - Next Friday (Sep 14) Week 3 CHEM 1310 - Sections L and M 1 Characteristics of Water
More informationInternational Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences
*NASR H. EL-HAMMAMY A, AIDA I. KAWANA B AND MOUSTAFA M. EL-KHOLY B Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science a, Faculty of Education b, Alexandria University, Ibrahimia, P.O Box 46, Alexandria 131, Egypt.
More informationVISUALIZATION IN SCIENCE EDUCATION
VISUALIZATION IN SCIENCE EDUCATION Models and Modeling in Science Education VOLUME 1 Series Editor: Professor J. K. Gilbert Institute of Education The University of Reading UK Editorial Board: Professor
More informationChapter 12 & 13 Test Review. Bond, Ionic Bond
Chapter 12 & 13 Test Review A solid solute dissolved in a solid solvent is an Alloy What is happening in a solution at equilibrium? The Ionic rate of Bond dissolving is equal to the rate of crystallization.
More informationReavis High School AP Chemistry Curriculum Snapshot
Reavis High School AP Chemistry Curriculum Snapshot Unit 1: Science Fundamentals 5 Students will learn the saftey rules and laboratory equipment of the science laboratory and demonstrate their competence
More informationContents of the Supplemental Information
Contents of the Supplemental Information Fig. S1. Description of sampling regions for the micromilled septa 47407A and 47407B. Table S2. Results of isotope-dillution ICP-MS determined Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios
More informationProblem Set #10 Assigned November 8, 2013 Due Friday, November 15, 2013 Please show all work for credit To Hand in
Problem Set #10 Assigned November 8, 2013 Due Friday, November 15, 2013 Please show all work for credit To Hand in 1. 2. 1 3. 4. The vapor pressure of an unknown solid is approximately given by ln(p/torr)
More informationKEMS448 Physical Chemistry Advanced Laboratory Work. Freezing Point Depression
KEMS448 Physical Chemistry Advanced Laboratory Work Freezing Point Depression 1 Introduction Colligative properties are properties of liquids that depend only on the amount of dissolved matter (concentration),
More informationSOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS
SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS The amount of solute in a solution (concentration) is an important property of the solution. A dilute solution contains small quantities of solute relative to the solvent, while
More informationAddition of n-butyllithium to an Aldimine: On the Role of Chelation, Aggregation, and Cooperative Solvation
Addition of n-butyllithium to an Aldimine: On the Role of Chelation, Aggregation, and Cooperative Solvation Bo Qu and David B. Collum* Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell
More informationm m 3 mol Pa = Pa or bar At this pressure the system must also be at approximately 1000 K.
5. PHASES AND SOLUTIONS n Thermodynamics of Vapor Pressure 5.. At equilibrium, G(graphite) G(diamond); i.e., G 2 0. We are given G 2900 J mol. ( G/ P) T V V 2.0 g mol.95 0 6 m 3 mol Holding T constant
More informationSummer Review Packet. for students entering. IB Math SL
Summer Review Packet for students entering IB Math SL The problems in this packet are designed to help you review topics that are important to your success in IB Math SL. Please attempt the problems on
More informationThermodynamic study of the Na-Cu-Cl-SO 4 -H 2 O system at the temperature K
J. Chem. Thermodynamics 2, 32, 285 295 doi:1.16/jcht.1999.564 Available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Thermodynamic study of the Na-Cu-Cl-SO 4 -H 2 O system at the temperature 298.15 K Christomir
More information70 Example: If a solution is m citric acid, what is the molar concentration (M) of the solution? The density of the solution is 1.
70 Example: If a solution is 0.688 m citric acid, what is the molar concentration (M) of the solution? The density of the solution is 1.049 g/ml molality definition molarity definition To solve the problem,
More informationCHEM-UA 652: Thermodynamics and Kinetics
CHEM-UA 652: hermodynamics and Kinetics Notes for Lecture 6 I. SAISICAL MECHANICS OF SOLVAION: SOLVAION FREE ENERGIES We consider a solvent with coordinates r (a),...,r(a) N a in to which a solute with
More informationCalculating Radiative Recombination Continuum From a Hot Plasma
Calculating Radiative Recombination Continuum From a Hot Plasma Randall Smith August 2, 2008 When an electron collides with an atom or ion, it may excite the atom/ion (I + e I + e) ionize the atom/ion
More information