Basic Photography Phototooling
|
|
|
- Dwain Andrews
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Basic Photography in Phototooling Eric Janssens October 2005
2 Elementary Photography In Greek : PHOTO = LIGHT GRAFEIN = TO WRITE PHOTOGRAPHY = WRITING WITH LIGHT
3 Elementary Photography
4 First law of chemistry Alkali + Acid Salt + Water NaOH + HCl NaCl + H 2 O Sodium hydroxide + hydrogen cloride sodium cloride + water
5 Silver Salts AgX X = Cl, Br, I AgX is a weak compound breaks easily down under the influence of energy energy: temperature, pressure, chemicals, light,... AgX + hν Ag + X Ag is metallic silver (black) AgX can be dissolved in certain chemicals (fixer)
6 Photography Build AgX crystals (conglomerate of AgX compounds) Layer of AgX crystals on a plate Expose the plate to light (in camera, imager, plotter,.) AgX in exposed crystals turn to Ag + X Non exposed crystals are unaffected Dissolve AgX crystals in a fixer Wash and dry Result: image Some of these steps are far from ideal
7 Improvements: Developer Problem 1: exposure takes several minutes Solution: amplification of the effect of light (developer) Principle: crystals which were exposed have some Ag atoms immerse in a chemistry that: - breaks down completely any AgX crystal starting at the Ag atom - crystals without Ag atoms remain unchanged
8 Improvements: Gelatine Problem 2: when crystals touch one another the development goes on from crystal to crystal to crystal the complete image turns black Solution: separate crystals in a matrix of gelatine transparent photographically inert chemically inert allow chemistry to penetrate
9 Improvement: Sensitiser Problem 3: film is sensitive to all colors of light film to be handled in absolute darkness Solution: Sensitiser chemistry that captures light of a certain color and passes the energy to a AgX compound that breaks down an Ag + X Remark: the AgX compounds themselves are made that un-sensitive that they do not to break down under normal light levels
10 Image formation: plot Problem 4: Uneven light distribution
11 Image formation: sensitisers absorb light
12 Image formation: AgX splits
13 Improvement: Gold Problem 5: Ag atoms are mobile Ag atoms are hidden in the crystals Chemistry can not reach them Solution: Gold at the outside of the crystals A gold atom combines with 4 Ag atoms to form a stable nucleus
14 Image formation: Ag nucleus formation
15 Image formation: Ag nucleus formation
16 Image formation: Development Problem 4: Uneven light distribution
17 Improvement: LIEC Problem 4: Au atoms can not access 4 Ag atoms Solution: latent image enhancement component Chemistry that recovers single Ag atoms (LIEC Latent Image Enhancement component) When activated by the developer the latent image enhancement component attracts lost Ag atoms
18 Image formation: development All exposed crystals can be developed
19 Result : correct line width, highest line sharpness
20 Latent image enhancement component offers: Finest lines and spaces can be generated Highest line sharpness can be achieved Good line width control The plotter controls the line width not the chemistry Wider exposure and development latitude RA-like chemistry Highest stability Lowest replenishment
21 Photography in phototooling: overview Expose (create latent image) Sensitisers capture energy and pass to AgX underneath The AgX underneath breaks into Ag and X Ag and Au forms nucleuses Processing Develop (turn latent image into visible one) Latent image enhancement component assists development Fix (dissolve unwanted crystals) Wash (take out left over) Dry Photoplotter Processor Acclimatise Absorb humidity from the environment Phototooling lab
22 Structure of
23 Structure of Matting Antistress 1 Latent image enhancement components Antistress 2 Emulsion Silver halide crystal 300nm 1 million AgX-compounds / crystal Spectral sensitisers Gold atoms Adhesive layer 2 Adhesive layer 1 PET
24 Structure of Layer Matt Antistress 1 Antistress 2 Emulsion Function Control transport during loading and unloading Control vacuum during printing Protect image from damage Protect image from damage Image formation Substrate 1 Bounding emulsion to substrate 1 Substrate 2 Bounding substrate 1 to base Base Mechanical support Dimensional stability Substrate 3 Bounding base to substrate 4 Substrate 4 Back layer Matt Bounding substrate 3 to back layer Antistatic properties Antihalation Anti-curl Control transport during loading and unloading Control vacuum during plotting Control vacuum during mounting on printer and printing
25 Structure of : emulsion
26 Structure of : Cristals Crystals : Oblique Crystals : Perpendicular
27 Density The logarithmic value of the ratio of applied light over transmitted light X X = , Y = 10 X/Y = = 10 5 Density = 5 Y X = , Y = X/Y = 1,1 = 10 0,05 Density = 0,05
28 Characteristic curve Relation between applied energy and density ideal situation pratical
29 Conclusions Photography is high tech Production tolerances are very narrow Many conflicting parameters, a film is a compromise Each application needs its specific film
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE ATOMS All living things are made up of matter Atoms are the smallest unit of matter Made up of 3 subatomic particles: 1. Protons- positively charged, found in the nucleus, has mass
Proper&es of Water. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview. 2.2 Properties of Water
Lesson Overview Proper&es of Water Lesson Overview 2.2 Properties of Water THINK ABOUT IT Looking back at Earth from space, an astronaut called it the blue planet, referring to the oceans of water that
Every living and nonliving things is made up of matter. MATTER: anything that has mass & takes up space. What does all matter have in common?
the basics Every living and nonliving things is made up of matter MATTER: anything that has mass & takes up space What does all matter have in common? Smallest unit of matter ALL matter is made of particles
Buffer Preparation. Learning Objectives:
Proteomics Buffer Preparation Buffer Preparation Maintaining the optimum ph during the biological sample processing is to maintain the proper functional and structural aspects of the sample. It is important
Chemistry Lecture #36: Properties of Ionic Compounds and Metals
Chemistry Lecture #36: Properties of Ionic Compounds and Metals Ionic compounds are made of anions (negative ions) and cations (positive ions). The compound sticks together because opposite charges attract
The Water Molecule. Like all molecules, a water molecule is neutral. Water is polar. Why are water molecules polar?
Properties of Water The Water Molecule Like all molecules, a water molecule is neutral. Water is polar Why are water molecules polar? Polarity oxygen atom 8 protons in its nucleus has a much stronger attraction
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life. 2.1 The nature of matter
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life 2.1 The nature of matter Atoms make up all matter Composed of three parts: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons Protons and Neutrons are found in the atom s neucleus Electrons
Metal + water -> metal hydroxide + hydrogen Metal + acid -> metal salt + hydrogen
Name of Formula Formula of ion Name of salt Hydrochloric Sulphuric HCl Cl - Chloride H 2 SO 4 SO 4-2 Sulphate Key words: Oxidation: loss of electrons Reduction: gain of electrons Displacement reaction:
Chemistry of Life: Water and Solutions
Chemistry of Life: Water and Solutions Unit Objective I can describe the role of organic and inorganic chemicals important to living things. During this unit, we will answer the following very important
Name Biology Chapter 2 Note-taking worksheet
Name Biology Chapter 2 Note-taking worksheet The Nature of Matter 1. Life depends on Atoms 1. The study of chemistry starts with the basic unit of matter, the. 2. The atom was first used by the Greek philosopher
Chemistry with Light Using Photons as Reagents E2-1
Experiment 2 Chemistry with Light Using Photons as Reagents E2-1 E2-2 The Task To establish the exposure times required to make contact prints using a photochemical system. Skills By the end of the experiment
How do Elements Combine to Form Compounds?
How do Elements Combine to Form Compounds? ACTIVITY What is it made of? Compounds account for the huge variety of matter on Earth All the compounds that exist on Earth are built from elements 118 elements
4.4. Revision Checklist: Chemical Changes
4.4. Revision Checklist: Chemical Changes Reactivity of metals When metals react with other substances the metal atoms form positive ions. The reactivity of a metal is related to its tendency to form positive
1 Chemistry Notes Dr. Reeves Science Class (This was me when I had hair.)
1 Chemistry Notes Dr. Reeves Science Class (This was me when I had hair.) Table of Contents Introduction Slide 5 Topics of Discussion Slide 6 Periodic Table Slide 10 Elements Slide 15 Chemical Formulas
The Properties of Water
The Water Molecule The Properties of Water Chapter 2.2 Polarity Chemical bonds have angles which produce certain molecular structures This makes water molecules have O on one end and H s on the other end
Which of the following chemical elements corresponds to the symbol Cu?
Which of the following chemical elements corresponds to the symbol Cu? A) copper B) gold C) lead D) silver E) none of the above Which of the following chemical elements corresponds to the symbol Cu? A)
I regard section 3.1 as so basic and thus am not giving you notes on it.
Section 3 :periodicity : review notes I regard section 3.1 as so basic and thus am not giving you notes on it. 3.2 atomic radius: half the distance between the nuclei of 2 covalently bonded atoms. Note
Which statement best describes the energy change as bonds are formed or broken in this reaction?
1. Given the reaction: I 2 I + I Which statement best describes the energy change as bonds are formed or broken in this reaction? A) The forming of the I-I bond releases energy B) The forming of the I-I
Topic 3.2: Other Trends (Physical and Chemical)
Topic 3.2: Other Trends (Physical and Chemical) Essential Ideas: 3.2: Elements show trends in their physical and chemical properties across periods and down groups Physical/ Chemical Properties Chemical
Unit 4: Chemical Changes (Higher Content)
Metals react with oxygen to produce metal oxides. E.g. Copper + Oxygen > Copper Oxide The reactions are oxidation reactions because the metals gain oxygen. Reactivity of Metals Metal Extraction Metals
Chapter VIII: Photographic films
Chapter VIII: Photographic films 1 Photographic films First (integrating) dosimeters to be developed based on photographic techniques dosifilms Dosifilms were more and more replaced by dosimeters using
EXPERIMENTS. Testing products of combustion: Reducing Copper(III) Oxide to Copper. Page 4
APPARATUS Page 2 APPARATUS Page 3 Reducing Copper(III) Oxide to Copper EXPERIMENTS Page 4 Testing products of combustion: EXPERIMENTS Showing that oxygen and water is needed for rusting iron Page 5 Showing
How do Elements Combine to Form Compounds?
How do Elements Combine to Form Compounds? ACTIVITY What is it made of? Think about the calcium atom vs the calcium ion Compounds account for the huge variety of matter on Earth All the compounds that
Biology. Slide 1 of 40. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology 1 of 40 2-1 The Nature of Matter 2 of 40 2-1 The Nature of Matter Atoms Atoms The study of chemistry begins with the basic unit of matter, the atom. 3 of 40 2-1 The Nature of Matter Atoms Placed
... so we need to find out the NEW concentrations of each species in the system.
171 Take 100. ml of the previous buffer (0.050 M tris / 0.075 M tris-hcl), and add 5.0 ml of 0.10 M HCl. What is the ph of the mixture? The HCl should react with basic component of the buffer (tris), and
4.4. Revision Checklist: Chemical Changes
4.4. Revision Checklist: Chemical Changes Reactivity of metals When metals react with other substances the metal atoms form positive ions. The reactivity of a metal is related to its tendency to form positive
Electrodes are normally made out of inert (unreactive) materials. Graphite and platinum are common electrode materials.
Electrolysis Electrolysis is using an electric current to break up an ionic compound to form elements. Covalent compounds can t be split up by electrolysis. Terms used in electrolysis: Electrolyte - the
Draw one line from each solution to the ph value of the solution. Solution ph value of the solution
1 The ph scale is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. (a) Draw one line from each solution to the ph value of the solution. Solution ph value of the solution 5 Acid 7 9 Neutral 11 13
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following bonds is polar? a. F F b. O H c. O O d. H H 2. In the compound, H 2 O, the electrons in the
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life The Water - polarity H 2 O is a polar A water is polar because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Water Sec. 2-2 Properties
Fluorine Gas. Chlorine Gas. Bromine Liquid. Iodine Solid
Halogens Fluorine (F 2 ): very pale yellow gas. It is highly reactive Chlorine : ( ) greenish, reactive gas, poisonous in high concentrations Bromine ( ) : red liquid, that gives off dense brown/orange
Forensics Lab Flame Tests
Forensics Lab Flame Tests Name Per Due Date Introduction The fundamental particles that make up the building blocks of matter are known as atoms, each of which is shown on the periodic table of the elements.
Chemistry Final Exam Sample Items
Chemistry Final Exam Sample Items 1. Which best describes the current atomic theory? a. Atoms consist of electrons circling in definite orbits around a positive nucleus. b. Atoms are composed of electrons
Electrolysis 1 of 21 Boardworks Ltd 2016
Electrolysis 1 of 21 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Electrolysis 2 of 21 Boardworks Ltd 2016 What are ionic compounds? 3 of 21 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Ionic compounds are made up of positive ions and negative ions. What
Chapter 12. Preview. Objectives Solutions Suspensions Colloids Solutes: Electrolytes Versus Nonelectrolytes
Preview Objectives Solutions Suspensions Colloids Solutes: Electrolytes Versus Nonelectrolytes Section 1 Types of Mixtures Objectives Distinguish between electrolytes and nonelectrolytes. List three different
4-1 / 5-1 Atomic structure and the periodic table Chemistry and Trilogy
4- / 5- Atomic structure and the periodic table Chemistry and Trilogy.0 A student separated a mixture of two alcohols, ethanol (boiling point 78 C) and butanol (boiling point 8 C). The apparatus is shown
Pre-Lab Exercises Lab 2: Spectroscopy
Pre-Lab Exercises Lab 2: Spectroscopy 1. Which color of visible light has the longest wavelength? Name Date Section 2. List the colors of visible light from highest frequency to lowest frequency. 3. Does
Chemical Reactions (Chapter 13)
Chemical Reactions (Chapter 13) coefficients reactants products https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dummopdw By4 Student Learning Objectives Utilize chemical equations to determine the amounts of reactants,
173 Buffer calculation: Tris buffer - Tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane. tris base
173 Buffer calculation: Tris buffer - Tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane tris base tris-hcl (conjugate acid of tris base) Calculate the ph of a buffer made from 50 ml of 0.10M tris and 50 ml of 0.15M tris-hcl.
UNIT 3. By: Ajay Kumar Gautam Asst. Prof. Dev Bhoomi Institute of Technology & Engineering, Dehradun
UNIT 3 By: Ajay Kumar Gautam Asst. Prof. Dev Bhoomi Institute of Technology & Engineering, Dehradun 1 Syllabus Lithography: photolithography and pattern transfer, Optical and non optical lithography, electron,
IGCSE Double Award Extended Coordinated Science
IGCSE Double Award Extended Coordinated Science Chemistry 5 - Electricity and Chemistry Electrolysis You need to know that electrolysis is: - The breakdown of ionic substances into their constituent elements
Since Q>Ksp, precipitation will occur!
198 Precipitation - also known as the reaction quotient To predict whether a salt at a given concentration will precipitate out, calculate the reaction quotient Q and compare it to the Ksp Example: IF...
ie) HCl (aq) H + (aq) + Cl - (aq) *Like all equations, dissociation equations are written in balanced form
Acids and Bases Acids - substances which dissolve in water to form H + ions in solution ie) HCl (aq) H + (aq) + Cl - (aq) *Like all equations, dissociation equations are written in balanced form a) contain
Periods on the Periodic Table
Minerals Chapter 2 Matter Matter includes anything that has mass and takes up space (volume). It exists in 3 main states on Earth solid, liquid, and gas. Matter can be classified based on its physical
7.1 Atomic Theory and Radioactive Decay
7.1 Atomic Theory and Radioactive Decay exists all around us. This radiation consists of high energy particles or waves being emitted from a variety of materials. is the release of high energy particles
Name of Anion. (aq) NaCl NaNO 3 NaOH Na 2 SO 4 Na2CO3. MgSO4. AgNO 3. Ba(NO 3 ) 2. Pb(NO 3 ) 2. CuSO (1) AgNO 3 ( ) + NaCl( )
Name of Compound Prelab #1 Formula Cation (Metal) Name of Cation silver nitrate Ag Ag + silver magnesium sulfate barium nitrate lead nitrate copper sulfate Cation = (+)positive ion Anion = ()negative ion
Content. Halogen vs. Halide. Halogen Family. 2 Cl - Cl e - l e - 2 l - p-block ELEMENTS. 9.1 The Halogens 9.2 Group IV Elements
Content p-block ELEMENTS 9.1 The Halogens 9.2 Group IV Elements Halogen Family Halogen vs. Halide The entire family consists of the Elements, X 2 Fluorine Chlorine Bromine CHLORINE Iodine their Compounds
Solids, Liquids and Gases We have already covered these phases of matter. See online section 5.2
Chapter 10 This chapter begins to answer the questions: So now that I now what atoms and molecules look like, how do these structures translate into what I see in the world around me. Reading Assignment:
Water is one of the few compounds found in a liquid state over most of Earth s surface.
The Water Molecule Water is one of the few compounds found in a liquid state over most of Earth s surface. Like other molecules, water (H2O) is neutral. The positive charges on its 10 protons balance out
EXPERIMENT 11 Acids, Bases, and ph
EXPERIMENT 11 Acids, Bases, and ph INTRODUCTION The concept of acidity and alkalinity dates from ancient times. The word acid is derived from the Latin word acidus, meaning sour. A common acid, acetic
Experiment 18: ph Measurements of Common Substances. Experiment 17: Reactions of Acids with Common Substances
Experiment 18: ph Measurements of Common Substances and Experiment 17: Reactions of Acids with Common Substances What is this lab about? You mean what ARE THESE labs about? Ok, so what are THESE labs about?
Part A Answer all questions in this part.
Part A Directions (1-24): For each statement or question, record on your separate answer sheet the number of the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question.
Experiment 1: Extraction and Thin Layer Chromatography
Experiment 1: Extraction and Thin Layer Chromatography Introduction: Chromatography is a useful tool in chemistry and can be very helpful in determining the composition of an unknown sample. In chromatography
Intensive Properties are Independent.
Chapter 3: Matter- Properties and Changes Section 3.1: Properties of Matter SUBSTANCE: matter that has an uniform and unchanging composition EXAMPLES: gold, pure water, iron, aluminum PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
Downloaded from
Subject: Chemistry Class: XI Chapter: The s-block Elements Top concepts. The s-block elements of the periodic table are those in which the last electron enters the outermost s-orbital. Elements of group
5 Weak Acids, Bases and their Salts
5 Weak Acids, Bases and their Salts Name: Date: Section: Objectives You will be able to define an acid and a base with the Arrhenius and Brǿnsted-Lowry definitions You will be able to predict the behavior
2-2 Properties of Water. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2-2 Properties of Water Water Water is the most important molecule on earth. Because of its unique shape and chemical behavior it easily bonds with other molecules, and itself. Water: Covalent Bond Water
The Chemical Context of Life
Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life Dr. Wendy Sera ouston Community College Biology 1406 Atomic Puns A neutron goes into a bar and asks the bartender, "ow much for a beer?" The bartender replies, "For
Chapter 8. Lesson 1 Chemical vs Physical change
Chapter 8 Lesson 1 Chemical vs Physical change Materials Needed Today Please take these materials out of your backpack. Pencil Hot Sync Monday 2/3/14 Answer the following questions in complete sentences
WW12C, WW08C, WW06C, WW04C, WW02C. Low ohm chip resistors ( power ) Size 1206, 0805, 0603, 0402, 0201
WW12C, WW08C, WW06C, WW04C, WW02C ±5%, ±1%, ±0.5% Low ohm chip resistors ( power ) Size 1206, 0805, 0603, 0402, 0201 *Contents in this sheet are subject to change without prior notice. Page 1 of 8 ASC_WWxxC_V05
CHAPTER 8 Ionic and Metallic Bonds
CHAPTER 8 Ionic and Metallic Bonds Shows the kind of atoms and number of atoms in a compound. MgCl 2 NaCl CaCO 3 Al 2 O 3 Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 Chemical Formulas Al: Cl: counting atoms AlCl 3 Pb: N: O: Pb(NO
These maps also show the path of the sun and moon movements in the sky.
Window to the sky My collection is about star charts and photographs, which I collected during my astronomy class during the time I was 12 to 15 years old. Astronomy always fascinated me since I was little.
To observe trends in solubility and exceptions to these trends. To write chemical formulas based on cation/anion charges.
Solubility Rules PURPOSE To develop a set of solubility rules. GOALS To observe trends in solubility and exceptions to these trends. To write chemical formulas based on cation/anion charges. To learn to
Experiment Six Precipitation Reactions
Experiment Six Precipitation Reactions Objective Identify the ions present in various aqueous solutions. Systematically combine solutions and identify the reactions that form precipitates and gases. Write
Elements and Compounds. Composition of Matter
Elements and Compounds Composition of Matter Elements Element Identification Source of Light Elements Solar Spectra Detecting Elements Molecular Spectrum of CO Chemical and Physical Properties Elements
INTRODUCTION TO THE DEFECT STATE IN MATERIALS
INTRODUCTION TO THE DEFECT STATE IN MATERIALS DEFECTS, DEFECTS, DEFECTS CAN T LIVE WITH THEM!!! CAN T LIVE WITHOUT THEM!!! INTRODUCTION TO DEFECT STATE IN MATERIALS DEFECTS, DEFECTS, DEFECTS Perfect crystals
PAPER 3: FINGERPRINTS AND OTHER IMPRESSIONS MODULE 16: Detection of Blood Fingerprints
Subject FORENSIC SCIENCE Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag Paper 3; Fingerprints and Other Impressions, Including Biometry Module 16; Detection of blood prints FSC_P3_M16 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Scientific Observations and Reaction Stoichiometry: The Qualitative Analysis and Chemical Reactivity of Five White Powders
Scientific Observations and Reaction Stoichiometry: The Qualitative Analysis and Chemical Reactivity of Five White Powders Objectives Part 1: To determine the limiting reagent and percent yield of CuCO
Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table. Unit 3
Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table Unit 3 Lesson 1: Atoms Unit 5: Atomic Structure & The Periodic Table Atoms How small can things get? If you break a stone wall into smaller and smaller pieces, you
Cell Biology. Water, Acids, Bases and Buffers. Water makes up 70-99% of the weight of most living organisms Water
Cell Biology Water, Acids, Bases and Buffers WATER CHEMISTRY Water makes up 70-99% of the weight of most living organisms Water Hydrogen bonded to Oxygen by covalent bond Polar molecule (electrons find
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS. Evolution of Atomic Theory
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS Chapter Four Evolution of Atomic Theory The ancient Greek scientist Democritus is often credited with developing the idea of the atom Democritus proposed that matter was, on the smallest
Four elements make up about 90% of the mass of organisms O, C, H, and N
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life 2-1 Composition of Matter -Mass- quantity of matter- use a balance to measure mass -Weight- pull of gravity on an object- use a scale Elements -cannot be broken down into simpler
Acid - Base Studies. Goals : Safety : HCl, NaOH, HC 2 H 3 O 2 and NH 3 are corrosive. If. Waste : Solutions may be flushed down the sink.
Acid - Base Studies CH102 Lab 10 Goals : To use ph paper or a ph meter to measure the ph of various solution. Safety : HCl, NaOH, HC 2 H 3 O 2 and NH 3 are corrosive. If contact occurs with the eyes or
LAB # 5: Metals and Single Replacement Reactions
LAB # 5: Metals and Single Replacement Reactions Purpose: Compare different metals and their reactions with hydrochloric acid. Construct a model of oxidation and reduction in single replacement reactions.
Chapter 3:Water and the Fitness of the Environment Wilkie South Fort Myers High School
Chapter 3:Water and the Fitness of the Environment Wilkie South Fort Myers High School 2015-2016 Water:A Prime Example of Emergent Properties Water is ubiquitous (all around us) and is essential for biological
Chapter 30 X Rays GOALS. When you have mastered the material in this chapter, you will be able to:
Chapter 30 X Rays GOALS When you have mastered the material in this chapter, you will be able to: Definitions Define each of the following terms, and use it in an operational definition: hard and soft
Chemistry 212 ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY
Chemistry 212 ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY The emission and absorption of light energy of particular wavelengths by atoms and molecules is a common phenomenon. The emissions/absorptions are characteristic for each
CIE Chemistry A-Level Practicals for Papers 3 and 5
CIE Chemistry A-Level Practicals for Papers 3 and 5 Ion Identification Group 2 Ions Identification Example -3 1. Place 10 drops of 0.1 mol dm barium chloride in a clean test tube. Must be clean to ensure
5072 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH SPA) BASIC TECHNIQUES 5067 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) BASIC TECHNIQUES
5072 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH SPA) BASIC TECHNIQUES 5067 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) BASIC TECHNIQUES LEARNING OUTCOMES a) Be able to write formulae of simple compounds b) Be able to write
Supplementary Figure 1. Cross-section SEM image of the polymer scaffold perovskite film using MAI:PbI 2 =1:1 in DMF solvent on the FTO/glass
Supplementary Figure 1. Cross-section SEM image of the polymer scaffold perovskite film using MAI:PbI 2 =1:1 in DMF solvent on the FTO/glass substrate. Scale bar: 1 m. Supplementary Figure 2. Contact angle
Electrons In an electrically neutral atom, positive charges of protons are balanced by the negative charges of electrons. Orbital is the volume of spa
Outline Basic Chemistry Chapter 2 Chemical Elements Atoms Isotopes Molecules and Compounds Chemical Bonding Ionic and Covalent Acids and Bases Chemical Elements Matter refers to anything that has mass
Aldol Condensation Notes
Reminder: These notes are meant to supplement, not replace, the laboratory manual. Aldol Condensation Notes History and Application Condensation reactions are molecular transformations that join together
Chapter 2: Chemical Basis of Life
Chapter 2: Chemical Basis of Life Honors Biology 2011 1 Chemistry of Life Living organisms are composed of about 25 chemical elements Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass Matter is composed
4/4/2013. Covalent Bonds a bond that results in the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms.
A chemical bond is a mutual electrical attraction between the nucleus and valence electrons of different atoms that binds the atoms together. Why bond? As independent particles, atoms have a high potential
EIGHT BOTTLES. H H H O Na + O Cl O H H H. Hydrated sodium ion and chloride ion
EIGHT BOTTLES 1 Chemists often do "detective work" in the lab. In order to figure out the answer to a question or to solve a mystery, chemists perform a variety of tests and analyses, then interpret the
EQUIVALENCE POINT. 8.8 millimoles is also the amount of acid left, and the added base gets converted to acetate ion!
184 Another interesting point: The halfway point phenolphthalein color change buffer region EQUIVALENCE POINT What's special about it? It's the point where we have added half the required base to reach
Thermodynamics. Standard enthalpy change, H
Standard enthalpy change, H Thermodynamics Enthalpy change, H, is defined as the heat energy change measured under conditions of constant pressure. The value of the enthalpy change for a particular reaction
IONIC AND COVALENT BONDS REVIEWED REDEFINING THE COVALENT BONDS. R. Ashby Duplication by permission only.
CH 11 TOPIC 23 PREDICTING BOND TYPES & POLARITY 1 You have mastered this topic when you can: 1) define IONIC, COVALENT and POLAR COVALENT BONDS. 2) use ELECTRONEGATIVITY values to predict the type of bond
Definition 1 An element or compound is oxidized when it gains oxygen atoms
Oxidation and Reduction Part I Learning Outcomes 1. Introduction to oxidation and reduction: simple examples only, e.g. Na with Cl 2, Mg with O 2, Zn with Cu 2+. 2. Oxidation and reduction in terms of
Western Carolina University
CHEM 132 Lab 03 Chemistry 132 Lab 03 Flame Test and Electron Configuration Prelaboratory Exercise Go to Chem21Labs.com and complete the on-line prelab by answering the questions below. The prelab will
Experiment Eight Acids and Bases
Name: Lab Section: Experiment Eight Acids and Bases Objective Identifying and understanding the nature of acids and bases is an important part of the laboratory toolbox, the purpose of this lab is to help
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life 1 21- Atoms, Ions and Molecules An Atom is the smallest basic unit of matter. All atoms share the same basic structure. 2 Atoms consist of three types of particles: Protons,
2.1 The Nature of Matter
2.1 The Nature of Matter Lesson Objectives Identify the three subatomic particles found in atoms. Explain how all of the isotopes of an element are similar and how they are different. Explain how compounds
Lab 2 Atomic Level of Organization
Lab 2 Atomic Level of Organization Laboratory Objectives Describe the subatomic particle of atoms. Identify common atoms from based on their structure. List and describe the three major types of chemical
High Power Factors and Contaminants in Transformer Oil
High Power Factors and Contaminants in Transformer Oil By Russ Crutcher and Ken Warner HIGH POWER FACTORS AND CONTAMINANTS IN TRANSFORMER OIL Russ Crutcher and Ken Warner Microlab Northwest Abstract New
DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS. Double your pleasure, double your fun
DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS Double your pleasure, double your fun Industrial processes produce unwanted by-products. Dissolved toxic metal ions-copper, mercury, and cadmium-are common leftovers in the
Technology offer: Environmentally friendly holographic recording material
Technology offer: Environmentally friendly holographic recording material Technology offer: Environmentally friendly holographic recording material SUMMARY Our research group has developed a new photopolymer
EXPERIMENT THREE THE CANNIZARO REACTION: THE DISPROPORTIONATION OF BENZALDEHYDE
EXPERIMENT THREE THE CANNIZARO REACTION: THE DISPROPORTIONATION OF BENZALDEHYDE H C O HO C O H H C OH KOH 2x + DISCUSSION In planning the laboratory schedule, it should be observed that this experiment